This paper aims to explain the restraint exerted by the deep structure of culture,such as history,religion,social convention and family,in understanding and appreciating foreign verbal humor,especially foreign statesm...This paper aims to explain the restraint exerted by the deep structure of culture,such as history,religion,social convention and family,in understanding and appreciating foreign verbal humor,especially foreign statesman's verbal humor;whereby the significance of the deep structure of culture is revealed.In this paper,Herbert Paul Grice's Conversational Implicature Theory,i.e.the violation of cooperative principle,is taken as the theoretic base;the deep structure of culture is the analytical background and some of Obama's remarks and speeches given informal occasions are taken as analyzed examples,from which the essential role of the deep structure of culture is emphasized and focused in cross-cultural communication.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate the ocular outcomes and to elucidate possible mechanisms underlying intraocular pressure(IOP)change following the head-down tilt(HDT)test.METHODS:The study included 21 participants at the Department of...AIM:To evaluate the ocular outcomes and to elucidate possible mechanisms underlying intraocular pressure(IOP)change following the head-down tilt(HDT)test.METHODS:The study included 21 participants at the Department of Ophthalmology of Tongji Hospital.Subjects received the test of I-care tonometry,enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography and heart rate variability(HRV)analysis before and after 15 min HDT test.The lumen area of Schlemm’s canal(SCAR),IOP,HRV were calculated.RESULTS:IOP increased significantly after 20°head down position from 14.0±3.0 to 17.0±3.3 mm Hg(P<0.001).SCAR decreased from 13449.0±5454.9μm^(2) at sitting condition to 9576.6±4130.9μm^(2) post 15 min HDT test.High frequency(HF)indices increased significantly from 1462±865 Hz at baseline to 2128±824 Hz.Heart rate(HR)decreased significantly from 76±11.48 to 70±11.52 bpm after the HDT.The linear regression analysis showed that the difference of HF and SCAR significantly correlated with each other during the HDT(R^(2)=20%,P=0.04).CONCLUSION:These outcomes perform the first evidence of the activation of autonomic nervous system of HDT may cause the collapse of Schlemm’s canal lumen,which in turn leading to the increased IOP.展开更多
Glaucoma has been recently characterized as a member of the group of anoikis-related diseases. Anoikis, a form of apoptosis, can be triggered by the unfastening of adherent junctions present in astrocytes. In those ar...Glaucoma has been recently characterized as a member of the group of anoikis-related diseases. Anoikis, a form of apoptosis, can be triggered by the unfastening of adherent junctions present in astrocytes. In those areas of the central nervous system in which the soma of the neurons or their axons and dendrites are metabolically dependent on the activity of astrocytes, a derangement of the lactate shuttle caused by a separation between the plasma membranes of neurons and astrocytes would result in metabolic impairment of the neurons themselves. In glaucoma, the triggering event has been attributed to the posterior deviation of aqueous humor towards the astrocyte-rich prelaminar tissue of the optic nerve head. The mean calcium content in the aqueous is able to interfere with calcium-dependent adherent junctions and induce anoikis of the astrocytes. As the cerebrospinal fluid has a similar base calcium concentration, a shunt of cerebrospinal fluid through the cerebral parenchyma would be able to interfere in the astrocytic architecture with dire consequences to the metabolically dependent neurons. Here the similitude between glaucoma,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease are discussed and the concept of the break in the fluid-brain barrier, as an event separated from the blood-brain barrier, is stressed.展开更多
Three-month-old Alzheimer＇s disease model transgenic mice were immunized with Aβ1-42, Plp-Adenovirus [Ad]-X-CMV-（Aβ3-10）lo-CpG [AdCpG-（Aβ3-10）1] or AdCpG virus fluid via na- sal mucosal inhalation, respectivel...Three-month-old Alzheimer＇s disease model transgenic mice were immunized with Aβ1-42, Plp-Adenovirus [Ad]-X-CMV-（Aβ3-10）lo-CpG [AdCpG-（Aβ3-10）1] or AdCpG virus fluid via na- sal mucosal inhalation, respectively. ELISA analysis of serum showed Aβ42 antibody titers were significantly increased in mice immunized with Aβ1-42 and AdCpG-（Aβ3-10）10. Concanavalin A and AdCpG-（Aβ3-10）10 stimulation significantly increased the number of proliferating spleen cells cultured from AdCpG（Aβ3-10）Io and Aβ42 groups compared with the control group. In the AdCp- G（Aβ3-10）10 group, levels of interleukin （IL）-4 and IL-10 were increased, while those of IL-2 and interferon-y were decreased. In the A[342 group, levels of IL-4, IL-10, IL-2 and interferon-y were all increased. Experimental findings indicate that AdCpG-（Aβ3-10）10 vaccine can produce strong T helper 2 （Th2） humoral immune responses in addition to the production of Aβ42 antibody. The cellular immunologic response was weak and avoided Aβ1-42-mediated cytotoxicity.展开更多
The Cop and the Anthem is one of the representative works of O·Henry written in the 1900’s in America.In this short story,it shows that people have lose their human nature and emotions and suffered a lot in this...The Cop and the Anthem is one of the representative works of O·Henry written in the 1900’s in America.In this short story,it shows that people have lose their human nature and emotions and suffered a lot in this indifferent and absurd world presented beneath O·Henry’s humorous,ironic,exaggerate pen point.This paper tries to analyze O·Henry’s unique writing style from his black humor and language features,Which can be of some help for understanding of the work.展开更多
文摘This paper aims to explain the restraint exerted by the deep structure of culture,such as history,religion,social convention and family,in understanding and appreciating foreign verbal humor,especially foreign statesman's verbal humor;whereby the significance of the deep structure of culture is revealed.In this paper,Herbert Paul Grice's Conversational Implicature Theory,i.e.the violation of cooperative principle,is taken as the theoretic base;the deep structure of culture is the analytical background and some of Obama's remarks and speeches given informal occasions are taken as analyzed examples,from which the essential role of the deep structure of culture is emphasized and focused in cross-cultural communication.
