Shimmy can reduce the service life of the nose landing gear, affect ride comfort, and even cause fuselage damage leading to aircraft crashes. Taking a light aircraft as the research object, the torsional freedom of la...Shimmy can reduce the service life of the nose landing gear, affect ride comfort, and even cause fuselage damage leading to aircraft crashes. Taking a light aircraft as the research object, the torsional freedom of landing gear around strut axis and lateral deformation of tire are considered. Since the landing gear shimmy is a nonlinear system, a nonlinear mechanical model of the front landing gear shimmy is established. Sobol index method is proposed to analyze the influence of structural parameters on the stability region of the nose landing gear, and Routh-Huritz criterion is used to verify the reliability of the analysis results of Sobol index method. We analyse the effect of torsional stiffness of strut, caster length, rated initial tire inflation pressure, rake angle, and vertical force on the stability region of theront landing gear. And the research shows that the optimization of the torsional stiffness of the strut and the caster length of the nose landing gear should be emphasized, and the influence of vertical force on the stability region of the nose landing gear should be paid attention to.展开更多
The plume-surface interaction(PSI)is a common phenomenon that describes the environment surrounding the landers resulting from the impingement of hot rocket exhaust on the regolith of planetary bodies.The PSI will cau...The plume-surface interaction(PSI)is a common phenomenon that describes the environment surrounding the landers resulting from the impingement of hot rocket exhaust on the regolith of planetary bodies.The PSI will cause obscuration,erosion of the planetary surface,and high-speed spreading of dust or high-energy ejecta streams,which will induce risks to a safe landing and cause damage to payloads on the landers or to nearby assets.Safe landings and the subsequent scientific goals of deep-space exploration in China call for a comprehensive understanding of the PSI process,including the plume flow mechanics,erosion mechanism,and ejecta dynamics.In addition,the landing crater caused by the plume provides a unique and insightful perspective on the understanding of PSI.In particular,the PSI can be used directly to constrain the composition,structure,and mechanical properties of the surface and subsurface soil.In this study,we conducted a systematic review of the phenomenology and terrestrial tests of PSI:we analyzed the critical factors in the PSI process and compared the differences in PSI phenomena between lunar and Martian conditions;we also reviewed the main erosion mechanisms and the evolution and development of terrestrial tests on PSI.We discuss the problems with PSI,challenges of terrestrial tests,and prospects of PSI,and we show the preliminary results obtained from the landing crater caused by the PSI of Tianwen-1.From analysis of the camera images and digital elevation model reconstructions,we concluded that the landing of Tianwen-1 caused the deepest crater(depth>40 cm)on a planetary surface reported to date and revealed stratigraphic layers in the subsurface of Martian soil.We further constrained the lower bounds of the mechanical properties of Martian soil by a slope stability analysis of the Tianwen-1 landing crater.The PSI may offer promising opportunities to obtain greater insights into planetary science,including the subsurface structure,mineral composition,and properties of soil.展开更多
In this paper, we study autonomous landing scene recognition with knowledge transfer for drones. Considering the difficulties in aerial remote sensing, especially that some scenes are extremely similar, or the same sc...In this paper, we study autonomous landing scene recognition with knowledge transfer for drones. Considering the difficulties in aerial remote sensing, especially that some scenes are extremely similar, or the same scene has different representations in different altitudes, we employ a deep convolutional neural network(CNN) based on knowledge transfer and fine-tuning to solve the problem. Then, LandingScenes-7 dataset is established and divided into seven classes. Moreover, there is still a novelty detection problem in the classifier, and we address this by excluding other landing scenes using the approach of thresholding in the prediction stage. We employ the transfer learning method based on ResNeXt-50 backbone with the adaptive momentum(ADAM) optimization algorithm. We also compare ResNet-50 backbone and the momentum stochastic gradient descent(SGD) optimizer. Experiment results show that ResNeXt-50 based on the ADAM optimization algorithm has better performance. With a pre-trained model and fine-tuning, it can achieve 97.845 0% top-1 accuracy on the LandingScenes-7dataset, paving the way for drones to autonomously learn landing scenes.展开更多
Purpose:To determine the effect of unanticipated mid-flight medial-lateral external perturbation of the upper or lower trunk on anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)loading variable s during jump-landings.Methods:Thirty-two...Purpose:To determine the effect of unanticipated mid-flight medial-lateral external perturbation of the upper or lower trunk on anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)loading variable s during jump-landings.Methods:Thirty-two participants performed double-leg vertical jump-landings while bilateral kinematics and kinetics were collected under 6conditions(upper or lower trunk perturbation locations;no,left,or right perturbation directions).Two customized catapult apparatuses were created to apply pushing perturbation to participants near the maximal jump height.Results:The ball contacted participants near the center of mass for the lower-trunk conditions and approximately 23 cm above the center of mass for the upper-trunk conditions.Under upper-trunk perturbation,the contralateral leg demonstrated significantly smaller knee flexion angles at initial contact and greater peak knee abduction angles,peak vertical ground reaction forces,peak knee extension moments,and peak knee adduction moments compared to other legs among all conditions.Under lower-trunk perturbation,the contralateral leg showed significantly smaller knee flexion angles at initial contact and increased peak vertical ground reaction forces and peak knee extension moments compared to legs in the no-perturbation conditions.Conclusion:Mid-flight external trunk pushing perturbation increased ACL loading variables for the leg contralateral to the perturbation.The uppertrunk perturbation resulted in greater changes in ACL loading variables compared to the lower-trunk perturbation,likely due to trunk and ipsilateral leg rotation and more laterally located center of mass relative to the contralateral leg.These findings may help us understand the mechanisms of indirect-contact ACL injuries and develop jump-landing training strategies under mid-flight trunk perturbation to better prevent ACL injury.展开更多
文摘Shimmy can reduce the service life of the nose landing gear, affect ride comfort, and even cause fuselage damage leading to aircraft crashes. Taking a light aircraft as the research object, the torsional freedom of landing gear around strut axis and lateral deformation of tire are considered. Since the landing gear shimmy is a nonlinear system, a nonlinear mechanical model of the front landing gear shimmy is established. Sobol index method is proposed to analyze the influence of structural parameters on the stability region of the nose landing gear, and Routh-Huritz criterion is used to verify the reliability of the analysis results of Sobol index method. We analyse the effect of torsional stiffness of strut, caster length, rated initial tire inflation pressure, rake angle, and vertical force on the stability region of theront landing gear. And the research shows that the optimization of the torsional stiffness of the strut and the caster length of the nose landing gear should be emphasized, and the influence of vertical force on the stability region of the nose landing gear should be paid attention to.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 42230111)the Key Research Program of the Institute of Geology and Geophysics,CAS(Mars Mission,Grant IGGCAS-202102)+1 种基金the Key Research Program of the Institute of Geology and Geophysics,CAS(Grant IGGCAS-201904)the CAS Key Technology Talent Program.
