Vulnerability of Large City and Its Implication in Urban Planning: A Perspective of Intra-urban Structure

Vulnerability is a new field and analytical tool in the study of urban safety. Analysis and assessment of vulnerability provide a new basis for urban planning. This study constructed a quantitative index system for assessing vulnerability, based on the city′s sensitivity and emergency response capacity. City size, density, and spatial form influence a city′s sensitivity to crises and risks, to which vulnerability is positively related. Levels of socio-economic development, infrastructures, and emergency management contribute to a city′s emergency response capacity, with which vulnerability is inversely associated. Vulnerability of 19 large Chinese cities was assessed. Harbin and Shenzhen demonstrated the highest and lowest vulnerability among 19 cities, while Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou ranked the 5th, the 9th and the 12th. Spatially, northern cities tended to be more vulnerable than southern cities. And the differences in vulnerability among cities were explored based on cities′ physical geography conditions, level of socioeconomic development, infrastructures, regional status, history of disaster, history of urban planning and development, government policies, etc.

ON DEVELOPMENT OF LARGE CITIES IN CHINA

The large cities in China have grown rapidly during the past 40 years. By the end of 1990, there were 59 large cities with a population of 0.5 million or more in the China's Mainland, of which 31 cities have a population of more than 1 million. Under the situation of controlling and developing, the characteristics of the large city grooth may be generalized as follows: 1. Large cities have developed rapidly, but their proportion of number and population in the whole national urban system has dropped. 2. The proportion of coastal large cities some what dropped, the inland large cities increased rapidly.3. Most of the provincial capitals have developed into large cities. Due to the concentration of industry and population to the cities, especially to the large cities, the cities scales are expending and the urban problems are strenghtened. The economic efficiency in large cities is decreasing, the Problems in infrastructure construction are becoming more and more serious. The coming 10 to 20 years are an important period for large city development in China. With the social and economic development, the large city growth will continue. The urbann agglomerations-taking the extra-large and medium-sized cities as their centres will come into being in China. the industries such as finance, trade,information and real estate will increase greatly and will form the major part of urban area, with the restructuring of industries in metropolitan regions.

Sodium Content in Takeaway Meals Sampled from Three Large China Cities

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate salt levels in popular hot takeaway meals in three large China cities, and to compare the difference in sodium content in different types of takeaway meals. Methods: We randomly collected a total of 4450 samples of 7 different types of takeaway meals, which were the most consumed by local residents from takeaway platforms. The main ingredients, auxiliary ingredients, as well as the weight used in takeaway meals were collected. The sodium content in takeaway meals was obtained by calculation. Results: Obtained results show that the sodium content in three large China cities is alarmingly high. Comparing medians (interquartile range) of takeaway meals from different cities, Beijing contained the highest sodium content per portion (1371.3 mg (890.3 - 2137.4)), followed by Hangzhou (1348.45 mg (694.25 - 1541.62)) and Shanghai (340.1 (259.75 - 942.25)). In addition, the sodium content between pasta and porridge, Chinese meals, and western meals show significant differences (p 0.05). Compared with Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes, the average sodium content exceeded dietary recommendations for one takeaway meal. The sodium content differed among takeaway meals prepared with various cooking methods and meats. Conclusion: Notable differences are detected in takeaway meals’ sodium content between several large cities in China. To meet China’s target salt intake, consumers in these cities are highly recommended to reduce sodium content in their everyday meals.

International Arts Festivals Visitors＇ Motives and Profile Characteristics： The Case of Two Medium-Sized Greek Cities

