THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ATMOSPHERIC HEATING SOURCE/SINK ANOMALIES OF ASIAN MONSOON AND FLOOD/DROUGHT IN THE YANGTZE RIVER BASIN IN THE MEIYU PERIOD

NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and a 30-year precipitation dataset of observed daily rainfall from 109 gauge stations are utilized in this paper.Using the REOF we analyzed the spatial distribution of precipitation in the 109 stations in the Yangtze River Basin in Meiyu periods from 1978 to 2007.The result showed that the spatial distribution of precipitation in the Yangtze River Basin can be divided into the south and north part.As a result,relationships between an atmospheric heating source(hereafter called <Q_1>) over the Asian region and the precipitation on the south and north side of Yangtze River in Meiyu periods were separately studied in this paper.The results are shown as follows.The flood/drought to the north of Yangtze River(NYR) was mainly related to the <Q_1> over the East Asia summer monsoon region:when the <Q_1> over the Philippines through Western Pacific and the south China was weakened(strengthened),it would probably result in the flood(drought) in NYR;and the precipitation on the south side of Yangtze River(SYR)was related to the <Q_1> over the east Asia and Indian summer monsoon region:when the <Q_1> over the areas from south China to the northern East China Sea and Yellow Sea and south-eastern Japan was strengthened(weakened),and the <Q_1> over the areas from the Bay of Bengal to south-eastern Tibetan Plateau was weakened(strengthened),it will lead to flood(drought) in SYR.

Water vapor transport over China and its relationship with drought and flood in Yangtze River Basin

The characteristics of water vapor transport(WVT) over China and its relationship with precipitation anomalies in the Yangtze River Basin(YRB) are analyzed by using the upper-air station data in China and ECMWF reanalysis data in summer from 1981 to 2002.The results indicate that the first mode of the vertically integrated WVT is significant whose spatial distribution presents water vapor convergence or divergence in the YRB.When the Western Pacific Subtropical High(WPSH) is strong and shifts southward and westward, the Indian Monsoon Low Pressure(IMLP) is weak, and the northern part of China stands behind the middle and high latitude trough, a large amount of water vapor from the Bay of Bengal(BOB), the South China Sea(SCS) and the western Pacific forms a strong and steady southwest WVT band and meets the strong cold water vapor from northern China in the YRB, thus it is likely to cause flood in the YRB.When WPSH is weak and shifts northward and eastward, IMLP is strong, and there is nearly straight west wind over the middle and high latitude, it is unfavorable for oceanic vapor extending to China and no steady and strong southwest WVT exists in the region south of the YRB.Meanwhile, the cold air from northern China is weak and can hardly be transported to the YRB.This brings on no obvious water vapor convergence, and then less precipitation in the YRB.

Comparative research on integrated development of large river basins:a case study of the Yangtze and the Rhone

Since 2001, the French and Chinese researchers have done a cooperative research on the comparison of integrated development of large fiver basins. The Yangtze River was chosen as a crux of this research and linked with other older river experiments like the Rhone, the Nile and the Mississippi. This research includes not only the environmental issues but also economic and social issues. One special issue journal has been published in French for our research results. Other two collective and comparative books in French and Chinese will be finished at the end of this year. In the future, the comparison should be widened to Italy （the Po）, Egypt （the Nile development planning） and the United States （the Mississippi Basin） and we would like to enlarge our research group and want to link up different teams and research projects, in order to get a global understanding of large fiver regions phenomenon.

Analysis of Causes and Seasonal Prediction of the Severe Floods in Yangtze／Huaihe Basins during Summer 1991

The present paper shows that a seasonal prediction for the large scale flooding and waterlogging of the mid-lower Yangtze/ Huaihe River basins in the summer of 1991 made successfully in early April 1991.The seasonal forecasting method and some predictors are also introduced and analyzed herein. Because the extra extent of the abnormally early onset of the plum rain period in 1991 was unexpected,great efforts have been made to find out the causes of this abnormality. These causes are mainly associated with the large scale warming of SST surrounding the south and east part of Asia during the preceding winter,while the ENSO-like pattern of SSTA occurred in the North Pacific.In addition,the possible influence of strong solar proton events is analyzed.In order to improve the seasonal pre4iction the usage of the predicted SOl in following spring/summer is also introduced.The author believes thatthe regional climate anomaly can be correctly predicted for one season ahead only on the basis of physical understanding of the interactions of many preceding factors.

