Chronic eutrophication and turbidity are critical detrimental factors impacting coral reef ecosystems, adversely affecting their ecological functions, services, benefits, and resilience across multiple spatial scales ...Chronic eutrophication and turbidity are critical detrimental factors impacting coral reef ecosystems, adversely affecting their ecological functions, services, benefits, and resilience across multiple spatial scales and over prolonged periods of time. Inadequate land use practices and lack of appropriate sewage treatment can adversely contribute to increase land-based source pollution (LBSP) impacts in coastal waters and to magnify impacts by sea surface warming trends associated to climate change. Fringing coral reefs off Vega Baja, Puerto Rico, support extensive remnant patches of Elkhorn coral Acropora palmata (Lamarck 1816), which was listed in 2006 as a threatened species under the US Endangered Species Act. Chronic impacts by LBSP have significantly affected local downstream fringing reefs. We characterized the spatial extent of a water quality stress gradient across 12 reefs along the Vega Baja coast through monthly measurements of multiple physico-chemical parameters. Most parameters, particularly PO4, , chlorophyll-a, and the concentration of optical brighteners (OABs), showed a statistically significant increase (PERMANOVA, p < 0.05) in waters close to the main pollution sources, but also in waters adjacent to Cibuco River effluents. Dissolved oxygen also declined and turbidity increased on polluted sites. PO4, , and chlorophyll-a, exceeded recommended concentrations for coral reef ecosystems by factors of 7 - 50 times, 600 - 1240 times, and 17 - 83 times, respectively, depending on the source of the effluents and the distance from sewage pollution sources. Also, water turbidity exceeded 4 - 10 times the recommended value for pristine coral reefs. Coral reefs showed significant decline in close proximity to the polluted zone, showing a significantly different benthic community structure (PERMANOVA, p < 0.0001) dominated by non-reef building taxa (i.e., macroalgae, algal turf) and bare substrate. Percent coral cover and abundance of A. palmata, showed a significant increase with distance. Coral species richness, species diversity index, and the variance in taxonomic distinctness were very low on reef patches adjacent to the polluted zone, increased at a moderate distance with increasing coral cover and co-existence of multiple species, and declined far from the pollution source due to dominance exerted by A. palmata. This study suggests that chronic LBSP resulted in a major decline of one of the largest and most dense remnant stands of A. palmata across the northeastern Caribbean and that nutrient and chlorophyll-a concentrations were unsustainable for coral reefs. This situation requires immediate solution to prevent further damage to these unprecedented resources. It further suggests that chronic LBSP may synergistically magnify sea-surface warming impacts driving corals to an increased state of risk in face of forecasted climate change impacts. Actions to mitigate and adapt to climate change impacts on coral reefs must require a priori controls of LBSP to be effective.展开更多
The spatial distribution of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and total nitrogen(TN) yield from Qingdao are studied by comparing pollutant yield amount, densities and spatial aggregation(Getis-Ord indexes) among the land-ba...The spatial distribution of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and total nitrogen(TN) yield from Qingdao are studied by comparing pollutant yield amount, densities and spatial aggregation(Getis-Ord indexes) among the land-based pollutant source regions(PSRs) entering the three sub-seas(i.e. the Jiaozhou Bay(JZB), other coastal area in the Yellow Sea(OCAYS) and Laizhou Bay(LZB), respectively). Industrial composition of the loads are also studied by comparing pollutant yield among the sources of agriculture, rural domesticity, industry, urban domesticity and service, and calculation of Gini coefficient. Results show that spatial distribution of COD and TN yield from Qingdao are extremely unbalanced. The JZB, with less than 3% of the total coastal sea area of Qingdao, received 62% COD load and 65% TN yield from Qingdao, while the OCAYS, with more than 97% area, only received 23% COD and 20% TN, which consist with the much worsen water quality of JZB than that of OCAYS. On the other hand, the source apportionment of COD and TN loads in the PSRs entering JZB and the OCAYS was similar. The agricultural and domestic sources with high pollution intensity account for more than 80%, while the industrial and service sources with low pollution intensity account for less than 20%. While Gini coefficients, COD 0.81 and TN 0.84 which are much higher than the ‘imbalance' threshold of 0.4, show the uneven industrial structure of Qingdao. These results may be useful in the determination of land-based pollution total amount control at the PSR level.展开更多
