Effect of thinning intensity on the stem CO_(2) efflux of Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr

Background:Stem CO_(2) efflux(E_(S))plays a critical role in the carbon budget of forest ecosystems.Thinning is a core practice for sustainable management of plantations.It is therefore necessary and urgent to study the effect and mechanism of thinning intensity(TI)on E_(S).Methods:In this study,five TIs were applied in Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr 21-,25-,and 41-year-old stands in North China in 2010.Portable infrared gas analyzer(Li-8100 A)was used to measure ES and its association with environmental factors at monthly intervals from May to October in 2013 to 2015.In addition,nutrients,wood structure and nonstructural carbon(NSC)data were measured in August 2016.Results:The results show that ES increased with increasing TI.The maximum ES values occurred at a TI of 35%(3.29,4.57 and 2.98μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1))and were 1.54-,1.94-and 2.89-fold greater than the minimum E_(S) value in the CK stands(2.14,2.35 and 1.03μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1))in July for the 21-,25-and 41-year-old forests,respectively.The E_(S) of the trees in low-density stands was more sensitive to temperature than that of the trees in high-density stands.Soluble sugars(SS)and temperature are the main factors affecting ES.When the stand density is low enough as 41-year-old L.principis-rupprechtii forests with TI 35%,bark thickness(BT)and humidity should be considered in addition to air temperature(T_(a)),wood temperature(T_(w)),sapwood width(SW),nitrogen concentration(N)and SS in the evaluation of ES.If a change in stand density is ignored,the CO_(2) released from individual 21-,25-and 41-year-old trees could be underestimated by 168.89%,101.94% and 200.49%,respectively.CO_(2) release was estimated based on the stem equation in combination with the factors influencing ES for reference.Conclusions:We suggest that it is not sufficient to conventional models which quantify ES only by temperature and that incorporating the associated drivers(e.g.density,SS,SW and N)based on stand density into conventional models can improve the accuracy of ES estimates.

Range-wide genetic diversity in natural populations of Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.

Prince Rupprecht’s larch(Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.),a deciduous conifer,widely grows in middle and high elevations of Northern China.Its natural distribution has sharply decreased and has become fragmented,which may have resulted in the loss of genetic variation.In this study,ten natural populations across the entire range of this species were analyzed using amplifi ed fragment length polymorphism markers.A total of 309 loci were detected from 225 individuals of these populations,of which 261(84.5%)were polymorphic.At the species level,the genetic diversity was high(average of the Nei’s genetic diversity H e=0.2602,and Shannon’s information index I=0.3967).The results of molecular variance analysis showed that 90.71%of the genetic diversity occurred within populations.The genetic diff erentiation among populations was moderate as a whole(F ST=0.0929,G ST=0.1510),which is consistent with the moderate level of gene fl ow among populations(N m=2.8116).Based on the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean and STRU CTU RE analysis,these populations were grouped into three genetically distinct clusters.The degree of inter-population diff erentiation(G ST=0.1338)for the south group was larger than that for the north group(G ST=0.0915).There was a signifi cant correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance across the species range(r=0.316,P<0.05).Genetic diversity was signifi-cantly associated with longitude but not elevation or climatic factors.The populations with high genetic diversity from each cluster are therefore recommended for future conservation and management of this species.

Family selection and evaluation of Larix gmelinii var.principis-rupprechtii(Mayr.)Pilger based on stem analysis data at multiple sites

