ANALYSIS OF THE CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF LANDING TROPICAL CYCLONES IN EAST CHINA

The intensity, landing time, track trend and intensity variation of tropical cyclones (TCs) afterlandfall are analyzed using the TCs data (of best track from the China Meteorological Administration)between 1949 and 2006 for the western North Pacific and South China Sea. The trend differences of trackand intensity between the TCs that directly land in East China and those making the second landfall in EastChina after landing in Taiwan Island are categorically discussed. The results show that the first kind oflanding TCs are more likely to go northward or turn while the second kind of TCs have a larger tendency tokeep going northwest. The intensity of the first kind of TCs is more persistent than the second one. There isa higher percentage for the intensity to be weakened significantly if the TCs keep going west to northwest orsouthwest after landing.

OBSERVATIONAL STUDY ON THE PRE-TROPICAL CYCLONE SQUALL LINE OF 8 AUGUST 2007 OVER THE COAST OF SOUTH CHINA

A squall line in front of the tropical cyclone Pabuk occurred in the west of the Pearl River Delta to Zhanjiang on August 8th, 2007 when the storm approached South China. The development, structure and environmental conditions for this squall line were investigated in this study, with particular attention paid to the possible connection of this squall line with Pabuk. The observational data employed in this study are from soundings, Doppler weather radars and wind profile radars. The following six major conclusions are drawn by our observational analyses.(1) This squall line developed gradually from individual convective cells, and land breeze may be responsible for the onset of the squall line.(2) The path and intensity of the squall line were modulated by the environmental conditions. The squall line propagated along the coastline, and it was stronger on the landing side of the coastline compared with the surrounding in-land regions and oceanic regions.(3) The typical characteristics of tropical squall lines were seen in this squall line,including the cold-pool intensity, vertical structure and the wake flow stratiform precipitation at its developing and mature phases.(4) The environmental conditions of this squall line resemble those of tropical squall lines in terms of deep moist air and low convection condensation level. They also resemble mid-latitude squall lines in terms of the convective instable energy and vertical wind shear in the lower troposphere.(5) Two roles were played by the strong wind around Pabuk. On the one hand, it made the atmosphere more unstable via suppressed shallow convection and increased solar radiation. On the other hand, it enhanced the land-sea thermal contrast and therefore strengthened the sea breeze and the resultant water vapor transport. The sinking temperature inversion prevented the occurrence of low-layer weak convection and accumulated convection instability energy for the development of the strong convection.

Seasonal Variation Features of Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Tracks with Their Predictability

Analysis is done of monthly and seasonal variations as climatic features of the tracks from 1196 tropical cyclones originating in the western North Pacific over the period 1949 to 1980, followed by the investigation of 301 onland cyclone tracks over China mainland in terms of methodology for nonlinear system. Obtained by computing the accumulated distance distribution function of the tracks Cm (l) is the characteristic chaos quantity for the related dynamic systems and then the fractual dimensionality d = 4.86 and Kolmogorov entropy approximation K2 = 0.0164, thereby leading to the predictability time scale = 2.54 days. It is found that the reference path among the onland typhoon No.23 of 1971, or Bess in the international nomenclature. Our results could be of operational use as a kind of reference.

A SIMULATION STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF LAND FRICTION ON LANDFALL TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACK AND INTENSITY

A quasi-geostrophic barotropic vorticity equation model is used to simulate the influences of topographic forcing and land friction on landfall tropical cyclone track and intensity. The simulation results show that tropical cyclone track may have sudden deflection when the action of topographic friction dissipation is considered, and sudden deflection of the track is easy to happen and sudden change of tropical cyclone intensity is not clear when the intensity of tropical cyclone is weak and the land friction is strong. The land friction may be an important factor that causes sudden deflection of tropical cyclone track around landfall.

