Classification of wintertime large-scale tilted ridges over the Eurasian continent and their influences on surface air temperature

This study investigates the major patterns of large-scale tilted ridges(LSTRS)over the Eurasian continent and their connections with large-scale surface air temperature during boreal winter.A total number of 134 LSTR events with zonal extent exceeding 90°of longitude on the peak day are identified.Using self-organizing map(SOM),the LSTRs are classified into five clusters that are characterized by different spatial distributions and orientations.The leading two clusters are closely associated with extensive and persistent cold events over different places.Considering the first cluster,LSTRs extend from the Ural Mountains to Northeast Asia and are favorable for the amplification and southeastward extension of the Siberian high.Therefore,this cluster is closely associated with the occurrence of extensive and persistent cold events in china.In comparison with the first cluster,the LSTRs of second group are situated to the west,with starting points from the Kola Peninsula,and cause extensive and persistent cold events over Eastern Europe,central Asia,and central Siberia.The results suggest that the vertical coupling between LSTRs and the corresponding anomalous sea level pressure is crucial for the persistent cold temperature events associated with the leading two SOM clusters.

Large-Scale Circulation Features Typical of Wintertime Extensive and Persistent Low Temperature Events in China

A pair of northeast-southwest-tilted mid-tropospheric ridges and troughs on the continental scale was observed to be the key circulation feature common among wintertime extensive and persistent low tempera-ture events (EPLTE) in China.During the persistence of such anomalous circulations,the split flow over the inner Asian continent and the influent flow over the southeast-ern coast of China correspond well to the expanded and amplified Siberian high with tightened sea level pressure gradients and hence,a strong,cold advection over south-eastern China.The western Pacific subtropical high tends to expand northward during the early stages of most EPLTEs.

A mechanism for the origin and development of the large-scale dunefield on the right flank of the lower reach of Laoha River,Northeast China

By viewing satellite imagery, a striking large-scale dunefield can be clearly perceived, with a size of nearly 63 km long and 11 km wide, and trending NE-SW, on the right flank of the lower Laoha River, Northeast China. By means of remote sensing imagery analysis and field observation as well as a comparison with a small-scale dunefield on the right flank of the lower Xiangshui River, analogous to the case of the lower Laoha River, this paper presents a new mechanism for its origin and development. The results show that： （1） the large-scale dunefield bears a tile-style framework overwhelmingly composed of transverse barchanoid ridges perpendicular to the predominant winds, and inlaid diverse blowouts. （2） The small-scale dunefield, referred to as a primary structural unit of the large one, is typical of an incipient dunefield, following the same rules of evolution as the larger. （3） A succession of barchanoid ridge chains can steadily migrate downwind in much the same manner as surface wave propagation in air or water stimulated by an incised valley, and ultimately tend to bear roughly the same wavelength and amplitude under stable climate and hydrologic regimes. （4） The first ridge chain acquires its sand source substantially from the downwind escarpments exposing the loose Quaternary sandy sediments to the air, while the ensuing ridges derive their sands dominantly from in situ deflation of the underlain Quaternary loose sandy sediments in blowouts, partly from the upwind ridges through northern elongated horns. Theoretically, the sands from riparian escarpments can be transported by wind to the downwind distal end of a dunefield after sufficient long du- ration. （5） The lower Laohahe region experienced probably three significant climatic changes in the past, corresponding to the three active dune belts, suggesting that once a large-scale dunefield occurs, it is nearly impossible to be completely stabilized, at least in its central portions. At present, seasonal shrinkage and stagnation of the lower Laoha River, wide-spread farming and afforestation in the valley, and establishing windbreaks downwind of the valley as well as surrounding the dunefield, appear to have significantly modified local flow fields and sand sources, engendering significant degradation of the dunefield.

Preliminary studies on the large-scale geomorphic patterns of the complex longitudinal sand ridge zone in the Taklimakan Desert

Through analysis of satellite images from Google Earth, this article expounds the characteristics of large-scale geomorphic patterns of the complex longitudinal sand ridge zone in the Taklimakan Desert, and reduces the large-scale geomorphic patterns to six types: parallel pattern, "日"character-shaped and "乡" character-shaped pattern, comb-shaped pattern, fork-shaped pattern, toe-shaped pattern and miscellaneous pattern. And according to the large-scale geomorphic pattern type (or composition of pattern types) as well as some other factors, the article divides the complex longitudinal sand ridge zone into 55 subzones. Lastly, aiming at the genetic problems of the large-scale geomorphic patterns, the article suggests three connective types of the sand ridges in the complex longitudinal sand ridge zone, i.e., connecting or intersecting after natural elongation, connecting in a narrow place and connecting with the aid of intermediary.