Larix gmelinii var.principis-rupprechtii(Mayr.)Pilger is an important native tree species in North China with advantages of fast growth,straight trunk,and good wood properties.The multi-year and multi-site breeding research of families of the species has not been reported previously.Based on diameter at breast height(DBH),height and volume of 25 families on four experimental sites,we calculated variance components,genetic parameters,juvenile and mature trait correlations and made genotype main effect plus genotype×environment interaction effect(GGE)biplot based on the breeding values estimated using the method of best linear unbiased prediction(BLUP).Compared with height,DBH and volume had higher heritability and larger variation coefficients,making them the more suitable traits for family selection and evaluation.Based on these,GGE biplots containing 20 combinations of site×age were drawn using data at 13 to 17 years when the interactions between family and location were strong.Test sites classifications based on DBH,and volume were inconsistent,with two categories for DBH and one for volume.The Guyuan site was the most suitable with strong discriminating ability,high representativeness and stability among tree ages.Integrating the ranking results of DBH and volume,families 66,76,82 and 111 were high-yielding and stable,families 78 and96 were high-yielding with above average stability,families72 and 79 were high-yielding with below average stability,whereas stability of family 100 was inconsistent between DBH and volume.Early selection based on DBH was convenient and reliable,and can be made at seven years.This study provides support for the selection of Larix gmelinii var.principis-rupprechtii families in Hebei province and an example for the application of stem analysis data from multiple sites in tree breeding.

Age–age correlations and early selection for growth traits in 40 half-sib families of Larix principis-rupprechtii

Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr is a dominant species in coniferous forests of North China.However,early selection of L.principis-rupprechtii for growth traits is poorly characterised.To explore the optimal selection age for this species,heights(HT)and diameters at breast(DBH)of 40 half-sib families were measured at ages 3,12,22,and 28 years in a progeny test population established in the town of Kangjiahui,Shanxi Province.Age trends in heritability,age–age genetic correlations,and early selection efficiency for height and DBH were analysed.The individual heritability of these growth traits varied over time,and maximized at different ages(0.55 at age 12 for HT and 0.48 at age 28 for DBH).The age–age genetic correlations were always positive,and the majority were high(0.790–0.953)between the juvenile and mature ages for HT and DBH.For the same pairs of measurements,HT demonstrated higher age–age genetic correlations than DBH,and both age–age genetic correlation data sets were described well by the linear relationship with the logarithm of the age ratio(r2[0.90).The regression slope for DBH was lower than that for HT.Based on the early selection efficiency estimates,the optimal selection age could be as early as age 6 for DBH and 8–9 years for HT.The results of this study provide information that can be used to assist early selection practices in L.principis-rupprechtii improvement programs in Shanxi Province.

Variations in stem radii of Larix principis-rupprechtii to environmental factors at two slope locations in the Liupan Mountains,northwest China

Relationships between stem growth and climatic and edaphic factors,notably air temperatures and soil moisture for different slopes,are not completely understood.Stem radial variations were monitored at the bottom and top slope positions in a Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation during the 2017 and 2018 growing seasons.Total precipitation during the growing season in 2017 and 2018 was 566 mm and 728 mm,respectively.Stem contractions typically occurred after mid-morning followed by swelling in the late afternoon in both plots,reflecting the diurnal cycle of water uptake and loss.Trees at the two locations showed the same growth initiation(mid-May)because of the small differences in air and soil temperatures.There were no significant differences in cumulative stem radial growth between the bottom plot(1.57±0.34 mm)and the top plot(1.55±0.26 mm)in 2018.However,in 2017,the main growth period of the bottom plot ceased 17 days earlier than in the top plot,while cumulative seasonal growth of the bottom plot(1.08±0.25 mm)was significantly less than the top plot(1.54±0.43 mm).Maximum daily stem shrinkage was positively correlated with air and soil temperatures,solar radiation,vapor pressure deficits,and negatively correlated with volumetric soil moisture content.The maximum daily shrinkage reflected transpiration rates as affected by environmental factors.Daily radial stem increment was correlated with precipitation and volumetric soil moisture in both years,but with air temperatures only in 2017.The seasonal growth of L.principis-rupprechtii Mayr thus shows interannual dynamics,while precipitation constitutes a key driving factor.