This paper presents an analysis of two renowned international arts festivals visitors＇ motives and profilecharacteristics, in two medium-sized Greek cities： the Kalamata International Dance Festival （KIDF） and theDrama International Short Film Festival （DISFF）. The purpose of the study was to determine the reasons visitorsattend these festivals, which is necessary for building more concise marketing strategies and, therefore,more successful and sustainable events, with long-term benefits, ranging from the local to the national levels.The research addresses international arts festivals that share four main characteristics： （1） they host internationalprofessional artists; （2） they feature explicitly-stated artistic visions and objectives; （3） they are publicly funded;and （4） they have achieved a consecutive 23 years of successful presence in each city. These two case studiesrepresent two cultural events which have managed to maintain their popularity and high status, on the Europeanfestival map, as well as to raise their host cities＇ cultural and tourism standards, despite the serious economiccutback they have both faced. Due to limited available funds, the festivals lack marketing resources andspecifically data collection on visitor motivation, a gap which this study aims to remedy. Primary datawere collected with the aid of online structured questionnaires, distributed and collected during autumn2016. Altogether, 130 questionnaires were answered by visitors of the DISFF and 186 questionnaires wereanswered by visitors of the KIDF. Even though both festivals share similar characteristics regarding theirorganization and their aims, our analysis emphasized the heterogeneity of the motives of attendance in connectionwith the visitors＇ profile characteristics, for each event. While some similarities were found, especially betweendemographic sample characteristics and visitors＇ profiles, the general picture to emerge from the findingsindicates significant differences between the two cases. Arts festivals-goers do not appear to constitute a singlehomogeneous market; rather, each event appears to attract different audiences for different reasons. Theimplications of these findings, deriving from statistical analysis, are discussed and suggestions for further researchare outlined. This research aims to contribute to knowledge concerning the marketing strategies of internationalarts festivals in medium-sized cities, useful for research and academic purposes, as well as to local and nationalauthorities and other agencies and bodies, responsible for urban tourism and cultural city/town planning andmanagement.

Sustainable Development Research in Chinese Medium-Sized City Based on SLEUTH

Compared with megacity, the medium-sized city is playing a more and more important part in the rapid urbanization process in China. Due to the expanding scale of the medium-sized city, urban growth is sprawl and this way leads to ecological, social and environment problems that are unsustainable. To measure the urban growth of the medium sized city, cellular automata (CA) model is employed. CA has proven to be a popular and effective modeling approach to investigate dynamic urban growth systems and for evaluating the impacts of possible policy options. We use the SLEUTH model, which is a well known CA model, to simulate the future urban growth of Huaian, Jiangsu province of China. The results confirm the value of SLEUTH which provides a rich exploratory of knowledge for evaluating the effects of possible decision-making in local government.

A Case Study of Affordable Housing in a Medium-Sized City in Central China

The main task of this paper is to explore the housing condition and housing policy in the vast but long-neglected middle-sized cities in China. Under the requirement of ＂Construction of 10 Million Units in 2011＂ from the central government, the affordable housing has started its nationwide building. Medium-sized cities are facing different developing periods but applying same housing policy as big cities. The paper examines the economic and social condition of the case city to find out the housing problems. It concludes that houses are affordable in these medium-sized cities, but housing policies are not implemented well. The paper proposed that housing affordability in medium-sized city is not about quantity but about quality. To keep houses affordable in these medium-sized cities, housing market, legislation, urban planning, public participation and intensive developments are all important.

Study on Non-engineering Countermeasures of Meteorological Disaster Prevention in Large Cities

For the main meteorological disasters and their characteristics in big cities of China,from city planning,laws and regulations,disaster management,contingency plan implementation,monitoring and early warning,information spreading,disaster insurance,science propaganda and so on,we put forward the suggestion of strengthening non-engineering countermeasures of meteorological disaster prevention in large cities of China,providing decision-making reference for urban disaster prevention and mitigation.

Five-force Analysis and Market Strategies of Budget Hotels in Small and Medium-sized Cities --ake Xuchang Jinjiang INN for Example

Budget hotels, as an emerging hotel model, were started and attained a rapid development in China in the last ten years, and have proven to be important part of China抯 hotel industry. As competitions in the hotel industry become increasingly fiercer, budget hotel brands launch a fight for seizing more market share. Therefore, it is necessary for Xuchang Jinjiang INN as a famous hotel brand to be distinguished from the hotel product strategies of the developed economic areas in the development environment of the small and medium-sized tourism cities, so as to adapt to the characteristics of regional market.

