Review of coastal land transformation:Factors,impacts,adaptation strategies,and future scopes

Coastal land transformation has been identified as a topic of research in many countries around the world.Several studies have been conducted to determine the causes and impacts of land transformation.However,much less is understood about coupling change detection,factors,impacts,and adaptation strategies for coastal land transformation at a global scale.This review aims to present a systematic review of global coastal land transformation and its leading research areas.From 1,741 documents of Scopus and Web of Science,60 studies have been selected using the PRISMA-2020 guideline.Results revealed that existing literature included four leading focus areas regarding coastal land transformation:change detection,driving factors,impacts,and adaptation measures.These focus areas were further analyzed,and it was found that more than 80%of studies used Landsat imagery to detect land transformation.Population growth and urbanization were among the major driving factors identified.This review further identified that about 37%of studies included impact analysis.These studies identified impacts on ecosystems,land surface temperature,migration,water quality,and occupational effects as significant impacts.However,only four studies included adaptation strategies.This review explored the scope of comprehensive research in coastal land transformation,addressing change detection,factor and impact analysis,and mitigation-adaptation strategies.The research also proposes a conceptual framework for comprehensive coastal land transformation analysis.The framework can provide potential decision-making guidance for future studies in coastal land transformation.

A preliminary analysis of physical mechanism of transformation process from a landed typhoon into an extratropical cyclone

A diagnostic study is performed in the paper on the process of typhoon Norris (1980) transforming into an ex-tratropical cyclone after its landing over Southeast China. The main findings are as follows:The changes of kinetic energy are mainly attributed to the generation due to non-divergent wind. During the early stage of the typhoon landing, there exits only a small quantity of kinetic energy exchanging with the environment. And after it is transformed into an extratropical cyclone, a large amount of kinetic energy is exported from the system toward the environment.The horizontal and vertical flux-divergence terms of eddy available potenlial energy are the prominent sinks in the budgets of eddy kinetic energy. The generations of eddy kinetic energy due to both the barotropic and baroclinic processes are source terms. The former is remarkable during the initial stage. But after the depression is transformed into an extratropical cyclone, the roles of the generation by the barotropic and baroclinic processes are reversed, 1. e. , the latter has become more significant than the former.Diabatic heating is the most dominant heat source. The terms of vertical heat flux by cumulus and large-scale motion are the major sinks. And the latter is prominent after the system is transformed into an extratropical cycfone.

Prediction-Adaptation-Resilience(PAR)approach-A new pathway towards future resilience and sustainable development of urban landscape

Urban land-use planning,especially in the peripheral region,has become an issue in contemporary urban stud-ies.Simultaneously,urban resilience is very indispensable for future urban land use planning and management.Therefore,consistent urban proliferation can be coped through Prediction-Adaptation-Resilience(PAR),to accom-plish future urban land use and sustainable development of any growing up urban areas worldwide.Therefore,different dynamic simulation models,e.g.Cellular automata-Markov model,artificial neural network,are used to project and predict any urban areas’spatial growth.Then,the adaptation strategies are taken to assess the urban land use transformation in the past and present context.Those strategies help to strengthen urban land use planning using an integrated supply and demand chain.Finally,this study checks the resilience of how much it will be threatened or saved for future sustainable urban developmental goals and urban resilience.Therefore,it is important to establish a conceptual framework to achieve Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)based on principles of the PAR approach.Advocating the on-going adaptation of sustainability,resilience,and rapid urban transformation in the developing cities requires clear and explicit definitions that are embedded with the recent and particular context.Thus,government and policy makers should draw their attention to make proper urban landscape planning and adaptation strategies for the future urban expansion in a holistic way by maintaining appropriate urban resilience.

