Recent diagnostic developments at the 100 kJ-level laser facility in China

A 100 kJ-level laser facility has been designed to study inertial confinement fusion physics in China.This facility incorporates various diagnostic techniques,including optical,x-ray imaging,x-ray spectrum,and fusion product diagnostics,as well as general diagnostics assistance systems and central control and data acquisition systems.This paper describes recent developments in diagnostics at the facility.

Electromagnetic Pulses Generated From Laser Target Interactions at Shenguang Ⅱ Laser Facility

Significant electromagnetic pulses （EMP） can be generated by the intensive laser irradiating solid targets in inertial confinement fusion （ICF）. To evaluate the EMP intensity and distribution in and outside the laser chamber, we designed and fabricated a discone antenna with ultra-wide bands of over 10 GHz. The return loss （Sn parameter） of this antenna was below -10 dB and could even achieve under -30 dB at 3.1 GHz. The EMP intensity in this study at 80 cm and 40 cm away from the target chamber center （TCC） reached 400 kV/m and 2000 kV/m. The current results are expected to offer preliminary information to study physics regarding laser plasma interactions and will also lay experimental foundation for EMI shielding design to protect various diagnostics.

Ramp-Wave Compression Experiment with Direct Laser Illumination on ShenGuang-Ⅲ Prototype Laser Facility

Ramp-wave compression experiment to balance the high compression pressure generation in aluminum and x-ray blanking effect in transparent window is demonstrated with an imaging velocity interferometer system for any reflector （VISAR） on ShenGuang-Ⅲprototype laser facility. The highest pressure is about 500 GPa after using the multilayer target design Al/Au/Al/LiF and -10^13 W//cm2 laser pulse illuminated on the planar Al target, which generates the spatial uniformity to 〈1% over 500 μm on the ablation layer. A 2-μm-thick Au layer is used to prevent the x-ray from preheating the planar ablation Al layer and window material LiF. The imaging VISAR system can be used to record the abrupt loss of the probe beam （λ= 532 nm） caused by absorption and reflection of 20-μm, 30-μm and 40-μm-thick Al, i.e., the blanking effect. Although there are slight shocks in the target, the peak pressure 500 GPa, which is the highest data up to now, is obtained with ramp-wave compression.

A Study of Precision Factors of Large-scale Object Surface Profile Laser Scanning Measurement

In this paper, we presented a method of using the l as er scanning triangulation for the non-contact 3D surface profile measurement of large-scale object. The characteristic of large-scale object non-contact mea surement is analyzed and the measuring method is proposed. Main factors influenc ing measurement precision such as image distortion and accurate designation of s peckle center are analyzed and methods of solving these problems are proposed. W e designed a combined filter by which the pulse noise and the Gaussian noise of speckle image can be eliminated efficiently. Using the characteristic of intensi ty distribution of laser speckle image we proposed a new approximating method th at could locate the center of laser speckle image at sub-pixel. The auxiliary v ariables are set to linearize the relationship between the image displacement an d the distance, the accurate values of laser triangulation system parameters cou ld be calibrated accurately and the measuring precision is increased remarkabl y. Using the above techniques we designed a measuring system based on laser sc anning triangulation. The results of the experiment show that these methods can raise the measuring precision of large-scale 3D surface profile effectively.

Effective electromagnetic shielding with multi-layer structure material on Shenguang laser facility

Electromagnetic pulses(EMPs)with high intensity and frequency bandwidth can be generated during the intensive laser irradiating solid targets in inertial confinement fusion(ICF).To shield the EMPs radiation and hence protect various diagnostics in and outside the target chamber,we designed a multi-layer structure material to shield the EMFs and demonstrate experimentally and numerically shielding performance of the material structure.The thickness of the multi-layer structure material has a great influence on the EMPs shielding.It is shown that,with the increase of the material thickness,the better shielding performance is obtained,and the material structure with polytetrafluoroethyIene of 0.5 mm,copper of 0.4 mm and lead of 2.4 mm reduces 448 times compared the maximum value of EMPs voltage to that without shielded.The design of multilayer structure material for EMPs shielding provides a promising way to reduce EMPs radiation,which is extremely useful for the diagnostics protection and signal processing in ICF.