Research on the Optimization Design of Intersections for Safe Operation of Large Trucks

When big trucks are running at urban road intersections,they are easy to interfere with other motor vehicles,and the turning big trucks are easy to have conflicts with non-motor vehicles and pedestrians,which will affect the safety of intersections.This paper first studied the intersection of trucks to the running trajectory,on this basis,through the establishment of mathematical model analysis of large truck steering conditions inside the wheel,and the influence of blind area to the driver.In the research of intersection safety design,the safety design is divided into three parts:Entrance road,internal operation and signal control.At the same time,the design method of the entrance road,the interior of the intersection and the signal control is given,which improves the safety of the truck driving at the intersection.Finally,the intersection of Jungong road and Zhoujiazui road in Yangpu district of Shanghai was selected as a case,and the optimal design of the intersection for large trucks was carried out through the investigation and analysis of actual data.The evaluation and analysis were carried out by using the multi-index matter-element model.The results show that the comprehensive safety correlation degree of the intersection is reduced to 0.42,and the safety level of is improved by one level.

以人为本推进超大特大城市户籍制度改革的路径选择

自上一轮户籍制度改革实施以来,常住人口300万以下城市的落户门槛已经完全放开,破解部分常住人口300万以上的大城市和超大特大城市的落户限制成为户籍制度改革接下来的突出任务。当前,户籍制度改革的福利扩散(落户)与福利剥离(居住证)二元并行路径面临困境,在政策上陷入了“落户悖论”:如果推进落户,在超大特大城市户籍门槛很难进一步降低,且在农业转移人口落户意愿不高的背景下,落户已很难继续推进;如果不推进落户转而依靠居住证,在核心公共服务难以进一步与户籍脱钩的条件下,农业转移人口仍需要通过落户实现市民化。破解“落户悖论”,推进以人为本的新型城镇化,可实施“愿落尽落+负面清单”改革方案:在完全放开超大特大城市落户限制的同时,将少数高含金量公共服务列入负面清单,落户者须满足负面清单中公共服务的提供部门所制定的附加条件,才能享受该公共服务。这一改革方案具备较好的经济性、道义性和可操作性,是放开超大特大城市落户限制的可行路径。

秦汉新城渭河1#雨水出口系统优化方案研究与实践

针对西安市西咸新区秦汉新城渭河1#雨水出口流域面积过大,存在系统内涝安全风险的问题,研究1#雨水出口系统优化方案。依据陕西省省级城市内涝治理实施方案,分析1#雨水出口系统存在的一系列问题以及优化原则和目标,重点分析了大汇水分区下雨水系统安全以及雨污分流改造的思路,为解决城市水安全、水环境以及水资源利用提出了应对措施与建议。

城市水利大海绵在宿迁市的探索与实践

当前我国海绵城市建设主要以低影响开发(LID)为主,虽有效提升了城市排水防涝能力,但仍缺乏流域、区域、城市、社区多尺度建设措施的协同推进。以江苏省宿迁市推进海绵城市建设为切入点,提出“城市水利大海绵”的概念,阐述其理念内涵、建设目标等,指出城市水利大海绵是以城市河湖水系为基础、各种水利设施为节点、精细化调度为灵魂,并与小尺度LID设施有效衔接的系统化全域海绵城市建设新模式。在此基础上,确定了以天然水域面积比例为基础指标,以统筹保障城市水安全、优化水资源配置、改善水生态等为基本目标的城市水利大海绵构建思路,剖析了其构建过程中的关键指标,阐明了相应的实施路径。

大型体育赛事对城市国际化的影响机制研究

研究运用文献资料法、演绎逻辑法,首先讨论大型体育赛事的概念、特征以及城市国际化的内涵及指标结构,以此为基础,分别从经济发展水平、城市产业结构、基础设施水平、社会开放水平、经济对外交流水平五个方面论证大型体育赛事对城市国际化的影响。研究认为大型体育赛事以其特有的国际性、可观赏性、政府参与性、规模性、经济性等特征影响城市的国际化水平。

“公园城市”视角下遗址及其周边区域更新建设策略

伴随我国“十三五”规划的圆满完成,对遗址及其周边空间的保护利用迈入全新阶段。但从我国大遗址保护利用现状来看,仍有一些问题亟待解决,“公园城市”所蕴含的部分原则与方法正是解决此类问题的有效手段。文章结合大遗址保护理念、“公园城市”理念及相关实践案例,总结出了整体统一、生态优先、文化为核、以人为本四条基本更新建设原则。从上述四条原则出发对遗址保护区域提出对应的绿化形式与展示手法,对遗址周边区域从地形、水系、植物、建筑、道路及设施六个方面出发,提出针对性的景观更新建设策略。以期对同类空间起到借鉴作用,使得遗址及其周边区域得以充分展现自身风韵,更好地服务居民生活,助力城市高效发展。