Estimation of leaf area index from high resolution ZY-3 satellite imagery in a catchment dominated by Larix principis-rupprechtii,northern China

Leaf area index(LAI) is a key factor that determines a forest ecosystem's net primary production and energy exchange between the atmosphere and land surfaces.LAI can be measured in many ways, but there has been little research to compare LAI estimated by different methods. In this study, we compared the LAI results from two different approaches, i.e., the dimidiate pixel model(DPM) and an empirical statistic model(ESM) using ZY-3 high-accuracy satellite images validated by field data. We explored the relationship of LAI of Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr plantations with topographic conditions. The results show that DPM improves the simulation of LAI(r = 0.86,RMSE = 0.57) compared with ESM(r = 0.62, RMSE =0.79). We further concluded that elevation and slope significantly affect the distribution of LAI. The maximum peak of LAI appeared at an aspect of east and southeast at an elevation of 1700–2000 m. Our results suggest that ZY-3 can satisfy the needs of quantitative monitoring of leaf area indices in small-scale catchment areas. DPM provides a simple and accurate method to obtain forest vegetation parameters in the case of non-ground measurement points.

Rules of Changes in Soil Nutrients and Enzyme Activities of Larix principis-rupprechtii in Different Forest Ages

In this study,three different ages of Larix principis-rupprechtii forests in 5,10 and 20 years were selected as the research objects,and the changes in soil nutrient and soil enzyme activities in different growth stages were analyzed. The results showed that the contents of organic matter and available phosphorus in the soil of different growth stages showed a significant downward trend with the increase of soil depth.For different forest ages in the same soil layer,the soil available phosphorus content declined with the increase of the forest age. The organic matter content of 40-60 cm in 20 years of forest age was the lowest in July,which was 4. 17 g/kg,significantly lower than that in other soil layers. Besides,the soil available phosphorus content of 5 years of forest age reached the maximum in July,with an average of 4. 44 mg/kg,which was higher than the available phosphorus content in soil in May and September,but the difference between the three months was not significant. The changes in ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen content in soil with different forest ages were consistent with the changes in the soil depth,showing a downward trend. In the new leaf stage,the ammonium nitrogen content of the L. principis-rupprechtii forest land in5 years of age at 20-40 and 40-60 cm of the soil depth was 13. 47 and 9. 09 mg/kg,respectively,which was 46. 9% and 64. 2% lower than that at 0-20 cm( 25. 36 mg/kg) of the soil depth. The soil nitrate nitrogen content of 20 years of forest age was 19. 24 mg/kg,which was25. 8% lower than that of 10 years of forest age,showing significant difference( P < 0. 05). In addition,with the increase of the age of L. principis-rupprechtii,soil catalase( CAT),alkaline phosphatase( ALP) and urease( Ure) decreased,and the decline of ALP was slow,while CAT and Ure decreased significantly. In summary,it is concluded that the soil fertility of forest land declined with the increase of forest age on the basis of change trend of soil nutrient and soil enzyme activity in the surveyed forest age.

More tree growth reduction due to consecutive drought and its legacy effect for a semiarid larch plantation in Northwest China

Extreme climate has increasingly led to negative impacts on forest ecosystems globally,especially in semiarid areas where forest ecosystems are more vulnerable.However,it is poorly understood how tree growth is affected by different drought events.In 2006–2009,the larch plantations in the semiarid areas of Northwest China were negatively affected by four consecutive dry years,which was a very rare phenomenon that may occur frequently under future climate warming.In this study,we analyzed the effect of these consecutive dry years on tree growth based on the data of the tree rings in the dominant layer of the forest canopy on a larch plantation.We found that the tree-ring width index(RWI)in dry years was lower than that in normal years,and it experienced a rapidly decreasing trend from 2006 to 2009(slope=-0.139 year^(-1),r=-0.94)due to water supply deficits in those dry years.Drought induced legacy effects of tree growth reduction,and consecutive dry years corresponded with greater growth reductions and legacy effects.Growth reductions and legacy effects were significantly stronger in the third and fourth consecutive dry years than that of single dry year(p<0.05),which might have been due to the cumulative stress caused by consecutive dry years.Our results showed that larch trees experienced greater tree growth reduction due to consecutive dry years and their legacy effect,and the trees had lower recovery rates after consecutive dry years.Our results highlight that consecutive dry years pose a new threat to plantations under climate warming,and thus,the effect of climate extremes on tree growth should be considered in growth models in semiarid areas.