文摘AIM:To evaluate the ocular outcomes and to elucidate possible mechanisms underlying intraocular pressure(IOP)change following the head-down tilt(HDT)test.METHODS:The study included 21 participants at the Department of Ophthalmology of Tongji Hospital.Subjects received the test of I-care tonometry,enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography and heart rate variability(HRV)analysis before and after 15 min HDT test.The lumen area of Schlemm’s canal(SCAR),IOP,HRV were calculated.RESULTS:IOP increased significantly after 20°head down position from 14.0±3.0 to 17.0±3.3 mm Hg(P<0.001).SCAR decreased from 13449.0±5454.9μm^(2) at sitting condition to 9576.6±4130.9μm^(2) post 15 min HDT test.High frequency(HF)indices increased significantly from 1462±865 Hz at baseline to 2128±824 Hz.Heart rate(HR)decreased significantly from 76±11.48 to 70±11.52 bpm after the HDT.The linear regression analysis showed that the difference of HF and SCAR significantly correlated with each other during the HDT(R^(2)=20%,P=0.04).CONCLUSION:These outcomes perform the first evidence of the activation of autonomic nervous system of HDT may cause the collapse of Schlemm’s canal lumen,which in turn leading to the increased IOP.
文摘Glaucoma has been recently characterized as a member of the group of anoikis-related diseases. Anoikis, a form of apoptosis, can be triggered by the unfastening of adherent junctions present in astrocytes. In those areas of the central nervous system in which the soma of the neurons or their axons and dendrites are metabolically dependent on the activity of astrocytes, a derangement of the lactate shuttle caused by a separation between the plasma membranes of neurons and astrocytes would result in metabolic impairment of the neurons themselves. In glaucoma, the triggering event has been attributed to the posterior deviation of aqueous humor towards the astrocyte-rich prelaminar tissue of the optic nerve head. The mean calcium content in the aqueous is able to interfere with calcium-dependent adherent junctions and induce anoikis of the astrocytes. As the cerebrospinal fluid has a similar base calcium concentration, a shunt of cerebrospinal fluid through the cerebral parenchyma would be able to interfere in the astrocytic architecture with dire consequences to the metabolically dependent neurons. Here the similitude between glaucoma,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease are discussed and the concept of the break in the fluid-brain barrier, as an event separated from the blood-brain barrier, is stressed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.30471927
文摘Three-month-old Alzheimer＇s disease model transgenic mice were immunized with Aβ1-42, Plp-Adenovirus [Ad]-X-CMV-（Aβ3-10）lo-CpG [AdCpG-（Aβ3-10）1] or AdCpG virus fluid via na- sal mucosal inhalation, respectively. ELISA analysis of serum showed Aβ42 antibody titers were significantly increased in mice immunized with Aβ1-42 and AdCpG-（Aβ3-10）10. Concanavalin A and AdCpG-（Aβ3-10）10 stimulation significantly increased the number of proliferating spleen cells cultured from AdCpG（Aβ3-10）Io and Aβ42 groups compared with the control group. In the AdCp- G（Aβ3-10）10 group, levels of interleukin （IL）-4 and IL-10 were increased, while those of IL-2 and interferon-y were decreased. In the A[342 group, levels of IL-4, IL-10, IL-2 and interferon-y were all increased. Experimental findings indicate that AdCpG-（Aβ3-10）10 vaccine can produce strong T helper 2 （Th2） humoral immune responses in addition to the production of Aβ42 antibody. The cellular immunologic response was weak and avoided Aβ1-42-mediated cytotoxicity.
文摘The Cop and the Anthem is one of the representative works of O·Henry written in the 1900’s in America.In this short story,it shows that people have lose their human nature and emotions and suffered a lot in this indifferent and absurd world presented beneath O·Henry’s humorous,ironic,exaggerate pen point.This paper tries to analyze O·Henry’s unique writing style from his black humor and language features,Which can be of some help for understanding of the work.