文摘The plume-surface interaction(PSI)is a common phenomenon that describes the environment surrounding the landers resulting from the impingement of hot rocket exhaust on the regolith of planetary bodies.The PSI will cause obscuration,erosion of the planetary surface,and high-speed spreading of dust or high-energy ejecta streams,which will induce risks to a safe landing and cause damage to payloads on the landers or to nearby assets.Safe landings and the subsequent scientific goals of deep-space exploration in China call for a comprehensive understanding of the PSI process,including the plume flow mechanics,erosion mechanism,and ejecta dynamics.In addition,the landing crater caused by the plume provides a unique and insightful perspective on the understanding of PSI.In particular,the PSI can be used directly to constrain the composition,structure,and mechanical properties of the surface and subsurface soil.In this study,we conducted a systematic review of the phenomenology and terrestrial tests of PSI:we analyzed the critical factors in the PSI process and compared the differences in PSI phenomena between lunar and Martian conditions;we also reviewed the main erosion mechanisms and the evolution and development of terrestrial tests on PSI.We discuss the problems with PSI,challenges of terrestrial tests,and prospects of PSI,and we show the preliminary results obtained from the landing crater caused by the PSI of Tianwen-1.From analysis of the camera images and digital elevation model reconstructions,we concluded that the landing of Tianwen-1 caused the deepest crater(depth>40 cm)on a planetary surface reported to date and revealed stratigraphic layers in the subsurface of Martian soil.We further constrained the lower bounds of the mechanical properties of Martian soil by a slope stability analysis of the Tianwen-1 landing crater.The PSI may offer promising opportunities to obtain greater insights into planetary science,including the subsurface structure,mineral composition,and properties of soil.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62103104)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M690615)。
文摘In this paper, we study autonomous landing scene recognition with knowledge transfer for drones. Considering the difficulties in aerial remote sensing, especially that some scenes are extremely similar, or the same scene has different representations in different altitudes, we employ a deep convolutional neural network(CNN) based on knowledge transfer and fine-tuning to solve the problem. Then, LandingScenes-7 dataset is established and divided into seven classes. Moreover, there is still a novelty detection problem in the classifier, and we address this by excluding other landing scenes using the approach of thresholding in the prediction stage. We employ the transfer learning method based on ResNeXt-50 backbone with the adaptive momentum(ADAM) optimization algorithm. We also compare ResNet-50 backbone and the momentum stochastic gradient descent(SGD) optimizer. Experiment results show that ResNeXt-50 based on the ADAM optimization algorithm has better performance. With a pre-trained model and fine-tuning, it can achieve 97.845 0% top-1 accuracy on the LandingScenes-7dataset, paving the way for drones to autonomously learn landing scenes.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation(1933409)the China Scholarship Council+1 种基金a student research grant from the International Society of Biomechanics in Sportsthe Wyoming IDeA Networks for Biomedical Research Excellence,supported by the National Institutes of Health(P20GM103432)。
文摘Purpose:To determine the effect of unanticipated mid-flight medial-lateral external perturbation of the upper or lower trunk on anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)loading variable s during jump-landings.Methods:Thirty-two participants performed double-leg vertical jump-landings while bilateral kinematics and kinetics were collected under 6conditions(upper or lower trunk perturbation locations;no,left,or right perturbation directions).Two customized catapult apparatuses were created to apply pushing perturbation to participants near the maximal jump height.Results:The ball contacted participants near the center of mass for the lower-trunk conditions and approximately 23 cm above the center of mass for the upper-trunk conditions.Under upper-trunk perturbation,the contralateral leg demonstrated significantly smaller knee flexion angles at initial contact and greater peak knee abduction angles,peak vertical ground reaction forces,peak knee extension moments,and peak knee adduction moments compared to other legs among all conditions.Under lower-trunk perturbation,the contralateral leg showed significantly smaller knee flexion angles at initial contact and increased peak vertical ground reaction forces and peak knee extension moments compared to legs in the no-perturbation conditions.Conclusion:Mid-flight external trunk pushing perturbation increased ACL loading variables for the leg contralateral to the perturbation.The uppertrunk perturbation resulted in greater changes in ACL loading variables compared to the lower-trunk perturbation,likely due to trunk and ipsilateral leg rotation and more laterally located center of mass relative to the contralateral leg.These findings may help us understand the mechanisms of indirect-contact ACL injuries and develop jump-landing training strategies under mid-flight trunk perturbation to better prevent ACL injury.
