Altitude shape genetic and phenotypic variations in growth curve parameters of Larix kaempferi

To study the effects of geoclimatic variables of provenances on growth phenotypes and selected plus provenances,over 3000 trees of 22-year-old Larix kaempferi were evaluated from trials established in two climate zones for provenance selection and to explore the influence of climate variables on provenance performance.The material was replicated plantings of 84 open pollinated families from six provenances distributed in the mountains of central Japan.Provenance variation was observed in most age groups and the heritability of growth traits showed large differences.The phenotypic maximum value of height and diameter were significantly positive with altitude,and mean annual precipitation being important factors.Diameter at breast height growth was significantly negative with altitude and spring rainfall.The Ina provenance of relatively high altitudes,was well adapted to a variety of climates.Altitude might be the driving force for phenotypic and genetic variations and local adaptation.

Early evaluation of growth traits of Larix kaempferi clones

Early selection is an important method to shorten the breeding cycle for tree species, which may differ in the time for early selection.To evaluate the early selected time for Larix kaempferi, tree height and diameter at breast height of 57 L.kaempferi clones were measured over many different growth years.The results indicated that, except for age × clone interaction for diameter at breast height(P = 0.741), there were significant differences among all variation sources(P < 0.01).The coefficient of phenotypic variation ranged from 14.89 to 35.65%for height and from 19.17 to 23.86% for diameter at breast height in different growth years.The repeatability of height and of diameter at breast height among clones was high,ranging from 0.6181 to 0.8531(height) and from 0.8443 to0.8497(diameter at breast height), in different growth years.There were significant positive correlations between all pairs of growth traits except between height in the 2 nd growth year and height in the 30 th growth year; and between height in the 2 nd growth year × diameter at breast height in the 30 th growth year.With a comprehensive evaluation method and a selection ratio of 10%, L65,L1, L62, L9, L15, and L78 were selected as excellent clones in the 30 th growth year.Their average values of height and diameter at breast height were 9.81 and 16.57%higher than the overall average, representing genetic gains of 6.46 and 13.99%, respectively.This study provides a theoretical foundation for the genetic improvement of L.kaempferi.

Isolation,expression and single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) analysis of LACCASE gene(LkLAC8) from Japanese larch(Larix kaempferi)

Nucleotide diversity(π) and linkage disequilibrium(LD) analysis based on SNP marker could provide a sound basis for choosing an association analysis method.Japanese larch(Larix kaempferi) is an important timber coniferous tree species for pulping and papermaking,but its high lignin content has significantly restricted it application potential.In this study,the LACCASE gene,that plays an important regulatory role for lignin biosynthesis,was selected as research target.The full-length c DNA and genomic sequences of the encoding Lk LAC8 gene were isolated from the LACCASE expressed sequence tags of the Japanese larch transcriptome database using the rapid amplification of c DNA ends-polymerase chain reaction(RACE-PCR).The c DNA was determined to be 1940 bp,with an open reading frame(ORF,1734 bp) that encoded a protein of 577 AA.This protein contains four highly specific Cu^(2+) binding sites and 11 glycosylation sites,thus belonging to the LACCASE family.The deduced protein sequence shared an 89% identity with the Pta LAC from Pinus taeda.A real-time PCR analysis showed that the Lk LAC8 transcript was expressed predominantly in mature xylem,with moderate levels in the immature xylem,cambium and mature leaves,the lowest in the roots.Lastly,the genomic sequences of Lk LAC8 in 40 individuals from six naturally distributed populations of Japanese larch were amplified,and a total of 201 SNPs(103 and 98 mutation types of transition and transversion,respectively) were detected;the frequency of the SNPs was 1/19 bp.Nucleotide diversity among the six populations ranged from 0.0034 to 0.0053,which suggested that there were no significant differences among the populations.The LD analysis showed that the LD level decayed rapidly within the increasing length of the Lk LAC8 gene.These results implied that LD mapping and association analysis based on candidate gene may be feasible for the marker-assisted breeding of new germplasms with low lignin in Japanese larch.