基于倾斜关联筛选的船舶分区消磁绕组部署及消磁电流优化策略

在现代舰船消磁系统中,消磁绕组主要基于舰船舱壁的形状进行分布,难以保证每个消磁绕组的消磁效果.为解决这一问题,引入一种高维变量筛选中的倾斜关联筛选方法,选择合适的阈值,将原有绕组进行拆分重组,对原有消磁区段进行重新划分,进而改善每个绕组的单位绕组磁感应强度.针对绕组重组后消磁电流计算时存在的参数向量稀疏和多重共线的问题,提出了倾斜关联筛选-部分岭回归算法,通过仿真可知,在阈值为0.73和0.91时,该算法相较最小二乘法消磁误差最大幅值分别减小了10.08%和17.59%,而剩余均方根误差分别减小了10.45%和12.17%.根据仿真结果可知,采用该算法后消磁效果得到明显提升.

On the Two Successive Supercold Waves Straddling the End of 2020 and the Beginning of 2021

Two supercold waves straddling 2020 and 2021 successively hit China and caused record-breaking extremely low temperatures.In this study,the distinct features of these two supercold waves are analyzed on the medium-range time scale.The blocking pattern from the Kara Sea to Lake Baikal characterized the first cold wave,while the large-scale tilted ridge and trough over the Asian continent featured the second cold wave.Prior to the cold waves,both the northwest and hyperpolar paths of cold air contributed to a zonally extensive cold air accumulation in the key region of Siberia.This might be the primary reason why strong and extensive supercold waves occur even under the Arctic amplification background.The two cold waves straddling 2020 and 2021 exhibited distinct features:(1)the blocking circulation occurred to the north or the east of the Ural Mountains and was not confined only to the Ural Mountains as it was for the earlier cold waves;(2)the collocation of the Asian blocking pattern and the polar vortex deflection towards East Asia preferred the hyperpolar path of cold air accumulation and the subsequent southward outburst;and(3)both high-and low-frequency processes worked in concert,leading to the very intense cold waves.The cold air advance along the northwest path,which coincides with the southeastward intrusion of the Siberian High(SH)front edge,is associated with the high-frequency process,while the cold air movement along the hyperpolar path,which is close to the eastern edge of the SH,is controlled by the low-frequency process.

Extensive Cold-Precipitation-Freezing Events in Southern China and Their Circulation Characteristics

Concurrence of low temperature,precipitation and freezing weather in an extensive area would cause devastating impacts on local economy and society.We call such a combination of concurrent disastrous weather“extensive coldprecipitation-freezing”events(ECPFEs).In this study,the ECPFEs in southern China(15°−35°N,102°−123°E)are objectively defined by using daily surface observational data for the period 1951−2013.An ECPFE in southern China is defined if the low temperature area,precipitation area and freezing area concurrently exceed their respective thresholds for at least three consecutive days.The identified ECPFEs are shown to be reasonable and reliable,compared with those in previous studies.The circulation anomalies in ECPFEs are characterized by a large-scale tilted ridge and trough pairing over mid-and high-latitude Eurasia,and the intensified subtropical westerlies along the southern foot of the Tibetan Plateau and the anomalous anticyclonic circulation over the subtropical western Pacific.Comparative analysis reveals that the stable cold air from the north and the warm and moist air from the south converge,facilitating a favorable environment for the concurrence of extensive low-temperature,precipitation and freezing weather.

冬季大范围持续性极端低温事件与欧亚大陆大型斜脊斜槽系统研究进展

本文总结了近年来关于我国冬季大范围持续性极端低温事件(EPECE)及其对应的欧亚大陆大型斜脊斜槽系统的研究成果。EPECE和普通寒潮是冬季影响我国的两类不同时间尺度大型冷空气活动,对它们的异同点进行梳理和深入理解是非常必要的。最新研究进展可概括为如下:(1)基于极端低温站点的范围和极端低温过程的持续性特点,客观界定了我国冬季EPECE。近年来的研究表明,欧亚大陆大型斜脊斜槽系统是冬季EPECE形成和维持的主要关键环流系统。同时,鉴于大型斜脊斜槽系统的重要应用意义,建立了客观识别方法。(2)从前兆信号、环流演变、阻塞高压和反气旋式波破碎活动的角度,揭示了EPECE和普通寒潮事件之间的关键区别。全国类EPECE的发生具有一周之前的前兆信号,而普通寒潮并不存在这么早的前兆信号。EPECE以从乌拉尔山到东北亚的广阔区域的阻塞高压活动为关键特征,而普通寒潮则主要以区域性阻塞高压为其主要特征。这两类事件对应的阻塞高压活动的差异可由天气尺度波破碎活动的差异加以解释。(3)最新的研究解释了大型斜脊斜槽系统形成和维持的动力学机理。基本流场对位涡扰动的正压作用是大型斜脊斜槽系统的形成和维持最重要的动力学机制。基本流场通过变形场作功和线性平流使大型扰动维持和向下游发展。与阻塞高压不同,非线性作用并非大型斜脊斜槽系统维持的主要原因。