Magnitude,Scale,and Dynamics of the 2020 Mei-yu Rains and Floods over China

Large parts of East and South Asia were affected by heavy precipitation and flooding during early summer 2020.This study provides both a statistical and dynamical characterization of rains and floods affecting the Yangtze River Basin(YRB).By aggregating daily and monthly precipitation over river basins across Asia,it is shown that the YRB is one of the areas that was particularly affected.June and July 2020 rainfall was higher than in the previous 20 years,and the YRB experienced anomalously high rainfall across most of its sub-basins.YRB discharge also attained levels not seen since 1998/1999.An automated method detecting the daily position of the East Asian Summer Monsoon Front(EASMF)is applied to show that the anomalously high YRB precipitation was associated with a halted northward progression of the EASMF and prolonged mei-yu conditions over the YRB lasting more than one month.Two 5-day heavy-precipitation episodes(12−16 June and 4−8 July 2020)are selected from this period for dynamical characterization,including Lagrangian trajectory analysis.Particular attention is devoted to the dynamics of the airstreams converging at the EASMF.Both episodes display heavy precipitation and convergence of monsoonal and subtropical air masses.However,clear differences are identified in the upper-level flow pattern,substantially affecting the balance of airmass advection towards the EASMF.This study contextualizes heavy precipitation in Asia in summer 2020 and showcases several analysis tools developed by the authors for the study of such events.

干旱区与湿润区旱涝急转演变特征对比研究

以长江、黄河和淮河流域为研究对象,基于标准化旱涝急转指数,利用趋势分析、变点检验、小波分析、随机森林等方法探究典型干旱区与湿润区旱涝急转演变特征及其驱动因子。结果表明:湿润和半湿润区是极端旱涝急转事件的高频发生区,干旱区是极端旱转涝事件的高频发生区;干旱区的突变发生在1998年,湿润区的突变在1978年,未来干旱区更易发生旱转涝事件,湿润区则相反;气象因子在湿润区对旱涝急转的贡献度更大,大气环流对干旱区的影响突出,旱涝急转与不同驱动因子间存在非线性关系。

A comparative study of the atmospheric circulations associated with rainy-season floods between the Yangtze and Huaihe River Basins

Here we present the results from the composite analyses of the atmospheric circulations and physical quantity fields associated with rainy-season for the selected floods cases over the Yangtze and Huaihe River basins for the 21 years(1990–2010),using the daily rain gauge measurements taken in the 756 stations throughout China and the NCEP/reanalysis data for the rainyseasons(June–July)from 1990 to 2010.The major differences in the atmospheric circulations and physical quantity fields between the Yangtze and Huaihe River basins are as follows:for flooding years of the Yangtze River Basin,the South Asia high center is located further east than normal,the blocking high over the Urals and the Sea of Okhotsk maintains,and the Meiyu front is situated near 30°N whereas for flooding years of the Huaihe River Basin,the South Asia high center is further west than normal,the atmospheric circulations over the mid and high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere are of meridional distribution,and the Meiyu front is situated near 33°N.In addition,there are distinct differences in water vapor sources and associated transports between the Yangtze and Huaihe River basins.The water vapor is transported by southwesterly flows from the Bay of Bengal and monsoon flows over the South China Sea for flooding years of the Yangtze River Basin whereas by southeast monsoons from the eastern and southern seas off China and monsoon flows over the South China Sea for flooding years of the Huaihe River Basin.

Large-scale atmospheric singularities and summer long-cycle droughts-floods abrupt alternation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

The daily precipitation data at 720 sta- tions over China for the 1957―2003 period during summer (May―August) are used to investigate the summer subseasonal long-cycle droughts-floods abrupt alternation (LDFA) phenomenon and a long-cycle droughts-floods abrupt alternation index (LDFAI) in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (MLYRV) is defined to quantify this phenomenon. The large-scale atmospheric circula- tion features in the anomalous LDFA years are ex- amined statistically. Results demonstrate that the summer droughts-to-floods (DTF) in the MLYRV usually accompany with the more southward western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH), negative vorticity, strong divergence, descending movements develop- ing and the weak moisture transport in the low level, the more southward position of the South Asia high (SAH) and the westerly jets in the high level during May―June, but during July―August it is in the other way, northward shift of the WPSH, positive vorticity, strong convergence, ascending movements and strong moisture transport in the low level, and the northward shift of the SAH and the westerly jets in the high level. While for the summer floods-to-droughts (FTD) in the MLYRV it often goes with the active coldair mass from the high latitude, positive vorticity, strong convergence, ascending movement develop- ing and the strong moisture transport in the low level, and the SAH over the Tibetan Plateau in the high level, but during July―August it is often connected with the negative vorticity, strong divergence, de- scending movements developing and the weak moisture transport in the low level, the remarkable northward shift of the WPSH, the SAH extending northeastward to North China and the easterly jets prevailing in the high level over the MLYRV. In addi- tion, the summer LDFA in the MLYRV is of significant relationship with the Southern Hemisphere annual mode and the Northern Hemisphere annual mode in the preceding February, which offers some predictive signals for the summer LDFA forecasting in the MLYRV.