Compatible taper and stem volume equations for Larix kaempferi(Japanese larch) species of South Korea

In this study, compatible taper and stem volume equations were developed for Larix kaempferi species of South Korea. The dataset was split into two groups: 80% of the data were used in model fitting and the remaining 20% were used for validation. The compatible MB76 equations were used to predict the diameter outside bark to a specific height, the height to a specific diameter and the stem volume of the species. The result of the stem volume analysis was compared with the existing stem volume model of Larix kaempferi species of South Korea which was developed by the Korea Forest Research Institute and with a simple volume model that was developed with fitting dataset in this study. The compatible model provided accurate prediction of the total stem volume when compared to the existing stem volume model and with a simple volume model. It is concluded that the compatible taper and stem volume equations are more convenient to use and therefore it is recommended to be applied in the Larix kaempferi species of South Korea.

Genetic variation of height growth rhythm between clones of Larix kaempferi × L. gmelini based on logistic models

Fifty-three larch interspecific hybrid clones(Larix kaempferi × L.gmelini) and their parent clones were used for growth curve analysis of height variations.The growth curves of the 55 clones were 'S'-shaped and 36 exhibited similar curves as the male parent.The coefficients of the logistic models were higher than 0.943,indicating that our results were effective in the simulation of the growth curves.ANOVA analysis showed significant differences in height of different clones (P\0.01).Average date of maximum height growth was Day 173,and average duration of rapid growth lasted for 50 days.Annual average increase in height was 9.7cm d^(-1) and daily average increase was 0.2 cm.The ratio of GR to the total annual increase in height ranged from 51.2 to 68.8%,with the average being 59.8%.There was a positive correlation between k values and plant heights which benefited from the evaluation of early plant height.There was also a positive correlation between GR(growth stage),GD(plant height) and annual increase in height.These results are informative to the evaluation of the elite clone selection and provide a theoretical basis for breeding and management.

Research on the relationship between stand productivity and site condition of Larix kaempferi

In this research, fi ve plots are selected based on stand storage and productivity of planted forest of Larix kaempferi (Japanese larch) as well as their relationship with factors such as forest age, site condition and stand den-sity. Through standard plot investigation and method of trunk analysis, systematic research is conducted on storage and productivity of the planted forest and their relationship with site condition. As shown in the research, produc-tivity of planted forest of Larix kaempferi in low latitude area is higher than that in high latitude area while stand productivity is higher in slight acid soil. Contents of potassium element in the soil have considerable in? uence on productivity of the Larix kaempferi forest.

Anti-inflammatory effects of natural volatile organic compounds from Pinus koraiensis and Larix kaempferi in mouse model

Natural volatile organic compounds(VOCs) extracted from conifers such as P. koraiensis and L. kaempferi have long been studied for their anti-oxidant, anti-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory effects. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of VOCs from P. koraiensis and L. kaempferi, lipopolysaccharide(LPS) was administered to generate a mouse model for inflammation by the nasal route to the lungs and intraperitoneally to the whole body. VOCs of P. koraiensis and L. kaempferi were exposed to the mice by standardized wood panels with closed system. Increased levels of serum IgE and PGE2 were observed after exposure to dexamethasone and VOCs. We further determined the expression levels of inflammatory cytokine mRNA in the LPS-induced inflammation model by the reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, the levels of cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-13 were determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Those inflammatory cytokines and the key enzyme for inflammation cyclooxygenase-2 expression in PBMCs were strongly reversed by dexamethasone and VOCs. Lung tissues after nasal LPS exposure showed increased cytokine mRNA expressions which were suppressed by treatment with dexamethasone and VOCs. Furthermore, the damage induced by LPS was attenuated by dexamethasone and VOCs. In conclusion, the results from the present study indicate that VOCs of P. koraiensis and L. kaempferi have a therapeutic potential in the treatment or prevention of local and systemic inflammation due to their immunosuppressive effects.