通过CiteSpace软件对Web of Science以及CNKI数据库收录的885篇文献进行回顾性计量分析并绘制图谱,总结国内外有关基于主体建模(ABM)于公共健康政策研究中的热点和变化趋势,为未来深化复杂健康系统相关的ABM仿真研究提供依据。结果表明:...通过CiteSpace软件对Web of Science以及CNKI数据库收录的885篇文献进行回顾性计量分析并绘制图谱,总结国内外有关基于主体建模(ABM)于公共健康政策研究中的热点和变化趋势,为未来深化复杂健康系统相关的ABM仿真研究提供依据。结果表明:(1)国内外有关ABM于健康政策领域应用的相关研究虽总体呈现出了“运动式波动上升”的年度趋势且表现出了一定影响力但发展进程不一。(2)国内研究在机构间合作关系及融合性研究态势上较国外均不足。(3)国内外相关研究热点趋同性、差异性并存且涉及多个领域,但国内相关研究及具体应用方向较国外仍有较大拓展空间。ABM于公共健康政策研究中的应用仍面临一些挑战,未来应继续拓宽ABM方法应用的深度与广度,以解决公共健康这一复杂系统中的管理实际问题。展开更多
分析了基于信息系统武器装备体系基本特征和仿真评估要求,研究了基于Agent建模仿真(Agentbased modeling and simulation,ABMS)方法的体系效能仿真开发和评估过程,针对基于信息系统武器装备体系仿真评估的要求,建立了由体系效能评估准...分析了基于信息系统武器装备体系基本特征和仿真评估要求,研究了基于Agent建模仿真(Agentbased modeling and simulation,ABMS)方法的体系效能仿真开发和评估过程,针对基于信息系统武器装备体系仿真评估的要求,建立了由体系效能评估准备、联合作战想定编辑、ABMS体系仿真引擎、作战过程表现及战果统计,以及体系效能综合评估等组成的体系效能评估技术参考框架,并通过开发相关系统验证了框架的合理性和实用性。展开更多
建模与仿真在武器装备体系研制的全过程中都发挥着非常重要的作用,但是对于如何从体系架构中提取仿真所需的数据从而驱动构造仿真系统运行的研究还比较少,无法发挥架构驱动仿真的优势。采用OPM(ObjectProcess Methodology)对武器装备体...建模与仿真在武器装备体系研制的全过程中都发挥着非常重要的作用,但是对于如何从体系架构中提取仿真所需的数据从而驱动构造仿真系统运行的研究还比较少,无法发挥架构驱动仿真的优势。采用OPM(ObjectProcess Methodology)对武器装备体系架构进行描述,通过一定的方法从体系架构中提取ABMS(Agent Based Modeling and Simulation)仿真所需的数据,从而支持仿真的运行,继而实现利用ABMS分析武器装备体系架构并对武器装备体系的能力进行评估。展开更多
文摘Chronic eutrophication and turbidity are critical detrimental factors impacting coral reef ecosystems, adversely affecting their ecological functions, services, benefits, and resilience across multiple spatial scales and over prolonged periods of time. Inadequate land use practices and lack of appropriate sewage treatment can adversely contribute to increase land-based source pollution (LBSP) impacts in coastal waters and to magnify impacts by sea surface warming trends associated to climate change. Fringing coral reefs off Vega Baja, Puerto Rico, support extensive remnant patches of Elkhorn coral Acropora palmata (Lamarck 1816), which was listed in 2006 as a threatened species under the US Endangered Species Act. Chronic impacts by LBSP have significantly affected local downstream fringing reefs. We characterized the spatial extent of a water quality stress gradient across 12 reefs along the Vega Baja coast through monthly measurements of multiple physico-chemical parameters. Most parameters, particularly PO4, , chlorophyll-a, and the concentration of optical brighteners (OABs), showed a statistically significant increase (PERMANOVA, p < 0.05) in waters close to the main pollution sources, but also in waters adjacent to Cibuco River effluents. Dissolved oxygen also declined and turbidity increased on polluted sites. PO4, , and chlorophyll-a, exceeded recommended concentrations for coral reef ecosystems by factors of 7 - 50 times, 600 - 1240 times, and 17 - 83 times, respectively, depending on the source of the effluents and the distance from sewage pollution sources. Also, water turbidity exceeded 4 - 10 times the recommended value for pristine coral reefs. Coral reefs showed significant decline in close proximity to the polluted zone, showing a significantly different benthic community structure (PERMANOVA, p < 0.0001) dominated by non-reef building taxa (i.e., macroalgae, algal turf) and bare substrate. Percent coral cover and abundance of A. palmata, showed a significant increase with distance. Coral species richness, species diversity index, and the variance in taxonomic distinctness were very low on reef patches adjacent to the polluted zone, increased at a moderate distance with increasing coral cover and co-existence of multiple species, and declined far from the pollution source due to dominance exerted by A. palmata. This study suggests that chronic LBSP resulted in a major decline of one of the largest and most dense remnant stands of A. palmata across the northeastern Caribbean and that nutrient and chlorophyll-a concentrations were unsustainable for coral reefs. This situation requires immediate solution to prevent further damage to these unprecedented resources. It further suggests that chronic LBSP may synergistically magnify sea-surface warming impacts driving corals to an increased state of risk in face of forecasted climate change impacts. Actions to mitigate and adapt to climate change impacts on coral reefs must require a priori controls of LBSP to be effective.
