By partial and general dissection of large prebaked alumina electrolysis cells, the macro appearance, chemical composition and phase variations were studied employing actual observations and measurements on the cells ...By partial and general dissection of large prebaked alumina electrolysis cells, the macro appearance, chemical composition and phase variations were studied employing actual observations and measurements on the cells together with X ray diffraction phase analysis and scanning electron microscopy of samples from different locations. According to the practical production, a chemical reaction model of aluminum reduction cell failure was set up in order to reduce the incidence of cell failure and extend pot service life.展开更多
Perovskite solar cells with TiO_2 electron transport layers exhibit power conversion efficiency(PCE) as high as 22.7% in single cells. However, the preparation process of the TiO_2 layer is adopted by an unscalable me...Perovskite solar cells with TiO_2 electron transport layers exhibit power conversion efficiency(PCE) as high as 22.7% in single cells. However, the preparation process of the TiO_2 layer is adopted by an unscalable method or requires high-temperature sintering, which precludes its potential use for mass production of flexible devices. In this study, a scalable low-temperature softcover-assisted hydrolysis(SAH) method is presented,where the precursor solution is sandwiched between a soft cover and preheated substrate to form a closed hydrolysis environment. Compact homogeneous TiO_2 films with a needle-like structure were obtained after the hydrolysis of a TiCl_4 aqueous solution. Moreover, by careful optimization of the TiO_2 fabrication conditions, a high PCE of 14.01% could be achieved for a solar module(4 × 4 cm^2) prepared using the SAH method. This method provides a novel approach for the efficient scale-up of the low-temperature TiO_2 film growth for industrial applications.展开更多
Perovskite solar cells(PSCs) have emerged as one of the most promising candidates for photovoltaic applications. Low-cost, low-temperature solution processes including coating and printing techniques makes PSCs promis...Perovskite solar cells(PSCs) have emerged as one of the most promising candidates for photovoltaic applications. Low-cost, low-temperature solution processes including coating and printing techniques makes PSCs promising for the greatly potential commercialization due to the scalability and compatibility with large-scale, roll-to-roll manufacturing processes. In this review, we focus on the solution deposition of charge transport layers and perovskite absorption layer in both mesoporous and planar structural PSC devices. Furthermore, the most recent design strategies via solution deposition are presented as well, which have been explored to enlarge the active area, enhance the crystallization and passivate the defects, leading to the performance improvement of PSC devices.展开更多
Stem cells (SCs), the undifferentiated biological cells, have the infinite capacity to self-renew and the pluripotent ability to differentiate. SCs and their derived products offer great promise for biomedical applica...Stem cells (SCs), the undifferentiated biological cells, have the infinite capacity to self-renew and the pluripotent ability to differentiate. SCs and their derived products offer great promise for biomedical applications such as cell therapy, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and drug screening. However, the clinical applications of SCs require a large amount of SCs with high quality and the number of SCs from their tissue resources is very limited. Large-scale expansion is needed to generate homogeneous SCs with good biological characteristics for clinical application. This necessitates a bioreactor system to provide controllable and stable conditions for stem cell (SC) culture. Traditional methods of bioreactor for maintenance and expansion of cells rely on two-dimensional (2-D) culture techniques, leading to loss self-renewal ability and differentiation capacity upon long-term culture. New approaches for SC expansion with bioreactor employ three-dimensional (3-D) cell growth to mimic their environment in vivo. In this review, we summarize the application of bioreactors in SC culture.展开更多
Energy security planning is fundamental to safeguarding the traffic operation in large-scale events.To guarantee the promo-tion of green,zero-carbon,and environmental-friendly hydrogen fuel cell vehicles(HFCVs)in larg...Energy security planning is fundamental to safeguarding the traffic operation in large-scale events.To guarantee the promo-tion of green,zero-carbon,and environmental-friendly hydrogen fuel cell vehicles(HFCVs)in large-scale events,a five-stage planning method is proposed considering the demand and supply potential of hydrogen energy.Specifically,to meet the requirements of the large-scale events’demand,a new calculation approach is proposed to calculate the hydrogen amount and the distribution of hydrogen stations.In addition,energy supply is guaranteed from four aspects,namely hydrogen produc-tion,hydrogen storage,hydrogen delivery,and hydrogen refueling.The emergency plan is established based on the overall support plan,which can realize multi-dimensional energy security.Furthermore,the planning method is demonstrative as it powers the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics as the first“green”Olympic,providing both theoretical and practical evidence for the energy security planning of large-scale events.This study provides suggestions about ensuring the energy demand after the race,broadening the application scenarios,and accelerating the application of HFCVs.展开更多
在国内M厂300 k A系列铝电解槽生产线上进行阳极炭块炭碗连通沟槽试验,改善预焙槽阳极压降。研究结果表明:换极后第3天、第5天和第10天,第1、2、3、4、5组连通极114-A9、115-B3、119-B13、120-A7、123-A17和同槽装入的普通极114-A10、11...在国内M厂300 k A系列铝电解槽生产线上进行阳极炭块炭碗连通沟槽试验,改善预焙槽阳极压降。研究结果表明:换极后第3天、第5天和第10天,第1、2、3、4、5组连通极114-A9、115-B3、119-B13、120-A7、123-A17和同槽装入的普通极114-A10、115-B4、119-B14、120-A8、123-A18相比,钢-炭平均压降分别减小了10.22 m V、17.33 m V、15.89 m V、13.34 m V、11.65 m V;5组连通极和普通极相比,钢-炭压降平均降低13.69 m V。推广应用阳极炭块炭碗开连通沟槽、炭碗直径扩大和炭碗内部开竖槽技术,能够有效改善钢爪弯曲变形、磷生铁浇铸质量、预焙阳极组装、炭块消耗及残极处理等问题,降低劳动强度,减少吨铝电耗,更加平稳运行电解槽。展开更多
文摘By partial and general dissection of large prebaked alumina electrolysis cells, the macro appearance, chemical composition and phase variations were studied employing actual observations and measurements on the cells together with X ray diffraction phase analysis and scanning electron microscopy of samples from different locations. According to the practical production, a chemical reaction model of aluminum reduction cell failure was set up in order to reduce the incidence of cell failure and extend pot service life.