日本落叶松胚状体干化处理对萌发的影响

[目的]提高日本落叶松胚状体的萌发能力,优化日本落叶松良种繁育技术。[方法]本研究根据子叶数量和胚轴形态,对胚状体进行分类,并分别统计其萌发率;利用“滤纸容器法”对类型Ⅰ胚状体进行干化处理,统计其萌发情况。[结果]胚状体分为10种类型。类型Ⅰ胚状体萌发率为4.48%,其余类型胚状体难以萌发。干化处理14 d后,类型Ⅰ胚状体萌发率提高到69.43%,且具有干化响应的胚状体更易萌发。[结论]本研究表明日本落叶松胚状体干化处理后萌发率明显提高,为该物种良种繁育提供依据。

Characteristics of Reproductive Biology for Larix Originating in Japan

The paper summarized the life cycle ,environmental features and distributions of Larix origination in Japan.The time of blooming and fruiting and the ways of cone collection and seeds storage were introduced.The treating methods of seeds germination and the sowing time for both Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi Carr)and Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii var.Japonica Pilger) were discussed.

鄂西日本落叶松人工林碳储量成熟龄研究

为研究鄂西山区日本落叶松人工林林分碳储量变化规律并确定碳储量成熟龄,利用8~41年生日本落叶松人工林87个标准地和249株样木树干生物量测定数据,以建立的单木树干生物量估算方程为基础,利用生物量扩展因子和碳系数推算出各林分单位面积碳储量,构建林分碳储量预估方程。结果表明:该区域日本落叶松人工林平均单株树干生物量为85.334 kg(2.694~395.214 kg),以胸径或树高为变量的一元和二元方程对单木树干生物量的拟合优度均在0.9以上,而二元方程拟合优度和精度更高;林分平均单位面积碳储量为77.465 t·hm^(-2)(4.573~172.512 t·hm^(-2)),其中单位面积碳储量为60~120 t·hm^(-2)的样地占总样地数的64.4%;利用Richards、Korf和Compertz 3个模型对林分碳储量进行预估,林分碳储量及其平均和连年碳积累量均十分相近,其中最大连年碳积累量和最大平均碳积累量分别为6.2和3.9 t·hm^(-2)左右,峰值林龄分别为13~15 a和23 a。Richards、Gompertz模型适于鄂西山区日本落叶松人工林碳储量的预估,该区域日本落叶松林分在中幼林(林龄15 a前)为碳的快速积累期,23 a为碳储量成熟龄。

鄂西山区日本落叶松人工林全林整体模型研究与应用

为解决林分各测树因子及其生长模型之间的相容性问题,采用非线性度量误差联立方程组法建立鄂西山区日本落叶松人工林全林整体模型。研究结果表明,非线性度量误差联立方程组方法,能保证模型的相容性与无偏性;各林分因子的平均相对误差和相对均方误差均在6.5%以下,模型参数稳定性及预测精度均较高;建立的全林整体模型可用于不同初始条件的日本落叶松人工林林分生长收获预估、定量间伐作业设计以及林分密度控制图绘制。相关研究结果可为研究区日本落叶松人工林高效可持续经营提供科学参考。