基金partly funded by the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities (No. 20136 2014)the Ocean Public Welfare Scientific Research Project of the State Oceanic Administration, People’s Republic of China (No. 201205018)
文摘The spatial distribution of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and total nitrogen(TN) yield from Qingdao are studied by comparing pollutant yield amount, densities and spatial aggregation(Getis-Ord indexes) among the land-based pollutant source regions(PSRs) entering the three sub-seas(i.e. the Jiaozhou Bay(JZB), other coastal area in the Yellow Sea(OCAYS) and Laizhou Bay(LZB), respectively). Industrial composition of the loads are also studied by comparing pollutant yield among the sources of agriculture, rural domesticity, industry, urban domesticity and service, and calculation of Gini coefficient. Results show that spatial distribution of COD and TN yield from Qingdao are extremely unbalanced. The JZB, with less than 3% of the total coastal sea area of Qingdao, received 62% COD load and 65% TN yield from Qingdao, while the OCAYS, with more than 97% area, only received 23% COD and 20% TN, which consist with the much worsen water quality of JZB than that of OCAYS. On the other hand, the source apportionment of COD and TN loads in the PSRs entering JZB and the OCAYS was similar. The agricultural and domestic sources with high pollution intensity account for more than 80%, while the industrial and service sources with low pollution intensity account for less than 20%. While Gini coefficients, COD 0.81 and TN 0.84 which are much higher than the ‘imbalance' threshold of 0.4, show the uneven industrial structure of Qingdao. These results may be useful in the determination of land-based pollution total amount control at the PSR level.
文摘通过CiteSpace软件对Web of Science以及CNKI数据库收录的885篇文献进行回顾性计量分析并绘制图谱,总结国内外有关基于主体建模(ABM)于公共健康政策研究中的热点和变化趋势,为未来深化复杂健康系统相关的ABM仿真研究提供依据。结果表明:(1)国内外有关ABM于健康政策领域应用的相关研究虽总体呈现出了“运动式波动上升”的年度趋势且表现出了一定影响力但发展进程不一。(2)国内研究在机构间合作关系及融合性研究态势上较国外均不足。(3)国内外相关研究热点趋同性、差异性并存且涉及多个领域,但国内相关研究及具体应用方向较国外仍有较大拓展空间。ABM于公共健康政策研究中的应用仍面临一些挑战,未来应继续拓宽ABM方法应用的深度与广度,以解决公共健康这一复杂系统中的管理实际问题。
文摘分析了基于信息系统武器装备体系基本特征和仿真评估要求,研究了基于Agent建模仿真(Agentbased modeling and simulation,ABMS)方法的体系效能仿真开发和评估过程,针对基于信息系统武器装备体系仿真评估的要求,建立了由体系效能评估准备、联合作战想定编辑、ABMS体系仿真引擎、作战过程表现及战果统计,以及体系效能综合评估等组成的体系效能评估技术参考框架,并通过开发相关系统验证了框架的合理性和实用性。
文摘建模与仿真在武器装备体系研制的全过程中都发挥着非常重要的作用,但是对于如何从体系架构中提取仿真所需的数据从而驱动构造仿真系统运行的研究还比较少,无法发挥架构驱动仿真的优势。采用OPM(ObjectProcess Methodology)对武器装备体系架构进行描述,通过一定的方法从体系架构中提取ABMS(Agent Based Modeling and Simulation)仿真所需的数据,从而支持仿真的运行,继而实现利用ABMS分析武器装备体系架构并对武器装备体系的能力进行评估。
