Larix gmelinii var.principis-rupprechtii(Mayr.)Pilger is an important native tree species in North China with advantages of fast growth,straight trunk,and good wood properties.The multi-year and multi-site breeding re...Larix gmelinii var.principis-rupprechtii(Mayr.)Pilger is an important native tree species in North China with advantages of fast growth,straight trunk,and good wood properties.The multi-year and multi-site breeding research of families of the species has not been reported previously.Based on diameter at breast height(DBH),height and volume of 25 families on four experimental sites,we calculated variance components,genetic parameters,juvenile and mature trait correlations and made genotype main effect plus genotype×environment interaction effect(GGE)biplot based on the breeding values estimated using the method of best linear unbiased prediction(BLUP).Compared with height,DBH and volume had higher heritability and larger variation coefficients,making them the more suitable traits for family selection and evaluation.Based on these,GGE biplots containing 20 combinations of site×age were drawn using data at 13 to 17 years when the interactions between family and location were strong.Test sites classifications based on DBH,and volume were inconsistent,with two categories for DBH and one for volume.The Guyuan site was the most suitable with strong discriminating ability,high representativeness and stability among tree ages.Integrating the ranking results of DBH and volume,families 66,76,82 and 111 were high-yielding and stable,families 78 and96 were high-yielding with above average stability,families72 and 79 were high-yielding with below average stability,whereas stability of family 100 was inconsistent between DBH and volume.Early selection based on DBH was convenient and reliable,and can be made at seven years.This study provides support for the selection of Larix gmelinii var.principis-rupprechtii families in Hebei province and an example for the application of stem analysis data from multiple sites in tree breeding.展开更多
To understand the quantitative dynamics and death reason of stimulating regeneration seedlings is significant for stimulating the natural regeneration ofLarix gmelinii and implement of conservation project of natural ...To understand the quantitative dynamics and death reason of stimulating regeneration seedlings is significant for stimulating the natural regeneration ofLarix gmelinii and implement of conservation project of natural forest. This paper summarized location observations and directly-seeding simulation experiments of six permanent sample plots that were set up after the seed bumper harvest year ofLarix gmelinii in 1989. The study showed that stimulating natural regeneration seedlings had a large mortality in the first three years, especially in the first year of seedling emergence. After three years seedlings died less and stepped into the stable regeneration stage. A large number of seedlings died of sunscald as the primary death reason. For those areas of good site conditions and rich soil, damping-off would cause seedlings to death in large quantities. The task of stimulating regeneration is mainly to get rid of the litter (forest floor) on burned areas. By means of promoting measures, emergence rate of sown seeds would be several times and dozens of times higher than that of seed shedding on the condition of retention of forest floor. Promoting the regeneration need to select the suitable site against great slope and low-lying lands; at the same time, be careful of the avoidance of frost heaving by depression water.展开更多
Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr is a dominant species in coniferous forests of North China.However,early selection of L.principis-rupprechtii for growth traits is poorly characterised.To explore the optimal selection...Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr is a dominant species in coniferous forests of North China.However,early selection of L.principis-rupprechtii for growth traits is poorly characterised.To explore the optimal selection age for this species,heights(HT)and diameters at breast(DBH)of 40 half-sib families were measured at ages 3,12,22,and 28 years in a progeny test population established in the town of Kangjiahui,Shanxi Province.Age trends in heritability,age–age genetic correlations,and early selection efficiency for height and DBH were analysed.The individual heritability of these growth traits varied over time,and maximized at different ages(0.55 at age 12 for HT and 0.48 at