The Diagnostic Study on the Drought and Flood Over the Yangtze River Basin With Weather Satellite Observations

The drought and flood over the Yangtze River basin are closely related to the anomaly of the general circulation. The impacts of the disasters resulting from it on the China national economy are of great importance. Attention is paid to them by meteorologists and forecasters in China. Most of the previous studies on it used the conventional data. Because the weather satellite observation has the advantages of continuity, homogeneous spatial and temporal resolution and global coverage, it greatly makes up the defect of the conventional measurements. The outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) observed from

东江流域控制性水工程联合调度策略与机制探讨

近年,东江流域旱涝事件并存,防洪与供水安全形势严峻,三大水库和干流梯级电站是东江流域水旱灾害防御中的重要水利工程。收集流域水工程多年运行经验、案例、数据,综述东江流域控制性水工程联合调度在管理体制、防洪调度、水量调度等方面的研究、实践现状,通过数学模型、统计等方法,对现状调度体制与机制中存在的问题进行分析。从管理、技术、研究等角度提出建议与对策。

中国旱涝急转事件时空变化特征

【目的】旱涝急转事件造成的社会经济和生态环境影响严重,是我国发生频繁且广泛的一种复合型事件。明确我国旱涝急转事件发生的时空变化特征,可为地区制定防灾减灾措施提供科学依据。【方法】基于1961—2021年气象观测数据,使用Penman-Monteith模型计算潜在蒸散发,然后计算逐日的标准化降水蒸散指数(daily-SPEI),分流域对中国旱涝急转事件的频次、影响范围和趋势的变化特征进行分析。【结果】结果显示:(1)时间趋势上,1961—2021年中国受旱涝急转事件影响的范围以0.6%/10a的趋势增加,且平均每年有19.8%的范围发生旱涝急转事件。(2)空间分布上,旱涝急转事件主要分布在淮河流域、黄河流域、长江流域和松花江流域,事件发生频次在30次以上地区分别占流域总面积的63.1%、20.7%、15.0%、14.6%,事件频次最高达到53次。(3)中国旱涝急转事件存在明显的季节差异,主要发生在夏季事件发生频次在5次以上的空间范围占中国总面积的一半以上;其次是春季和秋季,事件发生频次在5次以上的空间范围占比均不足15%;冬季发生最少,事件发生频次在5次以下。【结论】结果表明:中国旱涝急转事件的影响范围整体呈增加趋势,中国中东部和东北部是旱涝急转事件发生频繁地区。研究结果可为旱涝急转事件的监测与应对提供科学基础。

洞庭湖四水流域水库群联合防洪优化调度

针对多防洪控制点的混联水库群联合防洪调度中防洪目标难以协调的问题,构建了以多流域协调条件下合成洪水洪峰流量最小为目标的水库群联合防洪调度模型,并采用逐步优化-逐次渐进算法(POA-SA)优化求解。在洞庭湖四水流域开展实例研究,基于防洪需求及各水库的特性,以四水流域下游尾闾控制站洪峰流量最小和四水汇流至洞庭湖的合成洪水洪峰流量最小为目标,提出典型年四水流域水库群联合防洪优化调度方案。结果表明:①针对1998年和2017年两场洪水,水库群联合优化调度后的四水合成汇入洞庭湖的洪峰削峰率比四水单独优化调度分别提高了9.4%和4.5%;②资水的柘溪水库和沅江的五强溪水库通过补偿调节,较好地实现了入湖洪水的错峰。对洞庭湖四水流域水库群联合调度可以保障四水流域自身防洪安全,并为洞庭湖防洪减压,研究成果可为流域水库群联合防洪调度提供参考。

An Integrated Flood Disaster Prevention System for the Sustainable Development of the Yangtze River Basin

Flood disasters have been a serious restraint to the sustainable development of the Yangtze River Basin (YRB). After analyzing the major causes to the flood disasters of YRB, the paper proposes an integrated flood disaster prevention system for the sustainable development of the YRB. The starting point of the system is to rationally coordinate the relationship of population, environment and economy.