六盘山半湿润区华北落叶松林内降雨的空间异质性及合理取样数

[目的]林内降雨的空间变异对林地土壤水分、林下植被生长有重要影响,准确刻画其空间变异特征,并确定其收集器的合理布设数量,有助于准确理解森林对水文的影响。[方法]于2021年6—10月,在六盘山半湿润区香水河小流域的华北落叶松(Larix gmelinii var.principis-rupprechtii(Mayr)Pilg.)纯林样地,利用样地内布设的40个林内降雨收集器收集每场降雨事件的林内降雨量,分析展叶和落叶期林内降雨的空间变异特征,并量化雨量收集器的合理布设数量。[结果](1)整个生长季,林内总降雨量440.0 mm,占同期林外降雨量的77.5%,林内降雨空间变异系数28.23%;展叶和落叶期,林内总降雨量分别为153.8和290.2 mm,占同期林外降雨量的73.0%和80.2%,林内降雨空间变异系数分别为36.0%和18.5%。总体上,林内降雨空间变异随次降雨量、雨强和降雨历时的增加先快速下降后逐渐趋于稳定。(2)整个生长季及展叶和落叶期林内降雨的块基比分别为0.042、0.012和0.275,变程分别为4.8、4.0和6.5 m。(3)在95%置信区间内,若将误差控制在5%内,至少需在展叶和落叶期分别布设17和14个截面积为235.58 cm2的雨量收集器。[结论]受降雨量和冠层结构差异影响,华北落叶松林内降雨空间变异在展叶和落叶期存在差异,不同时期雨量收集器合理布设数与林内降雨空间变异密切相关,要确保整个生长季林内降雨评估的准确性,应重视不同时期雨量收集合理布设数差异的影响。

塞罕坝国家森林公园华北落叶松单木冠幅预测模型

基于河北省塞罕坝国家森林公园华北落叶松纯林4块标准地458株华北落叶松样木数据,构建了华北落叶松单木冠幅预测模型。通过分析华北落叶松冠幅变化规律以及冠幅与林木竞争因子的关系,从6种常用的线性和非线性冠幅模型的基础模型中选取最优模型,加入其他树木变量和林分变量,构建华北落叶松单木冠幅预测模型,并对所构建的模型进行评价。华北落叶松冠幅与冠长率(CR)成正相关,与高径比(HD)成负相关;包含树木变量和竞争因子的华北落叶松冠幅模型拟合冠幅的Ra2分别为0.4845;包含树木变量(CR)、竞争因子(HD)的华北落叶松模型具有较好的拟合效果及预测精度。研究所构建的冠幅模型对华北落叶松的冠幅预测能力较好,为进一步研究华北落叶松树冠结构提供了基础。

不同林龄华北落叶松人工林叶凋落物分解及养分动态比较

采用网袋法,对0～540 d内不同林龄华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)人工林叶凋落物的分解特征及营养元素质量分数变化动态进行了比较分析。结果表明:经过540 d的分解,幼、中、近、成熟林4个龄组的叶质量损失率为48.47%～61.72%,并呈极显著差异,不同林龄的叶凋落物分解速率呈现出成熟林>近熟林>中龄林>幼龄林。用含哑变量的Olson指数衰减模型对叶凋落物的分解动态进行拟合,结果显示,幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林和成熟林叶凋落物的分解系数为0.028 30～0.036 19;半衰期和周转期分别为1.59～2.04 a和6.90～8.82 a。在整个分解过程中,4个龄组的养分质量分数变化一致,随着时间的延长,N质量分数不断升高;P质量分数呈现出先降低后上升的趋势;K、C质量分数和C/N呈下降的趋势。在分解过程中,4个龄组的N、P、K、C的释放率在总体上变化一致,C和K不断释放,且为净释放状态,呈现直接释放模式;N的释放率为富集-释放模式;P的释放率表现为淋溶-富集-释放模式。结果表明,成熟林和近熟林的叶凋落物比幼龄林和中龄林的叶凋落物易分解,且成熟林和近熟林中的营养元素也较易释放。