Demonstration of a Shock-Timing Experiment in a CH Layer at the Shen Guang Ⅲ Laser Facility

Shock-timing experiments are indispensable to inertial confinement fusion mainly because the timing of multiple shock waves is crucial to understanding the processes of laser irradiation of targets. Investigations into shock waves driven by a two-step radiation pulse in polystyrene（CH） capsule targets are experimentally conducted at the Shen Guang Ⅱ laser facility. Differing from the traditional shock-timing implementation in which one shock wave could catch up with another one in solid CH, in this experiment, the second shock front in a rarefaction CH layer is observed through velocity interferometry. This second shock could also be made to converge with rarefaction waves within only a few micrometers of the CH capsule by designing the two-shock coalescence time. A shock-timing diagnostic technique to tune the multi-shock convergence in the CH capsule can thereby be achieved.The experimental results in the CH layer are quasi-quantitatively interpreted using streamlines simulated with the Multi-1 D program. The experimental results are expected to offer important information for target structure and laser pulse design, both of which are important for realizing inertial confinement fusion.

Large-scale Facilities for Astronomical Observation

Driven by the rapid development of astronomical studies pursued by researchers at different astronomical observato riesunderits administration, the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS) has designed and built a series of large-scale facilitiesfor astronomical observations over the past four decades. Among them are some high-profile ones, represented by the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope(LAMOST) and the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope(FAST).

New Laser Facility SG-Ⅱ Established

A novel laser facility, named SG-Ⅱ (Shenguang, or Divine Light), has recently passed the appraisal of a panel of experts from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China Academy of Engineering Physics, and State High-tech Development Program (National 863 Program). ……

An accurate and stable method of array element tiling for high-power laser facilities

Due to laser-induced damage, the aperture of optics is one of the main factors limiting the output capability of highpower laser facilities. Because of the general difficulty in achieving large-aperture optics, an alternative solution is to tile some small-aperture ones together. We propose an accurate, stable, and automatic method of array element tiling and verify it on a double-pass 1 × 2 tiled-grating compressor in the XG-III laser facility. The test results show the accuracy and stability of the method. This research provides an efficient way to obtain large-aperture optics for high-power laser facilities.

Theoretical analysis of frequency modulation-to-amplitude modulation on the final optics and target of the SG Ⅱ-Up laser facility

Frequency modulation(FM)-to-amplitude modulation(AM) conversion is an important factor that affects the time±power curve of inertial confinement fusion(ICF) high-power laser facilities. This conversion can impact uniform compression and increase the risk of damage to optics. However, the dispersive grating used in the smoothing by spectral dispersion technology will introduce a temporal delay and can spatially smooth the target. The combined effect of the dispersive grating and the focusing lens is equivalent to a Gaussian low-pass filter, which is equivalent to 8 GHz bandwidth and can reduce the intensity modulation on the target to below 5% with 0.3 nm @ 3 GHz + 20 GHz spectrum phase modulation. The results play an important role in the testing and evaluating of the FM-to-AM on the final optics and the target, which is beneficial for comprehensively evaluating the load capacity of the facility and isentropic compression experiment for ICF.