Fenlong Tillage System by the Theory of “Natural Forces” and Possibility of “Fenlong Agriculture” Establishment

"Natural forces" ——core theory of Fenlong technique is explored in this paper. We break through key core technique of farming and agriculture,and invent new method of Fenlong tillage. Broad-spectrum Fenlong tillage technique system based on "full-layer and bottom-layer superdeep tillage without disturbance of soil layer" is established,which provides the possibility for establishing "modern Fenlong agriculture". When applied in 35 kinds of crops in 24 provinces of China,yield could be increased by 10%-50%,and even 1 times. In the transformation of severe saline-alkali land,corn yield could increase by 73. 0%,and Na,Cl and Mg ions in grain decrease by 20. 81%,1. 47%,and 9. 36% respectively. The newly developed "scarification tillage( reclamation) in the bottom area" could cover "bottom tillage" of dryland,paddy field,degraded grassland,perennial sugarcane,forest and fruit land,traditional Chinese medicine land,and ecological reconstruction of desertification land. It is point out that if Fenlong technique is used in 666 666. 67 km2 of farmland,200 000 km2 of saline-alkali land,666 666. 67 km2 of degraded grassland,and fisheries in rivers and offshore waters are used,trillion yuan of Fenlong economy could be formed,and the nationals will walk towards a healthier new era.Fenlong technique involves agriculture,forestry,water,grass,environment and other aspects,and its global promotion could improve eco-environment and change world development pattern.

GIS-based detection of land use transformation in the Loess Plateau： A case study in Baota District, Shaanxi Province, China

During the past decade, great efforts have been made to boost the land use trans- formation in the Loess Plateau, especially for reducing soil erosion by vegetation restoration measures. The Grain-for-Green project （GFG） is the largest ecological rehabilitation program in China, which has a positive impact on the vegetation restoration and sustainable devel- opment for the ecologically fragile region of west China. Based on the Landsat TM/ETM im- ages for three time periods （2000, 2005 and 2010）, this study applied the GIS technology and a hill-slope analytical model to reveal the spatio-temporal evolutional patterns of returning slope farmland to grassland or woodland in Baota District, Yan＇an city of Shaanxi province. Results showed that： （1） from 2000 to 2010, the area of farmland decreased by approximately 35,030 ha, which is the greatest decrease among all the land-use types, whereas grassland, woodland and construction land increased, of which grassland expanded rapidly by 26,380 ha （2） The annual variation rate of land-use dynamics was 1.98% during the period 2000-2010, of which the rate was 1.05% for the 2000-2005 period and 2.92% for the 2005-2010 period, respectively. Over the past decade, returning farmland to woodland or pastures was the main source of increased grassland and woodland, and the reduction of farmland contributed to the increase in grassland and woodland by 97.39% and 85.28%, respectively. （3） As the terrain slope increases, farmland decreased and woodland and grassland increased significantly. Areas with a slope ranging from 15° to 25° and less than 15° were the focus of the GFG project, accounting for 85% of the total area of farmland reduction. Meanwhile, the reduction in farmland was significant and spatially correlated with the increase in woodland and grass- land. （4） Between 2000 and 2010, the area of destruction of grass and trees in grasslands and woodlands for the reclamation of farmland was approximately 4596 ha. The area subject to the GFG policy was 4456 ha with a slope greater than 25° over the decade, but the area of farmland was still 10,357 ha in 2010. Our results indicate that there has still a great potential for returning the steep-slope farmlands to woodlands or grasslands in the Loess Plateau.

Tillage Effect and Development Prospect of Fenlong Farming Tools with"Drill"