日本落叶松种子园和人工林优树自由授粉家系试验林比较

【目的】为日本落叶松持续遗传改良提供应用材料和初级无性系种子园去劣疏伐提供依据。【方法】在甘肃小陇山沙坝国家落叶松/云杉良种基地,采用完全随机区组试验设计,在日本落叶松采伐迹地营造了30个优树自由授粉家系(Ⅰ)和25个日本落叶松种子园自由授粉家系(Ⅱ)试验林,试验林Ⅰ和Ⅱ均为15个区组,区组内家系株数2株×2株配置,株行距1.5 m×1.5 m。【结果】种子园自由授粉家系试验林胸径、树高、材积平均达到(6.474±1.474)cm、(6.429±0.885)m、(1.274±0.599)×10^(-2) m^(3),显著高于人工林优树自由授粉家系试验林胸径、树高、材积的13.99%、9.18%和26.94%(P>0.05)。种子园自由授粉家系胸径、树高、材积的表型变异系数和遗传变异系数为13.76%、22.76%、47.02%和4.52%、1.96%、9.54%,家系遗传力和单株遗传力为0.729、0.544、0.735和0.214、0.156、0.210;优树自由授粉家系胸径、树高、材积的表型变异系数和遗传变异系数是21.92%、26.82%、60.03%和4.36%、2.91%、9.76%;家系遗传力和单株遗传力依次为0.645、0.626、0.598和0.169、0.175、0.148;优树自由授粉家系试验林胸径、树高、材积性状的遗传变异比种子园自由授粉家系更加丰富。种子园自由授粉家系子代测定回向选择指导初级无性系种子园去劣疏伐升级1.5代种子园,入选单株直接无性繁殖利用或作为高阶育种应用材料,种子园自由授粉家系按照40%的入选率,入选10个家系,入选家系平均胸径、树高、材积为6.6148 cm、6.8420 m、0.0143 m^(3),在家系选择的基础上,选择50个单株,单株入选率3.58%,入选单株平均胸径、树高、材积达到9.16 cm、7.60 m、0.026 m^(3);入选家系和单株材积的平均遗传增益达到9.39%和22.09%。优树自由授粉家系和单株入选率为30%和3.01%。【结论】种子园自由授粉家系试验林入选单株预期遗传增益为22.09%,可作为高世代种子园营建和进一步遗传改良的应用材料,并直接进行无性系繁殖利用,使育种早见成效。优树自由授粉家系试验林入选单株预期遗传增益为20.66%,补充遗传改良材料,不断丰富和拓展遗传改良材料的遗传基础,确保长期稳定的遗传增益和持续遗传改良。

日本落叶松遗传变异分析及优良家系无性系选择

为探索日本落叶松遗传变异规律及选择优良家系无性系,以内蒙古自治区赤峰市旺业甸实验林场的59个日本落叶松无性系测定林和81个日本落叶松家系子代试验林为研究对象,测定其树高,对其进行方差分析和变异分析。结果表明,日本落叶松无性系和家系树高性状存在丰富的变异,变异系数范围分别为17.84%~20.67%和24.68%~31.19%。方差分析表明,每一年,无性系间和家系间均存在显著差异,重复力和遗传力范围分别为0.482~0.494和0.793~0.819,属于中等重复力和高遗传力。以20%的入选率为标准,最终选择出12个优良无性系和16个优良家系,无性系现实增益和家系现实增益范围分别为5.73%~16.48%和7.59%~15.35%。

日本落叶松自由授粉家系选择和无性繁殖利用

【目的】为加速日本落叶松良种转化利用效率,从源头提高造林质量,助推“碳达峰”和“碳中和”目标早日实现,进一步为遗传改良提供材料。【方法】在甘肃小陇山沙坝落叶松/云杉国家良种基地167林班30 a日本落叶松人工林主伐迹地,采用完全随机区组试验设计:按株行距1.5 m×1.5 m,4×4株小区,5次重复对36个日本落叶松种子园自由授粉家系进行更新造林试验。试验林17 a生胸径、树高、蓄积、生物量、碳密度等性状值采用spss16.0进行分析。通过家系性状遗传变异分析,以胸径为选择对象,选择出胸径最高的家系,在家系选择的基础上,配合单株选择。【结果】家系间胸径、树高、蓄积、生物量、碳密度差异达显著水平(P<0.05),且试验林胸径、树高、蓄积、生物量、碳密度等性状间呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。这些性状表型变异系数和遗传变异系数依次为:27.23%、17.02%、60.34%、18.09%、18.08%和3.14%、1.73%、7.49%、2.03%、2.02%。表型变异系数远大于遗传变异系数,表明落叶松生长性状不仅受遗传因素影响,还易受环境因子影响,家系间存在着丰富的遗传变异,遗传改良潜力巨大。以胸径为主按30%的入选率,入选家系11个,入选家系胸径、树高、蓄积、生物量、碳密度的家系遗传力为0.520、0.455、0.542、0.451、0.448,预期遗传增益和现实增益分别达到3.32%、1.59%、7.56%、1.84%、1.83%和6.39%、3.49%、13.94%、4.08%、4.08%,家系性状选择强度在0.21~0.23间。在家系选择的基础上,配合选择单株55株,单株入选率2.15%,选择强度在1.37~2.45间。入选单株胸径、树高、蓄积、生物量、碳密度的遗传增益和现实增益分别是3.00%、3.73%、8.86%、1.46%、0.70%和56.53%、23.31%、145.25%、29.16%、29.16%。【结论】日本落叶松家系和家系内存在着丰富的遗传变异,而且生长易受环境因子影响,选择潜力大。在家系选择的基础上配合单株选择,将入选单株嫁接或者扦插营建采穗圃,早期无性系繁殖利用,进一步为遗传改良提供了应用材料。