华北落叶松人工林生长规律研究

以河北省塞罕坝华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.)人工林为研究对象,收集大量临时样和解析木地调查资料,利用不同的生长模型对华北落叶松人工林生长过程进行拟合,以找到最优模型,计算各生长指标。结果表明:Logistic模型模拟华北落叶松人工林胸径、树高、材积生长过程效果最好,抛物线方程拟合林分立木株数随年龄变化过程效果最好;华北落叶松人工林胸径年平均生长量为0.46cm,速生期为10～20年;树高年平均生长量为0.38m,速生期为前20年;材积年平均生长量为0.006 90m3,速生期为10～30年,数量成熟龄为43年,为华北落叶松人工林的经营和管理提供科学依据。

塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林水源涵养功能研究

为了评价塞罕坝地区华北落叶松人工林水源涵养功能高低,对塞罕坝地区30 a生不同密度的华北落叶松人工林的枯落物持水量、土壤水分物理特性进行研究。并依据土壤总毛管蓄水量和枯落物有效拦蓄量的大小评价不同密度林分水源涵养功能,将土壤总毛管蓄水量和枯落物有效拦蓄量归一统计,定义为水源涵养指数,作为林分的水源涵养功能的评判。结果表明：（1）对于研究的9个密度下的华北落叶松林,枯落物最大持水量是自身重量的3~4倍,最大持水率为249.98%～302.48%,人工林密度越大,持水量能力越大。（2）土壤总孔隙度为41.7%～62.9%。土壤的最大蓄水量为3 046.14～3 403.49 t/hm2,密度越大,土壤蓄水能力越强,当密度大于1 350株/hm2时,增大趋势趋于平缓。（3）枯落物和土壤的综合水源涵养指数随密度的增大而增大,最大值为最小值的1.29倍,当密度大于1 350株/hm2时,趋于稳定,且在1 350～1 800株/hm2之间,发挥的水源涵养功能较强。

华北落叶松生物制浆造纸性能的初步研究

为深入了解华北落叶松的纸浆物理性能,以华北落叶松为原料,对其生物浆的制浆和造纸性能进行了初步研究,并与芦苇生物浆的性能进行了比较。结果表明:落叶松生物浆的纤维长度和粗度较大;落叶松生物浆很容易打浆,可明显降低打浆能耗;落叶松生物浆具有较高的物理强度,适合生产瓦楞纸、纸板和一般文化用纸,但落叶松生物浆较难漂白。

落叶松RNA提取方法对比研究

以华北落叶松 (Larixprincipis -rupprechtiiMayr)为试材 ,采用 2种RNA提取方法 ,同时做了初提总RNA纯化对比试验 ,通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳和紫外光检测得到RNA的完整性和提取纯度 ,并计算RNA收率。试验结果表明 ,采用Concert试剂法提取和DNA酶提纯法纯化能够高效地从华北落叶松组织中分离获得纯度高。

不同林龄华北落叶松人工林根系特征和氮磷养分研究

采用野外调查取样和实验室分析相结合的方法,以陕西太白和甘肃小陇山5年（5a）,10年（10a）,20年（20a）生华北落叶松为试验材料,分析林下土壤全氮、全磷含量,林木根、茎、叶的生物量和全氮、全磷含量,根系形态特征,以及它们之间的相关性.结果显示：（1）不同林龄华北落叶松土壤全氮含量随土层深度的增加而降低,而土壤全磷含量并未表现出均一规律,0～60 cm土层中的全氮、全磷含量之间呈显著正相关关系.（2）叶中的氮磷含量最高,且叶和细根中的氮磷含量显著高于粗根和茎中的含量,各器官内氮磷含量存在显著正相关关系.（3）各器官生物量和氮磷积累量随着林龄的增加而显著增加,茎的生物量最大,叶中氮磷积累量最高.（4）表层土壤（0～20cm）氮含量和细根氮、磷含量均与细根比根长存在显著正相关关系.（5）粗根总长、侧根平均长、最大径向距离和最大根深随林龄的增加而增加;粗根氮、磷含量分别与粗根总长、粗根最大径向距离呈显著负相关关系.研究表明：土壤氮含量的适当提高,可以增加细根比根长,当粗根氮磷含量下降时,华北落叶松通过拓展根系吸收氮磷养分的范围来满足自身生长的需要.

