Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr is a dominant species in coniferous forests of North China.However,early selection of L.principis-rupprechtii for growth traits is poorly characterised.To explore the optimal selection...Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr is a dominant species in coniferous forests of North China.However,early selection of L.principis-rupprechtii for growth traits is poorly characterised.To explore the optimal selection age for this species,heights(HT)and diameters at breast(DBH)of 40 half-sib families were measured at ages 3,12,22,and 28 years in a progeny test population established in the town of Kangjiahui,Shanxi Province.Age trends in heritability,age–age genetic correlations,and early selection efficiency for height and DBH were analysed.The individual heritability of these growth traits varied over time,and maximized at different ages(0.55 at age 12 for HT and 0.48 at age 28 for DBH).The age–age genetic correlations were always positive,and the majority were high(0.790–0.953)between the juvenile and mature ages for HT and DBH.For the same pairs of measurements,HT demonstrated higher age–age genetic correlations than DBH,and both age–age genetic correlation data sets were described well by the linear relationship with the logarithm of the age ratio(r2[0.90).The regression slope for DBH was lower than that for HT.Based on the early selection efficiency estimates,the optimal selection age could be as early as age 6 for DBH and 8–9 years for HT.The results of this study provide information that can be used to assist early selection practices in L.principis-rupprechtii improvement programs in Shanxi Province.展开更多
Leaf area index(LAI) is a key factor that determines a forest ecosystem's net primary production and energy exchange between the atmosphere and land surfaces.LAI can be measured in many ways, but there has been li...Leaf area index(LAI) is a key factor that determines a forest ecosystem's net primary production and energy exchange between the atmosphere and land surfaces.LAI can be measured in many ways, but there has been little research to compare LAI estimated by different methods. In this study, we compared the LAI results from two different approaches, i.e., the dimidiate pixel model(DPM) and an empirical statistic model(ESM) using ZY-3 high-accuracy satellite images validated by field data. We explored the relationship of LAI of Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr plantations with topographic conditions. The results show that DPM improves the simulation of LAI(r = 0.86,RMSE = 0.57) compared with ESM(r = 0.62, RMSE =0.79). We further concluded that elevation and slope significantly affect the distribution of LAI. The maximum peak of LAI appeared at an aspect of east and southeast at an elevation of 1700–2000 m. Our results suggest that ZY-3 can satisfy the needs of quantitative monitoring of leaf area indices in small-scale catchment areas. DPM provides a simple and accurate method to obtain forest vegetation parameters in the case of non-ground measurement points.展开更多
In this study,three different ages of Larix principis-rupprechtii forests in 5,10 and 20 years were selected as the research objects,and the changes in soil nutrient and soil enzyme activities in different growth stag...In this study,three different ages of Larix principis-rupprechtii forests in 5,10 and 20 years were selected as the research objects,and the changes in soil nutrient and soil enzyme activities in different growth stages were analyzed. The results showed that the contents of organic matter and available phosphorus in the soil of different growth stages showed a significant downward trend with the increase of soil depth.For different forest ages in the same soil layer,the soil available phosphorus content declined with the increase of the forest age. The organic matter content of 40-60 cm in 20 years of forest age was the lowest in July,which was 4. 17 g/kg,significantly lower than that in other soil layers. Besides,the soil available phosphorus content of 5 years of forest age reached the maximum in July,with an average of 4. 44 mg/kg,which was higher than the available phosphorus content in soil in May and September,but the difference between the three months was not significant. The changes in ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen content in soil with different forest ages were consistent with the changes in the soil depth,showing a downward trend. In the new leaf stage,the ammonium nitrogen content of the L. principis-rupprechtii forest land in5 years of age at 20-40 and 40-60 cm of the soil depth was 13. 47 and 9. 09 mg/kg,respectively,which was 46. 9% and 64. 2% lower than that at 0-20 cm( 25. 36 mg/kg) of the soil depth. The soil nitrate nitrogen content of 20 years of forest age was 19. 24 mg/kg,which was25. 8% lower than that of 10 years of forest age,showing significant difference( P < 0. 05). In addition,with the increase of the age of L. principis-rupprechtii,soil catalase( CAT),alkaline phosphatase( ALP) and urease( Ure) decreased,and the decline of ALP was slow,while CAT and Ure decreased significantly. In summary,it is concluded that the soil fertility of forest land declined with the increase of forest age on the basis of change trend of soil nutrient and soil enzyme activity in the surveyed forest age.展开更多