EFFECT OF INITIAL PERTURBATION OF LAND SURFACE PROCESSES ON TROPICAL CYCLONE FORECAST

Many studies have explored the importance and influence of planetary boundary layer processes on tropical cyclones (TCs). However, few studies have focused on the influence of land surface processes on the activity of TCs. To test the effect of initial perturbations of land surface processes on TCs, a land surface process perturbation module is built in a global ensemble prediction system. Ensemble experiments for the TCs that occurred from 12 UTC 22 August to 18 UTC 24 November, 2006 show that consideration of the uncertainties within the land surface process could increase the predictability of the global ensemble prediction system. Detailed analysis on TC Xangsane (2006) indicates that the perturbation of land surface processes may increase the variation of sensible heat flux and latent heat flux. Meanwhile, the effect from land surface perturbation can be transferred to the upper atmosphere, which leads to better TC forecasts.

TROPICAL CYCLONE GENESIS EFFICIENCY:MID-LEVEL VERSUS BOTTOM VORTEX

Cloud resolving Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model simulations are used to investigate tropical cyclone(TC)genesis efficiency in an environment with a near bottom vortex(EBV)and an environment with a mid-level vortex(EMV).Sensitivity experiments show that the genesis timing depends greatly on initial vorticity vertical profiles.The larger the initial column integrated absolute vorticity,the greater the genesis efficiency is.Given the same column integrated absolute vorticity,a bottom vortex has higher genesis efficiency than a mid-level vortex.A common feature among these experiments is the formation of a mid-level vorticity maximum prior to TC genesis irrespective where the initial vorticity maximum locates.Both the EMV and EBV scenarios share the following development characteristics:1)a transition from non-organized cumulus-scale(~5 km)convective cells into an organized meso-vortex-scale(~50 to 100 km)system through upscale cascade processes,2)the establishment of a nearly saturated air column prior to a rapid drop of the central minimum pressure,and 3)a multiple convective-stratiform phase transition.A genesis efficiency index(GEI)is formulated that includes the following factors:initial column integrated absolute vorticity,vorticity at top of the boundary layer and vertically integrated relative humidity.The calculated GEI reflects well the simulated genesis efficiency and thus may be used to estimate how fast a tropical disturbance develops into a TC.

1949—2021年登陆我国热带气旋历史规律研究

基于1949—2021年中国气象局最佳热带气旋路径数据,按照相应规则筛选出登陆我国的热带气旋及登陆位置,分析研究登陆热带气旋的数量、强度、时间等特征和变化规律,并具体分析沿海各地区登陆热带气旋的变化规律。结果表明:1949—2021年登陆我国的热带气旋数量呈略微减小趋势,有明显的高峰、低谷期,2018年后处于一个较低的水平;热带气旋登陆时的强度主要集中于强热带风暴、台风级别,登陆月份主要集中于7—9月;1949—2021年登陆我国的低强度热带气旋有减小趋势,而高强度热带气旋有增大趋势,说明登陆的高强度热带气旋将会越来越多,这可能与全球变暖以及热带扩展有关;1949—2021年登陆热带气旋位置在纬向上有轻微的南落,经向上无明显变化,这和前人的研究结论不一致,可能是由于选取的数据源以及时间跨度不一致造成的;我国沿海各地区热带气旋登陆频次最高的是广东地区,其次是台湾地区、海南、福建地区,大体上从南到北逐渐减少;台湾地区高强度登陆热带气旋占比最多,其次为浙江、福建、广东、海南地区;长期来看,广东、台湾地区年热带气旋登陆频次呈现减小趋势,浙江、福建地区呈现上升趋势。

热带气旋登陆衰减模型改进

通过优化区域划分并引入热带气旋登陆时移动方向角和海陆交界区域陆地比,对Vickery模型进行改进。以东南沿海区域登陆的热带气旋为例,将改进模型给出的热带气旋中心压差模拟结果与热带气旋观测值以及既有方法模拟结果进行对比。结果表明,改进模型利用热带气旋登陆时的移动方向强化了深入陆地热带气旋中心压差模拟效果,利用陆地比强化了海岸线附近热带气旋中心压差模拟效果。