基金supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants Nos. 11574199, 11674219)the Program for Professor of Special Appointment (Eastern Scholar) at Shanghai Institutions of Higher Learning+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (17ZR1414800)the Baotou-SJTU innovation guidance fund Project (17H100000514)
文摘Perovskite solar cells with TiO_2 electron transport layers exhibit power conversion efficiency(PCE) as high as 22.7% in single cells. However, the preparation process of the TiO_2 layer is adopted by an unscalable method or requires high-temperature sintering, which precludes its potential use for mass production of flexible devices. In this study, a scalable low-temperature softcover-assisted hydrolysis(SAH) method is presented,where the precursor solution is sandwiched between a soft cover and preheated substrate to form a closed hydrolysis environment. Compact homogeneous TiO_2 films with a needle-like structure were obtained after the hydrolysis of a TiCl_4 aqueous solution. Moreover, by careful optimization of the TiO_2 fabrication conditions, a high PCE of 14.01% could be achieved for a solar module(4 × 4 cm^2) prepared using the SAH method. This method provides a novel approach for the efficient scale-up of the low-temperature TiO_2 film growth for industrial applications.
基金Projects(51673214,51673218,61774170)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2017YFA0206600)supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China。
文摘Perovskite solar cells(PSCs) have emerged as one of the most promising candidates for photovoltaic applications. Low-cost, low-temperature solution processes including coating and printing techniques makes PSCs promising for the greatly potential commercialization due to the scalability and compatibility with large-scale, roll-to-roll manufacturing processes. In this review, we focus on the solution deposition of charge transport layers and perovskite absorption layer in both mesoporous and planar structural PSC devices. Furthermore, the most recent design strategies via solution deposition are presented as well, which have been explored to enlarge the active area, enhance the crystallization and passivate the defects, leading to the performance improvement of PSC devices.
文摘Stem cells (SCs), the undifferentiated biological cells, have the infinite capacity to self-renew and the pluripotent ability to differentiate. SCs and their derived products offer great promise for biomedical applications such as cell therapy, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and drug screening. However, the clinical applications of SCs require a large amount of SCs with high quality and the number of SCs from their tissue resources is very limited. Large-scale expansion is needed to generate homogeneous SCs with good biological characteristics for clinical application. This necessitates a bioreactor system to provide controllable and stable conditions for stem cell (SC) culture. Traditional methods of bioreactor for maintenance and expansion of cells rely on two-dimensional (2-D) culture techniques, leading to loss self-renewal ability and differentiation capacity upon long-term culture. New approaches for SC expansion with bioreactor employ three-dimensional (3-D) cell growth to mimic their environment in vivo. In this review, we summarize the application of bioreactors in SC culture.
基金The authors thank the support of colleagues from Beijing Transport Institute.
文摘Energy security planning is fundamental to safeguarding the traffic operation in large-scale events.To guarantee the promo-tion of green,zero-carbon,and environmental-friendly hydrogen fuel cell vehicles(HFCVs)in large-scale events,a five-stage planning method is proposed considering the demand and supply potential of hydrogen energy.Specifically,to meet the requirements of the large-scale events’demand,a new calculation approach is proposed to calculate the hydrogen amount and the distribution of hydrogen stations.In addition,energy supply is guaranteed from four aspects,namely hydrogen produc-tion,hydrogen storage,hydrogen delivery,and hydrogen refueling.The emergency plan is established based on the overall support plan,which can realize multi-dimensional energy security.Furthermore,the planning method is demonstrative as it powers the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics as the first“green”Olympic,providing both theoretical and practical evidence for the energy security planning of large-scale events.This study provides suggestions about ensuring the energy demand after the race,broadening the application scenarios,and accelerating the application of HFCVs.
文摘在国内M厂300 k A系列铝电解槽生产线上进行阳极炭块炭碗连通沟槽试验,改善预焙槽阳极压降。研究结果表明:换极后第3天、第5天和第10天,第1、2、3、4、5组连通极114-A9、115-B3、119-B13、120-A7、123-A17和同槽装入的普通极114-A10、115-B4、119-B14、120-A8、123-A18相比,钢-炭平均压降分别减小了10.22 m V、17.33 m V、15.89 m V、13.34 m V、11.65 m V;5组连通极和普通极相比,钢-炭压降平均降低13.69 m V。推广应用阳极炭块炭碗开连通沟槽、炭碗直径扩大和炭碗内部开竖槽技术,能够有效改善钢爪弯曲变形、磷生铁浇铸质量、预焙阳极组装、炭块消耗及残极处理等问题,降低劳动强度,减少吨铝电耗,更加平稳运行电解槽。