age 28 for DBH).The age–age genetic correlations were always positive,and the majority were high(0.790–0.953)between the juvenile and mature ages for HT and DBH.For the same pairs of measurements,HT demonstrated higher age–age genetic correlations than DBH,and both age–age genetic correlation data sets were described well by the linear relationship with the logarithm of the age ratio(r2[0.90).The regression slope for DBH was lower than that for HT.Based on the early selection efficiency estimates,the optimal selection age could be as early as age 6 for DBH and 8–9 years for HT.The results of this study provide information that can be used to assist early selection practices in L.principis-rupprechtii improvement programs in Shanxi Province.展开更多
Relationships between stem growth and climatic and edaphic factors,notably air temperatures and soil moisture for different slopes,are not completely understood.Stem radial variations were monitored at the bottom and ...Relationships between stem growth and climatic and edaphic factors,notably air temperatures and soil moisture for different slopes,are not completely understood.Stem radial variations were monitored at the bottom and top slope positions in a Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation during the 2017 and 2018 growing seasons.Total precipitation during the growing season in 2017 and 2018 was 566 mm and 728 mm,respectively.Stem contractions typically occurred after mid-morning followed by swelling in the late afternoon in both plots,reflecting the diurnal cycle of water uptake and loss.Trees at the two locations showed the same growth initiation(mid-May)because of the small differences in air and soil temperatures.There were no significant differences in cumulative stem radial growth between the bottom plot(1.57±0.34 mm)and the top plot(1.55±0.26 mm)in 2018.However,in 2017,the main growth period of the bottom plot ceased 17 days earlier than in the top plot,while cumulative seasonal growth of the bottom plot(1.08±0.25 mm)was significantly less than the top plot(1.54±0.43 mm).Maximum daily stem shrinkage was positively correlated with air and soil temperatures,solar radiation,vapor pressure deficits,and negatively correlated with volumetric soil moisture content.The maximum daily shrinkage reflected transpiration rates as affected by environmental factors.Daily radial stem increment was correlated with precipitation and volumetric soil moisture in both years,but with air temperatures only in 2017.The seasonal growth of L.principis-rupprechtii Mayr thus shows interannual dynamics,while precipitation constitutes a key driving factor.展开更多
Leaf area index(LAI) is a key factor that determines a forest ecosystem's net primary production and energy exchange between the atmosphere and land surfaces.LAI can be measured in many ways, but there has been li...Leaf area index(LAI) is a key factor that determines a forest ecosystem's net primary production and energy exchange between the atmosphere and land surfaces.LAI can be measured in many ways, but there has been little research to compare LAI estimated by different methods. In this study, we compared the LAI results from two different approaches, i.e., the dimidiate pixel model(DPM) and an empirical statistic model(ESM) using ZY-3 high-accuracy satellite images validated by field data. We explored the relationship of LAI of Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr plantations with topographic conditions. The results show that DPM improves the simulation of LAI(r = 0.86,RMSE = 0.57) compared with ESM(r = 0.62, RMSE =0.79). We further concluded that elevation and slope significantly affect the distribution of LAI. The maximum peak of LAI appeared at an aspect of east and southeast at an elevation of 1700–2000 m. Our results suggest that ZY-3 can satisfy the needs of quantitative monitoring of leaf area indices in small-scale catchment areas. DPM provides a simple and accurate method to obtain forest vegetation parameters in the case of non-ground measurement points.展开更多