土壤微生物呼吸是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分,受大气氮沉降显著影响。华北地区是我国高氮沉降地区,研究该地区森林土壤微生物呼吸及其温度敏感性(Q_(10))对氮沉降的响应非常重要。在燕山北部山地的华北落叶松人工林设置7个水平...土壤微生物呼吸是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分,受大气氮沉降显著影响。华北地区是我国高氮沉降地区,研究该地区森林土壤微生物呼吸及其温度敏感性(Q_(10))对氮沉降的响应非常重要。在燕山北部山地的华北落叶松人工林设置7个水平氮添加处理(0、5、10、20、40、80、160 kg N hm^(-2)a^(-1)的施氮量)模拟氮沉降,施肥两年后采集土壤样品,在15℃和25℃下进行土壤呼吸培养实验,采用冗余分析、结构方程模型等方法研究氮添加对华北落叶松人工林土壤微生物呼吸及其温度敏感性的影响及机理。结果表明:(1)15℃和25℃培养下,土壤微生物呼吸速率均随氮添加量增加呈降低趋势,与对照相比,160 kg N hm^(-2)a^(-1)处理的微生物呼吸速率在15℃和25℃下分别降低23.94%和21.64%;(2)Q_(10)的范围为2.60—4.92,随氮添加增加整体呈现先降低后增加的趋势,于80 kg N hm^(-2)a^(-1)水平氮添加下达到最高值;(3)冗余分析发现氮添加后土壤呼吸速率变化的主要影响因素是土壤惰性有机碳(NLC)与硝态氮(NO_(3)^(-)⁃N),而不同温度下土壤呼吸速率的影响因素也存在差异;(4)氮添加可通过增加土壤氮有效性及改变土壤碳稳定性来提高Q_(10)。研究结果表明随着氮添加量的增加华北落叶松人工林土壤微生物呼吸呈降低趋势,而土壤微生物呼吸的Q_(10)则呈现先降低后升高的趋势,研究可为大气氮沉降背景下的森林生态系统土壤碳动态研究提供科学依据。展开更多
In order to test the accuracy of the usually-used fixed calibration factor of the canopy scanner of LAI-2000 for measuring the leaf area index(LAI),a Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation was chosen in the small wate...In order to test the accuracy of the usually-used fixed calibration factor of the canopy scanner of LAI-2000 for measuring the leaf area index(LAI),a Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation was chosen in the small watershed of Xiangshuihe located at the Liupan Mountains of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of NW China,the LAI was measured in October 2010,a period from full canopy to the total fall of needles,by using both the LAI- 2000 and litterfall collection method.Then,a comparison was made between the LAI values determined by the litter-fall collection and that calculated based on the figures read from LAI-2000 and the fixed calibration factor(1.49).It showed that the average of LAI measurements of the 2 methods was very close,with a difference of only 5%.However,the calculated LAI from LAI-2000 was obviously higher than the true values determined by litter-fall collection when the canopy was full of needles;and obviously lower than the true value when the canopy was sparse after needle falling.The reason may be that LAI-2000 takes the projection of twigs as needles.So,a dynamic calibration factor is needed,especially in the seasons when the needle amount and the percentage of twigs projection in crown projection change quickly.Therefore,a statistic relation in a quadratic polynomial form between the 2 series of LAI data was well fitted. This relation can be used for a more accurate estimation of LAI based on the data read from the easilyused canopy scanners like LAI-2000.展开更多
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFD0600404-1)Medium and Long Scientific Research Project for Young Teachers in Beijing Forestry University(2015ZCQ-SW-02)+2 种基金the Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(31370658)Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(IRT13047)the Project of Beijing Gardening and Greening Bureau(CEG-2016-01)
文摘Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr is a dominant species in coniferous forests of North China.However,early selection of L.principis-rupprechtii for growth traits is poorly characterised.To explore the optimal selection age for this species,heights(HT)and diameters at breast(DBH)of 40 half-sib families were measured at ages 3,12,22,and 28 years in a progeny test population established in the town of Kangjiahui,Shanxi Province.Age trends in heritability,age–age genetic correlations,and early selection efficiency for height and DBH were analysed.The individual heritability of these growth traits varied over time,and maximized at different ages(0.55 at age 12 for HT and 0.48 at age 28 for DBH).The age–age genetic correlations were always positive,and the majority were high(0.790–0.953)between the juvenile and mature ages for HT and DBH.For the same pairs of measurements,HT demonstrated higher age–age genetic correlations than DBH,and both age–age genetic correlation data sets were described well by the linear relationship with the logarithm of the age ratio(r2[0.90).The regression slope for DBH was lower than that for HT.Based on the early selection efficiency estimates,the optimal selection age could be as early as age 6 for DBH and 8–9 years for HT.The results of this study provide information that can be used to assist early selection practices in L.principis-rupprechtii improvement programs in Shanxi Province.
基金supported by the National Forestry Public Welfare Professional Scientific Research Project(No.201404213)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFD0600205)
文摘Leaf area index(LAI) is a key factor that determines a forest ecosystem's net primary production and energy exchange between the atmosphere and land surfaces.LAI can be measured in many ways, but there has been little research to compare LAI estimated by different methods. In this study, we compared the LAI results from two different approaches, i.e., the dimidiate pixel model(DPM) and an empirical statistic model(ESM) using ZY-3 high-accuracy satellite images validated by field data. We explored the relationship of LAI of Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr plantations with topographic conditions. The results show that DPM improves the simulation of LAI(r = 0.86,RMSE = 0.57) compared with ESM(r = 0.62, RMSE =0.79). We further concluded that elevation and slope significantly affect the distribution of LAI. The maximum peak of LAI appeared at an aspect of east and southeast at an elevation of 1700–2000 m. Our results suggest that ZY-3 can satisfy the needs of quantitative monitoring of leaf area indices in small-scale catchment areas. DPM provides a simple and accurate method to obtain forest vegetation parameters in the case of non-ground measurement points.