长江流域旱涝急转演变特征及其社会经济暴露度

旱涝急转是指干旱和洪水之间的快速转变,对农业生产和人类安全造成巨大威胁。本研究基于月尺度的旱涝急转量级指数,分析了长江流域历史和未来四种旱涝急转事件,并通过滑窗法构建了旱涝急转量级的时变函数,揭示了未来旱涝急转风险变化。同时,结合共享社会经济路径量化了人口和经济受旱涝急转风险变化影响的程度。结果显示,历史时期长江流域中下游旱涝急转事件频发,旱–涝和涝–旱事件每10年发生10~12次,而旱–涝–旱和涝–旱–涝事件每10年发生3~4次。未来旱–涝–旱和涝–旱–涝事件预计大幅增加,其中长江上游部分地区增长了约7倍。对于历史基准期50年一遇的旱涝急转事件,未来发生概率将增加5~10倍,给长江流域的人口和经济带来重大影响。

长江流域防洪规划修编关键问题探讨

长江是中华民族的母亲河,是中华民族发展的重要支撑。进入21世纪以来,随着流域经济社会高速发展,流域蓄泄关系和防洪形势发生了新变化,加之全球气候变化背景下极端天气频发,给流域防洪带来了新挑战,治水思路和防灾减灾救灾理念发生深刻变化,迫切需要优化调整防洪目标和总体布局,科学制定防洪规划方案,擘画安澜长江新蓝图。针对新变化、新挑战和新要求,研究提出了新阶段长江防洪新方略、新目标和新举措,并重点探讨了城陵矶(莲花塘)站防洪控制水位调整、蓄滞洪区布局优化以及洲滩民垸防洪治理等重难点问题,为长江流域防洪规划修编提供支撑。

长江演化及其对洪涝灾害防治的启示

【研究目的】长江的形成和演化以及长江中下游地区周而复始的洪涝灾害,是亟待学术界破解的关键科学问题。【研究方法】通过采用冲积扇成因理论、联合沉积相剖面对比法、岩相古地理分析、高精度定年技术和遥感等方法,从流域视角剖析了长江中下游沿江砾石层成因、岩相古地理特征、长江上游三峡夷平面和阶地特征以及云南石鼓长江大拐湾成因。【研究结果】提出了早中更新世之交(距今75万年)长江东西贯通时限和长江中游地区全新世“一江(长江)四湖(云梦泽、彭蠡泽、洞庭湖和鄱阳湖)”江湖演化格局的认识,分析了在自然和人为作用下近代长江中下游地区洪涝灾害现状和影响因素,并结合长江演化规律及其对洪涝灾害防治启示,提出了“再造云梦泽、扩张洞庭湖和鄱阳湖”、“采砂扩湖、清淤改田”长江中下游洪涝灾害防治对策和下一步相关地质工作建议。【结论】早中更新世地质环境的重大调整是造成长江东西全线贯通的重要原因,长江中游地区洪涝灾害防治应充分考虑江湖演化规律,该研究成果可为长江经济带/长江流域国土空间规划、地质灾害防治和生态环境保护与修复提供基础支撑和理论依据。

2022年长江口夏季咸潮入侵及影响机制研究

2022年长江流域降雨、干支流来水均严重偏少,江湖水位持续走低,发生了1961年有完整记录以来最严重的流域性气象水文干旱。受此影响,2022年8月下旬长江河口就遭遇咸潮入侵,为有咸潮入侵监测记录以来历史最早,随后入侵增强并持续影响长江口。针对2022年长江口罕见的夏秋季节咸潮入侵事件,利用长江口岸基、浮标观测资料,分析了2022年洪季咸潮入侵的变化过程,并结合FVCOM咸潮入侵数值模型,量化分析径流、潮汐及台风事件对咸潮入侵的影响。结果表明:2022年夏季长江径流量为历史极低值,导致长江口咸潮入侵时间提前,入侵频率增加,上溯距离增大,河道北侧盐度显著高于南侧。在低径流情况下咸潮入侵呈现显著的涨落潮、大小周期性变化,其中小潮后期为盐度的快速上升期,大潮至中潮位为盐度缓慢下降时段。除此之外,持续的偏北风会有利于外海水体向海内输送,导致水位抬升,增强咸潮入侵。2022年9月在北向型台风“轩岚诺”和“南玛都”的影响下,随着涨潮流的作用,长江口咸潮入侵程度在9月21日达到最大,上溯至东风西沙水库北部约10 km处。研究成果可为进一步认识长江口咸潮入侵规律及机理提供依据。