新兴体育赛事助力上海全球著名体育城市建设的历程、经验及启示——以上海赛艇公开赛为例

研究首先通过文献资料法对我国赛艇历史发展进行了梳理,论述了上海赛艇公开赛得以创办的历史源流,发现我国赛艇的发展主要分为两个阶段,分别是初步萌芽阶段(1852—1949年)和全面发展阶段(1949年至今),上海赛艇公开赛的举办对于处在全面发展阶段的中国赛艇事业具有里程碑意义。在此基础上通过实地调查法,案例分析法对上海赛艇公开赛助力上海全球著名体育城市建设的历程与经验进行分析,认为上海赛艇公开赛的发展历程得益于由上至下的政策支持与由下至上的群众参与相结合模式,赛事的举办对于促进城市更新,激发城市活力具有积极作用。上海赛艇公开赛的举办带来的经验有以下几点:(1)以人为本的赛事组织;(2)融赛于景的空间设计;(3)以赛营城的形象塑造;(4)赛事效益的开发利用。研究在此基础上得出启示:(1)新兴体育赛事成为促进城市更新的手段;(2)景观体育赛事成为宣传城市形象的名片;(3)人民体育赛事成为传承城市文化的中介。

从“造住房”到“造生活”——大都市东京住房规划建设政策制度演变、成效和启示

梳理东京自明治维新以来的住房规划建设政策制度的演变,发现其经历了从无到有的摸索期、从散到合的形成期、从量到质的稳定期、从公向私的过渡期、从宅到居的发展转型期等5个阶段,总体呈现出住房供给主体多元协同、住房供给对象全面包容平等、住房供给法规先行行政保障、住房规划体系完善和住房更新行动持续升级等5大特征,最终形成充足稳定均衡的居住用地配置、与城市发展结构相契合的住房分布以及集约多样富有品质的住房供给等3大发展成效。对我国大城市住房发展有3大启示:从住房供给治理机制、住房规划、调查制度等方面完善住房规划建设政策制度,从“造住房”转向“造生活”,以及充分均衡地供给居住用地和住房类型。

On the Development Principles and Models of Recreational Belt around Small and Middle Cities

The definition and type of recreational belt around metropolis were introduced,the development principles of recreational spot around small and middle cities were analyzed.With Baoding City as an example,the empirical analysis was conducted,and the development models of recreational spot around metropolis in Baoding City were put forward.

基于情景构建的超大型城市地震应急任务研究

如何提高超大型城市地震巨灾应对能力,是我国现阶段地震应急研究的重要内容。在微观分析情景要素及其相互作用的基础上,利用知识元模型构建震害情景。为解决地震巨灾情景中信息的不确定性问题,建立模糊规则来匹配不确定信息,判断情景推演的结果及可能性。最后进行案例分析,将震后情景划分为5个应急响应阶段,通过情景推演实现地震巨灾应急任务的生成,验证了该研究方法的科学性和实用性,同时也为应急能力评估提供参考。

Study on the Greening Design of Residential Areas in Yichun City

In this research,the functions and principles of residential greening design in medium-sized cities are analyzed.Taking the greening design of a residential area in Yichun City for an example,we aim at providing some references for the urban residential district greening design.

土地征收成片开发方案编制存在问题及优化建议——以福州市为例

《中华人民共和国土地管理法》于2019年重新修订,明确为公共利益需要组织的成片开发建设用地可依法实施征收。结合福州市土地征收成片开发方案编制实践,对方案编制过程中的公益性比例、用地规模设定、方案调整、规划实施、编制质量等五大共性问题进行剖析,并提出分类设定公益性比例、灵活确定开发面积、细化规则管控、规划先行确保可实施性和合理引导方案编制等优化建议,以更好地衔接国土空间规划体系,为项目落地提供用地要素保障。