登陆我国内陆热带气旋的衰减趋势分析

全球变暖背景下,登陆热带气旋(Tropical Cyclone,TC)的衰减速度是否放缓存在争议,登陆时强度不同的TC的衰减趋势是否一致还不清楚.利用两个描述登陆TC衰减的物理量,即登陆衰减时间尺度τ和登陆衰减维持时间D,研究了1980-2021年登陆我国内陆TC的衰减变化趋势,并探讨了TC登陆强度分档对衰减变化趋势的影响.对于登陆我国内陆的TC,无论是τ还是D,整体来看都没有随时间显著变化的趋势.进一步将TC的登陆强度分为热带风暴(Tropical Storm,TS)、强热带风暴(Severe Tropical Storm,STS)和台风(Typhoon,TY)档,发现不同强度档的登陆TC,其登陆地点以及登陆后的路径体现出不同特征,使得不同强度档登陆TC的衰减趋势存在差异.从TS档到STS档再到TY档,τ随时间的变化趋势从增加到减小再到明显减小,呈连续改变,而D的变化趋势从增加到减小再到增加,未呈连续改变,表明登陆TC的衰减变化趋势在不同登陆强度条件下存在不一致性.从显著性上看,只有TY档登陆TC的τ的变化满足90%置信区间显著下降趋势,表明登陆TC衰减趋势在不同登陆强度条件下存在不确定性.

秋季登陆广东热带气旋特征变化及机制分析

基于1949—2021年中国气象局热带气旋最佳路径数据集和登陆热带气旋数据集,对秋季登陆广东热带气旋(tropical cyclone,TCs)的时空特征和可能机制进行分析,并与夏季进行对比。结果表明:近73年共76个TCs秋季登陆广东,占登陆总数的28.5%,以强台风和超强台风占主,且平均最大强度强于夏季。相比夏季,秋TCs更大比例(72.4%)生成于西北太平洋,生成经纬度偏南、偏东;秋TCs的年均破坏潜力指标(power dissipation index,PDI)可达0.4×10^(7)m^(3)·s^(-2),与夏季相当;秋TCs登陆后比夏季更快消亡,移速更慢,PDI较小。秋TCs登陆数量长期变化呈下降趋势且下降速率与夏季相当,登陆强度上升且上升速率为夏季1.8倍,移速减缓速率为夏季2.5倍,PDI下降速率明显弱于夏季。不同于夏季登陆TCs在拉尼娜年增多,秋TCs更易在厄尔尼诺年登陆广东;登陆广东秋TCs数与上一年冬春季厄尔尼诺–南方涛动(El Niño-Southern Oscillation,ENSO)指数相关系数达到0.3,并对后一年ENSO具有指示作用。秋TCs登陆频数与太平洋年代际振荡(Pacific Decadal Oscillation,PDO)指数显著相关,1977—1996和1997—2016暖冷两个位相期,相关系数分别为−0.51和0.68。对比有无秋TCs的环境场,发现南海北部海温暖异常时,其西北侧激发的气旋性引导气流利于TCs登陆广东。

A Modeling Study of Land Surface Process Impacts on Inland Behavior of Typhoon Rananim(2004)

On 12 August 2004, Typhoon Rananim （0414） moved inland over China and stagnated over the Poyang Lake area, resulting in torrential rainfall and severe geologic hazards. The Advanced Weather Research and Forecasting （ARW-WRF） model and its different land surface models （LSMs） were employed to study the impacts of land surface process on the inland behavior of Typhoon Rananim. Results show that simulations, coupled with LSMs or not, have no significant differences in predicting typhoon track, intensity, and largescale circulation. However, the simulations of mesoscale structure, rainfall rate, and rainfall distribution of typhoon are more reasonable with LSMs than without LSMs. Although differences are slight among LSMs, NOAH is better than the others. Based on outputs using the NOAH scheme, the interaction between land surtace and typhoon was explored in this study. Notably, typhoon rainfall and cloud cover can cool land surface, but rainfall expands the underlying saturated wetland area, which exacerbates the asymmetric distribution of surface heat fluxes. Accordingly, an energy frontal zone may form in the lower troposphere that enhances ascending motion and local convection, resulting in heavier rainfall. Moreover, the expanded underlying saturated wetlands provide plentiful moisture and unstable energy for the maintenance of Typhoon Rananim and increased rainfall in return.