倾斜摄影测量技术在历史文化名镇测绘中的应用

本文提出了一种利用倾斜摄影测量法绘制历史文化城镇地形图的方法,充分利用无人机倾斜摄影测量灵活、低成本、应用范围广、倾斜图像可以自动生成三维模型和点云的特点,简化了后续绘图工作。结合工程实践,对黔江区东溪古镇大尺度地形图的质量进行评价,平面精度达到0.05 m,高程精度达到0.10 m。实践证明,该方法适用于快速绘制小区域历史文化城镇的大比例尺地形图。

高精度倾斜摄影在高位滑坡灾害应急监测中的应用

无人机倾斜摄影技术构建全景真三维影像极大提高了单体灾害解译的精度及准确度,也可以用于研究单体灾害动态演变规律的数据积累,降低了多期数据获取的难度和成本,为应急救援决策提供更加科学的技术支撑。本文以利用旋翼无人机倾斜摄影技术在茂县6·24地质灾害应急调查的成功实践为基础,系统地建立了一套基于旋翼无人机倾斜摄影技术的高位滑坡单体地质灾害应急调查方法,并在会东老君洞高位滑坡地质灾害应急中证明该方法的适用性,大大提高单体灾害应急处置效率。

中国大范围持续性低温事件与中国南方降水异常

本文利用1951~2009年的数据资料,探讨了与冬季大范围持续性低温事件对应的中国南方降水多寡的原因以及不同降水类型事件的不同前兆信号。主要结果如下:(1)欧亚大陆中高纬大型斜脊斜槽是中国大范围持续性低温事件的关键环流特征。降水偏多型和偏少型低温事件的中高纬环流系统存在显著差异:当大型斜脊的纬向尺度较大且其正高度距平中心偏强时,斜槽的负距平中心靠近东亚大槽区,西伯利亚高压大范围加强,南侵冷空气活动偏强,使中国南方地区降水偏少。相反,当大型斜脊的纬向尺度相对小时,斜槽位置偏西,西伯利亚高压加强范围偏小,南侵冷空气活动也偏弱,有利于中国南方地区降水偏多。(2)在低温事件中我国南方地区的降水多寡,也取决于西太副高和孟加拉湾南支槽。当西太副高和孟加拉湾南支槽加强时,来自西太平洋、南海和孟加拉湾的三支暖湿气流到达我国南方地区,导致南方降水偏多,反之亦然。(3)不同降水类型低温事件的前兆环流信号(之前1~3侯)显著不同。降水偏多型低温事件前期,源自北大西洋地区的波列向东亚地区传播。降水偏少型事件前期,极涡在欧亚大陆一侧的次极区显著减弱,同时极涡呈两极型,一极伸向南欧及地中海地区,另一极伸向阿留申群岛。在中期—延伸期时间尺度上,这一结果可为持续性低温事件降水形势的预测提供依据。

冬季全国性持续低温事件过程中的平流层—对流层相互作用

利用1959~2017年ERA40/ERA-Interim逐日再分析资料和国家气候中心的逐日站点资料,针对发生在当年11月至次年3月(NDJFM)的全国性持续低温事件(EPECEs),分析了热带外环流的变化特征,以及平流层—对流层相互作用。结果表明,全国性EPECEs可划分为冷空气在乌拉尔山—西伯利亚关键区堆积和冷空气爆发以及消亡三个阶段,分别与对流层中层乌拉尔山—西伯利亚一带大型斜脊的建立、发展和崩溃以及平流层极涡强度的恢复、维持和再次减弱相对应,其中伴随着显著的平流层—对流层相互作用。首先,以大西洋地区异常扰动为主的热带外对流层形成2波型行星波异常,并上传影响平流层;随后在平流层2波调整为1波型的过程中,出现了行星波的异常下传以及平流层极涡强度的恢复,在对流层形成的1波型的高度正异常中心位于东欧地区,有利于乌拉尔山高度脊的建立以及源于北冰洋的冷空气在高压脊前形成堆积;随后由于平流层极涡强度维持,对流层行星波上传持续受到抑制,并主要在欧洲一带出现显著的异常向下反射,对应对流层1波型高度正异常中心逐步东移至中西伯利亚地区,从而有助于乌拉尔山脊向下游发展成一个横跨西伯利亚地区的大型斜脊,冷空气堆积区也东移到中西伯利亚地区。进入冷空气爆发阶段,随着斜脊前的大型横槽与上游移来的短波槽形成阶梯槽形势,横槽很快转竖引导低层冷空气向我国大范围爆发;同时大型斜脊的维持也使行星波再次出现1波型异常上传,影响平流层极涡再次减弱。最后,随着冷空气爆发,大型槽脊迅速崩溃,对流层波动减弱,低层气团的经向输送也随之减弱,EPECEs消亡。