松材线虫侵染对日本落叶松生理指标的影响

通过测定光合色素含量、渗透调节物质、苯丙氨酸解氨酶和抗氧化酶系统的动态变化,从生理生化角度探究日本落叶松对松材线虫侵染的响应规律。以3年生日本落叶松盆栽苗为实验材料,采用人工皮接法接入2 000条松材线虫,于接种后第0、5、10、20、30天时收集并测定针叶内叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、抗氧化酶[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)]活性和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性等指标。结果表明:日本落叶松接种点上部和下部均检测到大量松材线虫,且下部线虫数极显著高于上部(P<0.01)。叶绿素a、b含量均在第10天时出现明显下降,随后开始上升,与对照组无显著差异。可溶性蛋白含量在接种10 d后开始逐渐上升,且显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。接种松材线虫后,SOD活性显著上升,各时间点均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);CAT活性先小幅下降,后逐渐升高,于30 d时极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);POD活性表现为先降低后升高,且5 d后迅速升高,各时间点都显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。PAL活性呈现先升高后降低的变化规律,接种后10、20 d活性都显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。日本落叶松被松材线虫侵染后,叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、抗氧化酶和PAL活性变化与其抗病性存在密切关系,研究结果可以为日本落叶松对松材线虫抗性品系筛选和抗病机理提供参考。

日本落叶松谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)酶学特性与抗逆性研究

【目的】植物谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)是酶促活性氧清除机制中的关键酶之一,对日本落叶松GPX开展酶学特性与抗逆性研究,可以补充和完善林木改良基因资源,也为探究谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶抗逆的分子机制提供理论依据。【方法】本研究以日本落叶松茎部组织为材料克隆谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶基因,进行生物信息学分析和亚细胞定位研究。诱导、纯化目的蛋白进行体外酶学活性测定,通过点斑试验、生长曲线试验验证GPX抗逆性。【结果】从日本落叶松茎中克隆得到了2个GPX基因,分别命名为LkGPX2、LkGPX3,二者都含有完整的特征保守基序。构建系统进化树发现,LkGPXs和具有抗逆功能的PmGPX与PeGPX聚为一支。亚细胞定位显示,LkGPX2和LkGPX3蛋白在细胞核和细胞质中均有表达。以硫氧还蛋白(Trx)为电子供体进行体外酶学活性测定,LkGPX2与LkGPX3对过氧化氢(H2O2)、过氧化氢叔丁醇(t-BHP)和有机氢过氧化物(Cum-OOH)都具有催化活性,LkGPX2对于3种底物的催化活性分别为(0.402±0.037)、(0.424±0.018)、(0.425±0.009)U/mg,LkGPX3对于3种底物的催化活性分别为(0.397±0.027)、(0.449±0.028)、(0.407±0.021)U/mg。大肠杆菌体外逆境处理试验表明,LkGPX2、LkGPX3能够提高大肠杆菌对模拟干旱胁迫和盐胁迫的耐受性。【结论】日本落叶松谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)既能起到活性氧清除作用,同时具备一定应对非生物胁迫的能力。