Nutrient loading in the fall is a practical way to improve seedling quality and has been proven to increase nutrient accumulation,translocation and utilization.Few studies have reported on the variation in free amino ...Nutrient loading in the fall is a practical way to improve seedling quality and has been proven to increase nutrient accumulation,translocation and utilization.Few studies have reported on the variation in free amino acids as a result of fall fertilization,especially for diff erent seasonal needle habits(evergreen,deciduous).Therefore,a balanced two-factor factorial design with one fall fertilization treatment(10 mg N/seedling)and Chinese pine(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.)and Prince Rupprecht’s larch(Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.)seedlings was used to examine growth response over one nursery season.Associated changes between fall fertilization,N storage and free amino acids were analyzed.Results showed that:(1)stem height,diameter and biomass for both species were similar between controls and fall fertilization treatments;(2)compared to controls,fall fertilization increased Chinese pine needle and root N by 17.7%and 36.9%,respectively.For Prince Rupprecht’s larch,fall fertilization resulted in 26.3%and 34.54%more N in stem and roots,respectively,than controls;(3)the three main amino acids in control and fertilization treatments in Prince Rupprecht’s larch seedlings were glutamine,arginine and proline,and in Chinese pine seedlings were glutamine,arginine andγ-amino butyric acid;(4)total amino acid contents were not signifi cantly increased by fall fertilization,but glutamine in Chinese pine and Prince Rupprecht’s larch increased by 64.2%and 35.2%,respectively.Aboveground biomass of Prince Rupprecht’s larch had higher proline contents than Chinese pine,which suggests that the stress resistance of the aboveground tissue may be higher for Prince Rupprecht’s larch.The results indicate that diff erent plant organs with various response are well adapted to nitrogen loading for nutrient storage in evergreen and deciduous conifer seedlings.展开更多
In this study,three different ages of Larix principis-rupprechtii forests in 5,10 and 20 years were selected as the research objects,and the changes in soil nutrient and soil enzyme activities in different growth stag...In this study,three different ages of Larix principis-rupprechtii forests in 5,10 and 20 years were selected as the research objects,and the changes in soil nutrient and soil enzyme activities in different growth stages were analyzed. The results showed that the contents of organic matter and available phosphorus in the soil of different growth stages showed a significant downward trend with the increase of soil depth.For different forest ages in the same soil layer,the soil available phosphorus content declined with the increase of the forest age. The organic matter content of 40-60 cm in 20 years of forest age was the lowest in July,which was 4. 17 g/kg,significantly lower than that in other soil layers. Besides,the soil available phosphorus content of 5 years of forest age reached the maximum in July,with an average of 4. 44 mg/kg,which was higher than the available phosphorus content in soil in May and September,but the difference between the three months was not significant. The changes in ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen content in soil with different forest ages were consistent with the changes in the soil depth,showing a downward trend. In the new leaf stage,the ammonium nitrogen content of the L. principis-rupprechtii forest land in5 years of age at 20-40 and 40-60 cm of the soil depth was 13. 47 and 9. 09 mg/kg,respectively,which was 46. 9% and 64. 2% lower than that at 0-20 cm( 25. 36 mg/kg) of the soil depth. The soil nitrate nitrogen content of 20 years of forest age was 19. 24 mg/kg,which was25. 8% lower than that of 10 years of forest age,showing significant difference( P < 0. 05). In addition,with the increase of the age of L. principis-rupprechtii,soil catalase( CAT),alkaline phosphatase( ALP) and urease( Ure) decreased,and the decline of ALP was slow,while CAT and Ure decreased significantly. In summary,it is concluded that the soil fertility of forest land declined with the increase of forest age on the basis of change trend of soil nutrient and soil enzyme activity in the surveyed forest age.展开更多