Journey to the Typhoon

Application of UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) for tropical cyclone missions is an emerging area of research and recent advances include the concept of spinsonde for multi-cycle measurement of vertical wind profile within the storm. This work proposes the design of a typhoon UAV as part of a cost-effective approach for acquiring atmospheric data to improve prediction and refine models. Land- and carrier-based flight schemes are proposed in this study and computer simulations are carried out to investigate the flight performance. Results suggest that the UAV achieves a maximum cruising speed in excess of 350 km·h-1 with excellent spinsonde performance. Furthermore, the UAV is capable of performing high-alpha maneuvers as well as vertical landing, thus rendering it suitable for space-efficient operation whether on land or aircraft carrier.

Mean Structure of Tropical Cyclones Making Landfall in China's Mainland

The mean kinematic and thermodynamic structures of tropical cyclones （TCs） making landfall in main-land China are examined by using sounding data from 1998 to 2009. It is found that TC landfall is usually accompanied with a decrease in low-level wind speed, an expansion of the radius of strong wind, weakening of the upper-level warm core, and drying of the mid-tropospheric air. On average, the warm core of the TCs dissipates 24 h after landfall. The height of the maximum low-level wind and the base of the stable layer both increase with the increased distance to the TC center;however, the former is always higher than the latter. In particular, an asymmetric structure of the TC after landfall is found. The kinematic and thermodynamic structures across various areas of TC circulation diff er, especially over the left-front and right-rear quadrants （relative to the direction of TC motion）. In the left-front quadrant, strong winds locate at a smaller radius, the upper-level temperature is warmer with the warm core extending into a deep layer, while the wet air occupies a shallow layer. In the right-rear quadrant, strong wind and wet air dwell in an area that is broader and deeper, and the warmest air is situated farther away from the TC center.

Estimation of mean water vapour residence time during tropical cyclones using a Lagrangian approach

Tropical cyclone(TC)-related rainfall mostly depends on the atmospheric moisture uptake from local and remote sources.In this study,the mean water vapour residence time(MWVRT)was computed for precipitation related to TCs in each basin and on a global scale by applying a Lagrangian moisture source diagnostic method.According to our results,the highest MWVRT was found for the TCs over the South Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean basins(~3.08 days),followed by the Western North Pacific Ocean,Central and East North Pacific Ocean,North Indian Ocean,and North Atlantic Ocean basins(which exhibited values of 2.98,2.94,2.85,and 2.72 days,respectively).We also found a statistically significant(p<0.05)decrease in MWVRT,at a rate of~2.4 h/decade in the North Indian Ocean and~1.0 h/decade in the remaining basins.On average,the MWVRT decreased during the 24 h before TCs made landfall,and the atmospheric parcels precipitated faster after evaporation when TCs moved over land than over the ocean.Further research should focus on the relationship between global warming and MWVRT of atmospheric parcels that precipitate over TC positions.

登陆华南热带气旋年频数预测

利用中国气象局39 a的热带气旋资料,结合多元线性回归和自回归方法,构建了一个考虑登陆华南热带气旋年频数多时间尺度特性的组合预测模型。该组合模型能较好地拟合1980—2012年登陆华南热带气旋年频数实况,拟合相关系数达0.93,平均绝对误差为0.57个,平均相对误差为12.7%。利用该模型对2013—2018年进行后报试验,平均绝对误差为0.61个,平均相对误差为12.4%。

一种热带气旋路径相似性快速计算方法研究

两条路径相似的热带气旋在一定程度上反映了两个系统背景场的变化和发展的相似性。在海洋预报中,热带气旋路径相似性可用于台风风暴潮预报的相似台风匹配和筛选。本文分析了现有热带气旋路径相似性计算的优势和不足,提出了一种基于形态的热带气旋路径相似计算的方法。以公开的热带气旋路径数据集为数据源,设计了与动态时间规整法和弗雷歇距离法的对比试验,用于验证本文算法的有效性。试验结果表明:本文算法计算的相似路径在空间形态上与对比算法的结果相当或略优,但耗时较短,仅为动态时间规整法的27%、弗雷歇距离法的57%,计算效率较高。