Precursory Signals of Extensive and Persistent Extreme Cold Events in China

The distinct precursory signals of countrywide extensive and persistent extreme cold events (CECs) were investigated and contrasted with those of countrywide cold wave events (CCWs). It is shown that most CECs were accompanied by a CCW in the initial stages. From the comparison between the CECs and the CCWs that were independent of any CEC, it is found that a south- west-northeast-oriented tilted ridge at 500 hPa was present around the Europe-Barents Sea regions approximately 10 days prior to the start of the CEC. Consistent with this feature, a high sea level pressure and strong cold air accumulation occurred over a broad extent of northern Eurasia one week prior to the start of the CEC. The tilted ridge and the strong cold air accumulation were the precursory signals that were absent for the CCW, and they provide important clues for the early prediction of whether a CCW event might evolve into a CEC.

中国南方大范围持续性低温、雨雪和冰冻组合性灾害事件:客观识别方法及关键特征

组合性灾害事件是指同时出现的若干个天气灾害的组合,它的发生会明显加重致灾程度。本文利用1961~2013年冬季我国南方区域206个台站的日平均温度、日降水量及雨凇资料,建立了冬季大范围持续性低温、雨雪和冰冻组合性灾害事件的客观识别方法,并揭示了三类组合性灾害事件的关键特征。首先,基于低温、雨雪、冰冻天气的强度和面积阈值以及持续天数建立了大范围持续性低温事件、雨雪事件以及冰冻事件各自的客观判识方法。在此基础上界定出了三类常见组合性灾害事件,即低温—雨雪灾害事件(C-RS)、低温—冰冻灾害事件(C-F)以及低温—雨雪—冰冻灾害事件(C-RS-F)。三类组合性灾害事件常见于1月上旬至2月中旬。尽管三类组合性灾害事件在低温和降水等方面有相似之处,但其形成条件却明显不同。充沛的水汽供应和大范围强烈的水汽辐合是低温—雨雪灾害事件和低温—雨雪—冰冻灾害事件发生的关键条件,而逆温层和冷垫则是低温—冰冻灾害事件和低温—雨雪—冰冻灾害事件发生的必要条件。亚洲中高纬大型斜脊系统是低温—冰冻灾害事件和低温—雨雪—冰冻灾害事件的关键环流特征,为强冷空气活动提供了有利环流条件。低温—雨雪灾害事件期间亚洲中高纬则盛行波状环流,有利于适度冷空气活动。在水汽供应和逆温层形成方面,三类组合性灾害事件受控于不同的副热带异常环流系统。孟加拉湾南支槽和南海上空异常反气旋分别是低温—雨雪灾害事件和低温—冰冻灾害事件形成的副热带关键环流系统,而孟加拉湾南支槽和西北太平洋异常反气旋相结合为低温—雨雪—冰冻灾害事件形成的副热带关键环流系统。

970 nm超辐射发光二极管弯曲脊形波导数值分析

本文基于光束传播法(beam propagation method,BPM)和时域有限差分法(finite difference time domain method,FDTD)建立了分析模型,模拟并分析了弯曲脊形波导超辐射发光二极管(superluminescent light emitting diode,SLD)不同结构参数(刻蚀深度、曲率半径、脊形宽度)对波导损耗的影响和倾斜脊形波导不同结构参数(刻蚀深度、脊形宽度、倾斜角度、发射波长)对模式反射率的影响。计算表明,弯曲脊形波导的刻蚀深度和曲率半径是影响波导损耗的重要因素。刻蚀深度较浅使波导对光场的限制作用较弱,过小的曲率半径会使模式传输泄露严重,损耗大大增加。脊形宽度越大,波导损耗越小,其对波导损耗影响较小。脊形波导的端面倾斜角度是抑制模式反射率的重要因素,脊形宽度增加,模式反射率逐渐减小,并在特定的几个角度形成的奇点达到最小值。刻蚀深度对于模式反射率的影响作用较小,但随着刻蚀深度的增加,奇点发生的角度产生了向小角度偏移。在特定的倾斜角度范围内,随着波长减小,奇点的数目会逐渐增加。研究结果可对设计具有优越性能的SLD器件提供参考。