Background:Stem CO_(2) efflux(E_(S))plays a critical role in the carbon budget of forest ecosystems.Thinning is a core practice for sustainable management of plantations.It is therefore necessary and urgent to study t...Background:Stem CO_(2) efflux(E_(S))plays a critical role in the carbon budget of forest ecosystems.Thinning is a core practice for sustainable management of plantations.It is therefore necessary and urgent to study the effect and mechanism of thinning intensity(TI)on E_(S).Methods:In this study,five TIs were applied in Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr 21-,25-,and 41-year-old stands in North China in 2010.Portable infrared gas analyzer(Li-8100 A)was used to measure ES and its association with environmental factors at monthly intervals from May to October in 2013 to 2015.In addition,nutrients,wood structure and nonstructural carbon(NSC)data were measured in August 2016.Results:The results show that ES increased with increasing TI.The maximum ES values occurred at a TI of 35%(3.29,4.57 and 2.98μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1))and were 1.54-,1.94-and 2.89-fold greater than the minimum E_(S) value in the CK stands(2.14,2.35 and 1.03μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1))in July for the 21-,25-and 41-year-old forests,respectively.The E_(S) of the trees in low-density stands was more sensitive to temperature than that of the trees in high-density stands.Soluble sugars(SS)and temperature are the main factors affecting ES.When the stand density is low enough as 41-year-old L.principis-rupprechtii forests with TI 35%,bark thickness(BT)and humidity should be considered in addition to air temperature(T_(a)),wood temperature(T_(w)),sapwood width(SW),nitrogen concentration(N)and SS in the evaluation of ES.If a change in stand density is ignored,the CO_(2) released from individual 21-,25-and 41-year-old trees could be underestimated by 168.89%,101.94% and 200.49%,respectively.CO_(2) release was estimated based on the stem equation in combination with the factors influencing ES for reference.Conclusions:We suggest that it is not sufficient to conventional models which quantify ES only by temperature and that incorporating the associated drivers(e.g.density,SS,SW and N)based on stand density into conventional models can improve the accuracy of ES estimates.展开更多
Prince Rupprecht’s larch(Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.),a deciduous conifer,widely grows in middle and high elevations of Northern China.Its natural distribution has sharply decreased and has become fragmented,wh...Prince Rupprecht’s larch(Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.),a deciduous conifer,widely grows in middle and high elevations of Northern China.Its natural distribution has sharply decreased and has become fragmented,which may have resulted in the loss of genetic variation.In this study,ten natural populations across the entire range of this species were analyzed using amplifi ed fragment length polymorphism markers.A total of 309 loci were detected from 225 individuals of these populations,of which 261(84.5%)were polymorphic.At the species level,the genetic diversity was high(average of the Nei’s genetic diversity H e=0.2602,and Shannon’s information index I=0.3967).The results of molecular variance analysis showed that 90.71%of the genetic diversity occurred within populations.The genetic diff erentiation among populations was moderate as a whole(F ST=0.0929,G ST=0.1510),which is consistent with the moderate level of gene fl ow among populations(N m=2.8116).Based on the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean and STRU CTU RE analysis,these populations were grouped into three genetically distinct clusters.The degree of inter-population diff erentiation(G ST=0.1338)for the south group was larger than that for the north group(G ST=0.0915).There was a signifi cant correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance across the species range(r=0.316,P<0.05).Genetic diversity was signifi-cantly associated with longitude but not elevation or climatic factors.The populations with high genetic diversity from each cluster are therefore recommended for future conservation and management of this species.展开更多
The rootsystem structural characteristics of annual seedlings of Pinus koraiensis, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, Larix olgensis and Picea koraiensis were studied with the method of excavation at the nursery of Maoe...The rootsystem structural characteristics of annual seedlings of Pinus koraiensis, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, Larix olgensis and Picea koraiensis were studied with the method of excavation at the nursery of Maoershan Experimental station in the Antumn of 1992. The results showed that there were large differences in some ways, such as their root quantities,distributive depth and dense layers of root systems,etc.展开更多