文摘In this study,three different ages of Larix principis-rupprechtii forests in 5,10 and 20 years were selected as the research objects,and the changes in soil nutrient and soil enzyme activities in different growth stages were analyzed. The results showed that the contents of organic matter and available phosphorus in the soil of different growth stages showed a significant downward trend with the increase of soil depth.For different forest ages in the same soil layer,the soil available phosphorus content declined with the increase of the forest age. The organic matter content of 40-60 cm in 20 years of forest age was the lowest in July,which was 4. 17 g/kg,significantly lower than that in other soil layers. Besides,the soil available phosphorus content of 5 years of forest age reached the maximum in July,with an average of 4. 44 mg/kg,which was higher than the available phosphorus content in soil in May and September,but the difference between the three months was not significant. The changes in ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen content in soil with different forest ages were consistent with the changes in the soil depth,showing a downward trend. In the new leaf stage,the ammonium nitrogen content of the L. principis-rupprechtii forest land in5 years of age at 20-40 and 40-60 cm of the soil depth was 13. 47 and 9. 09 mg/kg,respectively,which was 46. 9% and 64. 2% lower than that at 0-20 cm( 25. 36 mg/kg) of the soil depth. The soil nitrate nitrogen content of 20 years of forest age was 19. 24 mg/kg,which was25. 8% lower than that of 10 years of forest age,showing significant difference( P < 0. 05). In addition,with the increase of the age of L. principis-rupprechtii,soil catalase( CAT),alkaline phosphatase( ALP) and urease( Ure) decreased,and the decline of ALP was slow,while CAT and Ure decreased significantly. In summary,it is concluded that the soil fertility of forest land declined with the increase of forest age on the basis of change trend of soil nutrient and soil enzyme activity in the surveyed forest age.
文摘土壤微生物呼吸是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分,受大气氮沉降显著影响。华北地区是我国高氮沉降地区,研究该地区森林土壤微生物呼吸及其温度敏感性(Q_(10))对氮沉降的响应非常重要。在燕山北部山地的华北落叶松人工林设置7个水平氮添加处理(0、5、10、20、40、80、160 kg N hm^(-2)a^(-1)的施氮量)模拟氮沉降,施肥两年后采集土壤样品,在15℃和25℃下进行土壤呼吸培养实验,采用冗余分析、结构方程模型等方法研究氮添加对华北落叶松人工林土壤微生物呼吸及其温度敏感性的影响及机理。结果表明:(1)15℃和25℃培养下,土壤微生物呼吸速率均随氮添加量增加呈降低趋势,与对照相比,160 kg N hm^(-2)a^(-1)处理的微生物呼吸速率在15℃和25℃下分别降低23.94%和21.64%;(2)Q_(10)的范围为2.60—4.92,随氮添加增加整体呈现先降低后增加的趋势,于80 kg N hm^(-2)a^(-1)水平氮添加下达到最高值;(3)冗余分析发现氮添加后土壤呼吸速率变化的主要影响因素是土壤惰性有机碳(NLC)与硝态氮(NO_(3)^(-)⁃N),而不同温度下土壤呼吸速率的影响因素也存在差异;(4)氮添加可通过增加土壤氮有效性及改变土壤碳稳定性来提高Q_(10)。研究结果表明随着氮添加量的增加华北落叶松人工林土壤微生物呼吸呈降低趋势,而土壤微生物呼吸的Q_(10)则呈现先降低后升高的趋势,研究可为大气氮沉降背景下的森林生态系统土壤碳动态研究提供科学依据。
文摘In order to test the accuracy of the usually-used fixed calibration factor of the canopy scanner of LAI-2000 for measuring the leaf area index(LAI),a Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation was chosen in the small watershed of Xiangshuihe located at the Liupan Mountains of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of NW China,the LAI was measured in October 2010,a period from full canopy to the total fall of needles,by using both the LAI- 2000 and litterfall collection method.Then,a comparison was made between the LAI values determined by the litter-fall collection and that calculated based on the figures read from LAI-2000 and the fixed calibration factor(1.49).It showed that the average of LAI measurements of the 2 methods was very close,with a difference of only 5%.However,the calculated LAI from LAI-2000 was obviously higher than the true values determined by litter-fall collection when the canopy was full of needles;and obviously lower than the true value when the canopy was sparse after needle falling.The reason may be that LAI-2000 takes the projection of twigs as needles.So,a dynamic calibration factor is needed,especially in the seasons when the needle amount and the percentage of twigs projection in crown projection change quickly.Therefore,a statistic relation in a quadratic polynomial form between the 2 series of LAI data was well fitted. This relation can be used for a more accurate estimation of LAI based on the data read from the easilyused canopy scanners like LAI-2000.