Novel Method for Spatial Angle Measurement Based on Rotating Planar Laser Beams

Spatial angle measurement, especially the measurement of horizontal and vertical angle, is a basic method used for industrial large-scale coordinate measurement. As main equipments in use, both theodolites and laser trackers can provide very high accuracy for spatial angle measurement. However, their industrial applications are limited by low level of automation and poor parallelism. For the purpose of improving measurement efficiency, a lot of studies have been conducted and several alternative methods have been proposed. Unfortunately, all these means are either low precision or too expensive. In this paper, a novel method of spatial angle measurement based on two rotating planar laser beams is proposed and demonstrated. Photoelectric receivers placed on measured points are used to receive the rotating planner laser signals transmitted by laser transmitters. The scanning time intervals of laser planes were measured, and then measured point＇s horizontal/vertical angles can be calculated. Laser plane＇s angle parameters are utilized to establish the abstract geometric model of transmitter. Calculating formulas of receiver＇s horizontal/vertical angles have been derived. Measurement equations＇ solvability conditions and judgment method of imaginary solutions are also presented after analyzing. Proposed method for spatial angle measurement is experimentally verified through a platform consisting of one laser transmitter and one optical receiver. The transmitters used in new method are only responsible for providing rotating light plane signals carrying angle information. Receivers automatically measure scanning time of laser planes and upload data to the workstation to calculate horizontal angle and vertical angle. Simultaneous measurement of multiple receivers can be realized since there is no human intervention in measurement process .Spatial angle measurement result indicates that the repeatable accuracy of new method is better than 10＂. Proposed method can improve measurement＇s automation degree and speed while ensuring measurement accuracy.

Radiation Temperature Scaling Law for Gold Hohlraum Heated with Lasers at 0.35 mm Wavelength

We have carried out the hohlraum experiments about radiation temperature scaling on the Shenguang-Ⅱ （SG- Ⅱ） laser facility with eight laser beams of 0.35#m, pulse duration of about 1.0ns and total energy of 2000J. The reradiated x-ray flux through the laser entrance hole was measured using a soft x-ray spectrometer. The measured peak radiation temperature was 170eV for the standard hohlraum and 150 eV for the 1.5-scaled one. We have derived the radiation temperature scaling law, in which the laser hohlraum coupling efficiency is included. With an appropriate coupling efficiency, the coincidences between experimental and scaling hohlraum radiation temperatures are rather good.

Laser-direct-drive program: Promise, challenge, and path forward

Along with laser-indirect(X-ray)-drive and magnetic-drive target concepts,laser direct drive is a viable approach to achieving ignition and gain with inertial confinement fusion.In the United States,a national program has been established to demonstrate and understand the physics of laser direct drive.The program utilizes the Omega Laser Facility to conduct implosion and coupling physics at the nominally 30-kJ scale and lasereplasma interaction and coupling physics at the MJ scale at the National Ignition Facility.This article will discuss the motivation and challenges for laser direct drive and the broad-based program presently underway in the United States.

多路激光集束的焦斑测试技术

为了实现多路激光集束焦斑测量,给出其时间和空间分辨的特性,搭建了基于成像系统、光电管结合示波器、条纹相机和科学CCD等主要部件组成的焦斑光学测试平台。实验之前,对科学CCD的灵敏度和动态范围及条纹相机增益系数、狭缝宽度、扫描时间等性能参数进行离线测试标定。采用CCD测试多路激光时间积分的集束焦斑空间分布;采用光电管结合示波器及条纹相机对多路激光到达靶点的时间同步进行测试;开展高质量集束焦斑的时间分辨特性测试,获得了光谱色散匀滑光束焦斑精细的时空演化图像。多路激光集束焦斑形态及多路光束时间同步测试为提升高功率激光装置焦斑测试技术和方法提供了支撑。

某自由电子激光装置空调系统设计

介绍了某自由电子激光装置的空调系统设计,主要包括冷热源系统和空气处理系统等。针对项目中5个工作井基地分散布置的特点,采用了按基地分别设置冷热源系统的方案。为了满足波荡器隧道±0.1℃的高精度温度控制要求,分析了影响温度控制精度的各种干扰因素并找到了关键的影响因素,据此设计了一套带混水功能的高精度温度控制空调系统。针对科学装置提出的150 nm微振动要求,提出了空调设备振动控制措施。