“碧利斯”和“格美”登陆后暴雨强度不同的天气学对比分析

热带气旋碧利斯和格美,在起源地、路径和结构上有一定的相似,但登陆后降水强度却有明显差异。通过对两个热带气旋登陆后环境场和物理量场的对比分析,得出一些结论。热带气旋登陆后暴雨强度与高空盛行东北气流和南海西南季风加强有关。高低空不同的环流形势导致了这两个热带气旋登陆后华南沿海低层辐合、高层辐散、上升运动、水汽及不稳定度等物理量场的不同,从而造成暴雨强度的不同。

2005年登陆我国热带气旋特征分析

热带气旋是影响我国沿海的主要灾害性天气系统之一,它产生的狂风、暴雨、巨浪和风暴潮,给沿岸地区人民生命和国家财产安全带来严重威胁。而严重的台风灾害,往往是台风登陆引起的。为进一步研究登陆热带气旋的活动规律,总结了2005年登陆我国热带气旋的特点,结果表明:2005年登陆我国热带气旋具有登陆季节短、登陆地点分布异常、台风比例异常偏高、灾害损失极为严重的特点。同时,还讨论了2005年登陆我国热带气旋异常的气候原因,并指出未来几年登陆热带气旋和台风的年频数处在上升趋势中。

采用外场观测试验资料对登陆台风"黄蜂"的风场及湍流特征的观测研究

热带气旋登陆时的破坏力和灾害经常非常严重。其强灾害的产生与热带气旋登陆时能量短时内的突然释放及台风中强烈的中尺度扰动特征有很大关系。常规观测站网及常规观测设备,无论时间和空间的分辨能力,都不能很好的反映这种特征,因而给台风灾害的准确预报带来困难。该文采用CLATEX(China Landfall Typhoon Experiment)登陆台风现场科学试验的观测资料,分析2002年强热带风暴"黄蜂"的风场、中尺度扰动场及动量通量特征;研究其登陆期间湍流动量通量变化特征。结果表明,使用首次在登陆台风外场观测试验中的风廓线仪观测资料,能较好的分析强热带风暴"黄蜂"的风场结构。有助于对登陆台风的风场和湍流动量通量时空分布及机理的进一步认识。

一次华南海岸带台前飑线的结构特征与环境条件的观测研究

2007年8月8日,热带风暴"帕布"移动到华南近海,在珠江三角洲至湛江以西地区出现了一次强飑线天气过程。根据多普勒天气雷达、风廓线雷达和气象探空等观测数据,分析此次台前飑线的生成、演变过程、组织结构以及环境大气条件特征,并对热带风暴"帕布"与台前飑线环境大气的关系进行初步探讨。观测和分析结果显示:(1)此次台前飑线系统是由孤立的对流单体逐渐发展而成,陆风环流的抬升作用有可能对飑线的初始生成起到重要作用;(2)台前飑线移动路径和强度受海岸附近环境条件的影响;在海岸靠近陆地一侧的强度远比内陆和海洋上强,移动路径倾向于沿海岸线平行;(3)台前飑线在发展和成熟阶段,其水平结构具有典型的尾流层云降水特征;其冷池强度和垂直结构具有典型的热带飑线特征;(4)台前飑线发生在具有深厚水汽层、对流凝结高度较低的环境大气条件中,与热带飑线的环境大气条件类似;而对流不稳定能量和低层垂直风切变强度与中纬度飑线接近;(5)热带气旋外围大风一方面使低层风切变加强,同时为环境大气提供了高层的水汽。在下沉环流区内太阳辐射使陆地明显增温,一方面使位势不稳定能量增大,另一方面也使海陆温差增大、海风环流加强,导致低层风切变进一步加强,低层水汽输送增大。下沉逆温抑制了低层弱对流的发生,为强对流的发展积累了对流不稳定能量。