我国主要松树诱导抗虫性的一些规律比较

该文以马尾松、油松、华北落叶松 3种我国主要针叶树为对象 ,分析比较了 3种松树在受松毛虫危害后 ,所产生的迅速诱导抗性和滞后诱导抗性 ;研究了取食相应的受害针叶后 ,其生长发育情况的变化 ;探讨了松树诱导抗性对松毛虫种群动态的作用过程 ,总结了我国主要松树诱导抗性的一般规律 ,为分析松毛虫发生机理及松毛虫综合管理提供理论依据 .

华北落叶松采穗圃经营管理技术

为开拓华北落叶松扦插优质插条来源 ,建立采穗圃 .结果表明 :华北落叶松直干台形冠采穗树 ,插条产量高 ,生根效果好 ;早春及时修剪 ,有利于插条生根 ;连年修剪可显著提高优等插条率 ;采穗树整形、修剪宜用总状二歧式回缩修剪法 ;利用扦插易生根的家系材料营建采穗圃 ,可显著提高扦插生根效果 ;当年枝条伸长生长高峰过后立即采条扦插 ,生根效果最好 ;采穗树更新年限为 6～ 7龄 .依据连年修剪、扦插试验结果 ,提出了合格插条产量 >315万支 hm2 、扦插生根率达 80 %左右的采穗树密度调控。

鞘蛾危害后诱导华北落叶松体内化学物质变化的研究

本文于 1 997～ 1 998年在山西省关帝山和五台山林区 ,通过定点定期采样结合实验室化学测试 ,研究了华北落叶松鞘蛾 ,ColeophorasinensisYang (鳞翅目 ,鞘蛾科 ) ,取食危害后 ,诱导华北落叶松LarixPrincip pis rupprechtiiMayr.树体内化学物质的变化及其与抗虫性相关的生理生化反应。结果表明 ,华北落叶松鞘蛾危害后 ,能使树体产生一系列生理生化反应 ,表现出强烈的抗虫性。首先是树体内产生有毒次生代谢物如单宁和游离酚的变化。在鞘蛾幼虫暴食的 5月份 ,单宁在针叶内从低含量迅速增加 ,形成第 1个峰值。在中等受害区 ,这种增加幅度到鞘蛾取食后的 6月份可以超过对照区。严重受害区单宁在前、中期略低于前 2区 ,但持续增长时间更长。单宁在韧皮部内的含量在初期由高向低下降 ,说明它有可能是从枝条转向叶部 ,以补充抗性之急需。游离酚在鞘蛾危害后期才开始增加 ,中等受害区其含量最高 ,严重受害区和对照区之间差异不显著。其次 ,树体内保护酶系如过氧化物酶在受害区高于对照区 ,受害愈重 ,含量越高。第 3类是树体营养物质如还原糖和Vc的含量在受害区显著低于对照区 ,造成害虫的营养成份改变和质量下降。这 3方面因素参与了华北落叶松的化学防御体系。

华北落叶松人工林林分密度对土壤持水能力的影响

为了评价冀北山地华北落叶松人工林土壤水源涵养功能高低,以木兰林管局华北落叶松人工林为研究对象采用四分法对不同林龄不同密度的华北落叶松土壤持水能力进行研究。结果表明:20、30、40、50 a华北落叶松人工林,对应的林分最佳密度分别为2 500株/hm2、1 800株/hm2、1 000株/hm2、800株/hm2时,土壤最大持水量和有效持水量均达到最大。随着林分密度增加,土壤层最大持水量和有效持水量呈先增加后减小的趋势。并根据土壤持水能力随林分密度的变化规律和林木生长规律的相关关系,编制华北落叶松人工林土壤持水能力的密度控制图,为冀北山地华北落叶松水源涵养林的密度管理提供数据参考和理论依据。