鄂西山区日本落叶松树高曲线的研究

树高曲线是林分生长与收获模型的重要组成部分,是森林经营管理中需要参考的重要统计模型。本研究以湖北省恩施土家族苗族自治州(以下简称恩施州)建始县国有长岭岗林场的日本落叶松人工林为研究对象,以8个应用广泛的树高曲线方程作为备选模型,以不同林龄、不同立地条件、不同密度的固定样地每木检尺数据为基础,基于拟合优度指标选取最优基础模型,构建鄂西山区日本落叶松人工林的单木树高曲线模型。结果表明,8个基础模型的拟合优度均在0.85以上,其中M3、M5模型拟合效果最优且较为接近(R^(2)=0.915),但M3模型对大径级树高预测偏差明显,故选取M5模型为鄂西山区日本落叶松人工林单木树高曲线模型,为其生长量调查及经营管理提供参考。

天水地区日本落叶松人工林内大型真菌资源初步调查

通过对天水地区日本落叶松人工林内大型真菌资源的调查研究,初步鉴定出大型真菌2门5纲11目37科65属96种,其中子囊菌门3纲3目7科9属10种,占总数的10.42%;担子菌门2纲8目30科56属86种,占总数的89.58%。

吕梁山林区日本落叶松与华北落叶松生长比较

为了探讨吕梁山林区引种日本落叶松林分的生长规律,更好地为合理经营该地区的日本落叶松人工林提供依据,对吕梁山林区引种30年的日本落叶松进行了样地调查及树干解析,并以华北落叶松为对照,建立起胸径、树高和材积生长过程模型,分析其生长规律。结果表明:(1)同林龄下日本落叶松的胸径、树高、材积均比华北落叶松大。(2)日本落叶松、华北落叶松在吕梁山区的初始间伐期应在第10年左右。(3)日本落叶松的胸径连年生长量与平均生长量在13~14年相交,而华北落叶松则相交于17年。(4)日本落叶松的树高连年生长量与平均生长量约在7年相交,而华北落叶松则相交于19年。(5)日本落叶松、华北落叶松还处于材积生长期,没有到达数量成熟期。

日本落叶松种子园不同世代母树球果和种子形态特征

落叶松具有速生、材质优良等特性,在辽宁省林业产业发展中有着举足轻重的地位。良种壮苗造林是提高林木产量和质量的有效途径之一。为了比较不同世代种子园球果和种子的形态特征,本研究选择日本落叶松初级种子园、1.5代种子园和2代种子园母树的球果和种子为研究对象,测定并分析了单果重、球果长、球果宽、种子千粒重、种子长、种子宽和种子厚等球果和种子形态特征指标。结果表明,日本落叶松球果和种子形态特征在不同世代种子园间存在一定差异。其中:初级种子园母树球果单果重、球果长和球果宽的平均值分别为3.99 g、2.85 cm和2.07 cm,种子长、种子宽、种子厚和千粒重的平均值分别为4.66 mm、2.60 mm、1.49 mm和5.10 g;1.5代种子园母树球果单果重、球果长和球果宽平均值分别为3.66 g、2.84 cm和2.13 cm,种子长、种子宽、种子厚和千粒重平均值分别为4.58 mm、2.61 mm、1.50 mm和5.00 g;2代种子园母树球果单果重、球果长和球果宽平均值分别为2.93 g、2.93 cm和2.03 cm,种子长、种子宽、种子厚和千粒重平均值分别为4.60 mm、2.59 mm、1.51 mm和4.66 g。方差分析表明,除了种子宽和种子厚外,不同世代种子园间其他指标均达到显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)差异水平。相关分析表明,日本落叶松种子园母树球果与种子的形态特征指标间相关性较强。本研究对了解日本落叶松的生态适应性和遗传变异、指导生产具有重要的意义。