基于大科学装置的纳米生物效应研究进展

纳米生物效应是指纳米尺度物质与生命体系的相互作用情况。大科学装置也称大科学设施,是指需通过较大规模投入和工程建设来完成、建成后通过长期的稳定运行和持续的科学技术活动而实现重要科学技术目标的大型设施。大科学装置可为纳米生物效应研究提供重要工具。基于大科学装置的相关技术在时间分辨率、空间分辨率、测定通量和原位分析方面具有独特优势,可为纳米生物效应研究提供前沿分析方法。该文介绍了基于大科学装置的相关技术在纳米生物效应研究中的最新进展,着重总结了基于同步辐射装置、自由电子激光装置和中子源等相关技术在纳米生物效应研究中的应用进展,特别是纳米材料表征、纳米材料在生物体内的分布与转化以及纳米材料与生物分子的相互作用研究等。此外,也对利用新一代大科学装置开展纳米生物效应研究进行了展望。

Large aperture N31 neodymium phosphate laser glass for use in a high power laser facility

Large aperture Nd:phosphate laser glass is a key optical element for an inertial confinement fusion(ICF) facility. N31,one type of neodymium doped phosphate glasses, was developed for high peak power laser facility applications in China. The composition and main properties of N31 glass are given, together with those of LHG-8, LG-770, and KGSS-0180 Nd:phosphate laser glasses, from Hoya and Schott, and from Russia. The technologies of pot melting, continuous melting, and edge cladding of large size N31 phosphate laser glass are briefly described. The small signal gain profiles of N31 glass slabs from both pot melting and continuous melting at various values of the pumping energy of the xenon lamp are presented. N31 glass is characterized by a stimulated emission cross section of 3.8 × 10-20cm2 at 1053 nm,an absorption coefficient of 0.10–0.15% cm-1at laser wavelength, small residual stress around the interface between the cladding glass and the laser glass, optical homogeneity of ～2 × 10-6in a 400 mm aperture, and laser damage threshold larger than 42 J/cm2 for a 3 ns pulse width at 1064 nm wavelength.

C波段高梯度加速结构样机研制

本文介绍了C波段高梯度加速结构研制的内容,通过采用低群速度、4π/5工作模式、等梯度结构、拱形腔和大束流孔径设计方法、创造性的内水冷可调谐腔体结构、悬挂式焊接方法等技术,实现了国内第一支C波段高梯度加速结构段的工程应用,在束流试验中获得了50.8 MV/m的世界最高C波段带束加速梯度。

Design and performance of final optics assembly in SG-ⅡUpgrade laser facility

In high power laser facility for inertial confinement fusion research, final optics assembly(FOA) plays a critical role in the frequency conversion, beam focusing, color separation, beam sampling and debris shielding. The design and performance of FOA in SG-II Upgrade laser facility are mainly introduced here. Due to the limited space and short focal length, a coaxial aspheric wedged focus lens is designed and applied in the FOA configuration. Then the ghost image analysis,the focus characteristic analysis, the B integral control design and the optomechanical design are carried out in the FOA design phase. In order to ensure the FOA performance, two key technologies are developed including measurement and adjustment technique of the wedged focus lens and the stray light management technique based on ground glass.Experimental results show that the design specifications including laser fluence, frequency conversion efficiency and perforation efficiency of the focus spot have been achieved, which meet the requirements of physical experiments well.

Exploratory space data analysis of spatial patterns of large-scale retail commercial facilities:The case of Gulou District,Nanjing,China

This study uses methods,such as a nearest proximity index,nuclear density,spatial interpolation,buffering zone,and overlay analysis,based on an exploratory spatial data analysis tool.It focuses on a large commercial facility in which a mathematical analysis is conducted on its spatial patterns.In the study,45 large-scale retail commercial facilities(LSRCFs)in the Gulou District,Nanjing,China,were chosen,and the spatial concentration,density,and structure of the LSRCFs in this area were analyzed.Three additional factors,namely,population,transportation,and consumption,were examined to determine their impact on the spatial patterns of the LSRCFs.Finally,this study recommends a spatial layout for the future of the Gulou District according to the analysis results.