基于一二维耦合模型和水库调度的长江宜宾河段洪水遭遇与淹没分析

【目的】宜宾市地处金沙江与岷江汇合处,且有横江、南广河及其他重要支流汇入,因此洪水遭遇组合复杂,且受金沙江下游向家坝-溪洛渡等梯级水库调度影响明显,其水文水动力计算对下游各城镇河段防洪规划及减灾政策制定具有重要意义。【方法】通过构建一二维水动力学耦合数学模型,采用实测洪水验证的分析方法对长江宜宾河段(含重要支流汇入段)的洪水组合进行分析,选取了1961年、1966年两个典型年并对比有无金沙江下游梯级水库调洪的影响,计算各河段和沿岸城镇100 a、50 a及20 a一遇的洪水淹没。【结果】结果表明:(1)当发生超标洪水时,城区主要洪水漫溢淹没分布在宜宾的安边镇、柏溪街道,翠屏区西郊街道以及岷江菜坝镇飞机坝段。(2)不管是1961典型年(岷江为主要来水)还是1966典型年(金沙江为主要来水),岷江流域均受灾较重;其中西郊街道和大观楼街道的洪水主要受金沙江来水和岷江洪水顶托作用明显;岷江漫溢洪水为宜宾城区外洪的主要来源,岷江是宜宾市的防洪重点。【结论】结合防洪工程分布及现有堤防建设情况,菜坝镇飞机坝片区现有的20 a一遇洪水的堤防无法满足实际防洪标准需求;西郊街道滨江公园和备战码头,由于未形成防洪封闭圈,城区局部地区仍处于不设防状态;柏溪镇堤防防洪标准20 a一遇偏低,黑河(柏树溪)受到金沙江回水影响会造成柏溪镇严重洪灾。金沙江在向家坝水库的调蓄作用下,即使发生100 a或超过50 a一遇超标洪水,中心城区均不超过40 a一遇,宜宾城区受金沙江洪水影响相对较小,受岷江回水影响较大。

长江-淮河流域短时暴雨洪涝灾害危险性预警评估及验证

洪涝灾害危险性预警分析是防灾减灾的重要基础,在灾害发生前进行预警,可以有效减轻灾害带来的影响。本文以2020年6—8月长江-淮河流域洪涝灾害为研究案例,首次利用前3天累计降水量(前期状态),当前时次土壤湿度(当前状态)和预测日降水量(未来状态)作为致灾因子,基于改进的层次分析法建立危险性预警分析模型。通过县域灾情信息验证表明,评估正确率达74.46%,遗漏率仅5.59%,评估结果与实际灾情吻合性好;同时对预警准确性和时相一致性进行评价,最大值(县内最高指数)的预警率达到81.6%;“特大型”暴雨洪涝灾害中的预警达到77.3%以上,且灾害在前3~5天危险性指数普遍提升,存在有效预警。本文方法对于长江—淮河流域短时暴雨洪涝灾害危险性预警有较好的准确性和可靠性,可提供防灾减灾决策依据。

洞庭湖流域特大洪水灾害研究综述

受气候变化的影响,全球范围内极端天气时有发生,给人类社会和生态系统造成了灾难性后果。受此影响,长江上游与洞庭湖洪水遭遇的危险性正在增加,将在洞庭湖流域形成灾害性的特大洪水。研究基于过去的研究成果和现有的水文资料,梳理总结了洞庭湖流域洪水规律和防洪策略的研究进展,并重点对目前防洪减灾中存在的不足进行了分析说明。洞庭湖流域防洪工作中存在的问题主要包括:长江中游防洪规划与河道的实际安全泄量和蓄滞洪区规模存在差距;三峡水库运行以来,长期超汛限水位运行使得河道的行洪能力萎缩,清水冲涮造成河道崩岸问题突出;蓄滞洪区建设长期严重滞后,安全设施薄弱;水工程联合调度信息化、智能化水平不高,不能满足综合调度需求等。因此,洞庭湖流域防洪减灾形势依然严峻,防洪仍然是洞庭湖治理开发和保护的首要任务。针对所分析的问题,提出了以点、线、面为基础建立天地空三位一体的感知层,由感知层及时获取洪水预报所需的数据资源,通过云计算对数据进行智慧化处理,优化防洪资源,建立点、线、面工程措施与非工程措施相结合的全流域立体防洪策略,从而达到防灾减灾目的,进而为“四预”的实现奠定基础。研究成果对长江中下游及洞庭湖区防洪总体布局的科学制定具有重要的指导和借鉴意义。