In this paper,farming and crop cultivation effects of farming tools with"drill"which are invented independently in China are clarified firstly,containing horizontal cutting of soil,super deep ploughing,deep loosening and not disturbing soil layer,granular soil,soil not easy to bond and harden,and one-time land preparation.It is a significant path to deeply develop and use the"five natural resources"not fully utilized by human beings(soil resources at plough bottom and below,saline-alkali land,natural rainfall,solar energy,oxygen)and realize"mitigation"of five natural disasters(flood,drought,high temperature,low temperature and climate warming).In the past 10 years,the farming tools have been applied in 40 kinds of crops in 26 provinces of China.Compared with vertical breaking of soil by traditional"plow",the amount of loose soil,water storage and dissolved oxygen in cultivated land increased by more than one time,and yield increased by 10%-50%.They have been applied in transformation of saline-alkali land in 10 provinces,and yield increased by 30%-150%.After Fenlong treatment for 1 and 2 years,biomass of sugarcane increased by 68.9%and 50.1%respectively.Net photosynthetic rates of Gramineous crops were improved by 6.82%-11.94%,while net photosynthetic rates of Legume crops were improved by 20.32%-32.08%.After"spiral drill","vertical two-knife drill","vertical three-knife drill"and other hollow series of Fenlong farming toolss were invented newly.They were the most advanced farming tools with large soil discharge and small resistance,and could be equipped in large-,medium-and small-size modern Fenlong agricultural machinery as key technology,thereby setting up a new"standard stalk"for world agricultural reform and bringing benefit to mankind.

Urban green resilience: Experience from post-industrial cities in Poland

De-industrialisation triggered economic,spatial and environmental changes in cities.Therefore,this study identifies whether there has been a reorientation of spatial development in post-industrial cities towards the creation of green spaces.The aim of the study is to analyse and evaluate the transformation of green spaces in 32 major cities in Poland,including 12 post-industrial cities.Data sources were vector land cover data models from the Urban Atlas for 2006 and 2018,administrative boundaries from the National Boundary Register and building layers from the Topographic Objects Database.The research procedure was carried out using the GIS environment,through spatial analysis,geoprocessing algorithms,and spatial statistics.The results have shown that post-industrial cities do not develop their urban resi-lience based on the expansion of green spaces and,consequently,do not build green urban resilience.In addition,the research has proven that the greatest loss of green spaces is noticeable in parts of post-industrial cities with medium and high development intensity,where there is an intensification of con-struction activity.The dominant direction of the transformation of green spaces has been the conversion of agricultural areas into green spaces(87.79%).In contrast,the main direction of loss in green space has been the creation of new industrial units(24.80%)and the expansion of the urban fabric(23.53%).The article is original due to the fact that there is a gap in the literature regarding the study of green spaces in post-industrial cities with regard to the concept of green urban resilience.

A Common Prosperity

As China celebrates 40 years of reform and opening up,it shares mutual development with Africa The default impression of China for many foreigners three or four decades ago was kungfu movies.However,things have changed and the country has transformed into a land of highspeed

Legal Protection from Physical Form to Form of Value: On the Transformation of China's Land Right System

The transformation of China’S land rightsystem comprises the following threeperiods:(1)The planned economy period(1949.1978).Public land ownership

A methodological approach to urban landuse change modeling using infill development pattern——a case study in Tabriz, Iran

Introduction:In recent years,models of land-use change and urban growth have become important tools for city planners,economists,ecologists,and resource managers.In most models,future land-use changes are forecasted based on past development pattern and expansion to periphery.While today,metropolitan areas employ smart-growth strategies.The main objectives in this study are according to the smart-growth infill.In this approach,transmission of incompatible land uses to the outside of the city boundary,redevelopment,improvement,and renovation of urban old district and worn-out texture and reuse of abandoned land to new urban development are considered.In fact,the objective is the using of the infill development pattern to modeling approach for simulating urban future development using potentials inside the city.Methods:This paper presents a Land Transformation Model of urban land-use change based on an artificial neural network and a geographical information system.For developing this approach,future development of Tabriz city based on past development trend and infill development pattern is modeled.Results:The modeling result based on past development pattern shows that the 31.26% of green spaces and 60.93% of agricultural land and wasteland will be destroyed and the built area will increase 89.75% from 2005 to 2021.Development of infill development pattern model can regularize urban expansion in the coming decades.The result of infill development pattern,show that the built area will increase 40.32 percent and agricultural land and wasteland area decrease 32.67 percent until 2021.Conclusions:In fact,redevelopment of urban land uses in infill development pattern until 2021,not only preserve the green spaces and agricultural areas but also improve and rehabilitate old and worn-out textures.