物候是气候变化敏感指标,是陆地生态系统模型的关键参数。目前关于气候变化对物候影响的研究较多,但关于多环境因子交互作用对秋季物候影响的研究尚不充分,制约着物候变化机制的认知与模型发展。以兴安落叶松幼苗叶黄期为研究对象,采用...物候是气候变化敏感指标,是陆地生态系统模型的关键参数。目前关于气候变化对物候影响的研究较多,但关于多环境因子交互作用对秋季物候影响的研究尚不充分,制约着物候变化机制的认知与模型发展。以兴安落叶松幼苗叶黄期为研究对象,采用控制实验研究叶黄期对升温、光周期和氮添加变化及其交互作用的响应。结果表明:(1)升温对兴安落叶松幼苗叶黄期的影响较显著,升温使叶黄始期和叶黄普期显著提前,完全变色期不显著推迟;(2)光周期变化对叶黄期的影响极显著,光周期延长使叶黄始期和叶黄普期显著提前,完全变色期显著推迟;(3)叶黄期与氮添加量相关性不显著;(4)升温、光周期和氮添加变化双因子交互作用对叶黄始期和叶黄普期的影响均极显著且均存在极值,但对完全变色期的影响均不显著:升温与光周期延长交互作用使叶黄始期和叶黄普期提前,且在升温1.5℃、光周期14h时最显著;光周期延长与氮添加交互作用使叶黄始期和叶黄普期提前,且在施低氮(5g N m^(-2) a^(-1))、光周期10h时最显著;升温与氮添加交互作用使叶黄始期和叶黄普期提前,且在施高氮(20g N m^(-2) a^(-1))、升温1.5℃时最显著;(5)升温、光周期和氮添加变化交互作用对叶黄始期和叶黄普期影响极显著,对完全变色期的影响不显著。这表明,升温、光周期延长和氮添加将延长兴安落叶松幼苗叶黄期,从而增加兴安落叶松幼苗的固碳时间。研究结果可为物候模型发展以及森林生态系统碳估算提供依据。展开更多
Extreme climate has increasingly led to negative impacts on forest ecosystems globally,especially in semiarid areas where forest ecosystems are more vulnerable.However,it is poorly understood how tree growth is affect...Extreme climate has increasingly led to negative impacts on forest ecosystems globally,especially in semiarid areas where forest ecosystems are more vulnerable.However,it is poorly understood how tree growth is affected by different drought events.In 2006–2009,the larch plantations in the semiarid areas of Northwest China were negatively affected by four consecutive dry years,which was a very rare phenomenon that may occur frequently under future climate warming.In this study,we analyzed the effect of these consecutive dry years on tree growth based on the data of the tree rings in the dominant layer of the forest canopy on a larch plantation.We found that the tree-ring width index(RWI)in dry years was lower than that in normal years,and it experienced a rapidly decreasing trend from 2006 to 2009(slope=-0.139 year^(-1),r=-0.94)due to water supply deficits in those dry years.Drought induced legacy effects of tree growth reduction,and consecutive dry years corresponded with greater growth reductions and legacy effects.Growth reductions and legacy effects were significantly stronger in the third and fourth consecutive dry years than that of single dry year(p<0.05),which might have been due to the cumulative stress caused by consecutive dry years.Our results showed that larch trees experienced greater tree growth reduction due to consecutive dry years and their legacy effect,and the trees had lower recovery rates after consecutive dry years.Our results highlight that consecutive dry years pose a new threat to plantations under climate warming,and thus,the effect of climate extremes on tree growth should be considered in growth models in semiarid areas.展开更多
Larix olgensis is a major reforestation species in areas of the northeast part of China. Rooted cutting for vegetativepropagation on this Larch has been carried out since 1990 and later the bulk method of hardwood cut...Larix olgensis is a major reforestation species in areas of the northeast part of China. Rooted cutting for vegetativepropagation on this Larch has been carried out since 1990 and later the bulk method of hardwood cutting propagation alsohas bcen studied. The result is as follows: (1) Cuttings from physiologically juvenile trees are easy to root. and develop bet-ter roots. In addition. there are many methods to enhance the cuttings rooting. (2) The good time. for seedling transplantingis in the middle of August. ’Treatments with plant hormones and rare-earth compounds can improve the seedling survivalrate. and the survival rate of the seedlings soaked in chelate rare-earth molybdenum compound (300×10-6) for 3 hoursreached 94.00% 19.49% higher than that of the control. (3) Methods of maintaining juvenility such as hedging. is essentialto further developments for operational planting of vegetative propagates. Hedges in 5 years old can prodace 91 .75 shootsper tree- cxceeding the control to 1 52.2%..展开更多
Experiments on spaying Penzhangjing on seedlings ofLarix leptolepis was conducted for a year. The height growth and diameter at foot of experimental seedlings increased by 34.3% and 35.5%, respectively, compared with ...Experiments on spaying Penzhangjing on seedlings ofLarix leptolepis was conducted for a year. The height growth and diameter at foot of experimental seedlings increased by 34.3% and 35.5%, respectively, compared with control seedlings. Variance analysis concludes that Penzhangjing have obvious effect on growth of height and diameter at foot of seedlings.展开更多
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Hebei Province[20326333D]Science and Technology Promotion Demonstration Project of forestry and grassland in Hebei Province[Hebei TG[2019]001]Science and Technology Promotion Demonstration Project of forestry and grassland in Hebei Province[Hebei TG[2020]013]。
文摘Larix gmelinii var.principis-rupprechtii(Mayr.)Pilger is an important native tree species in North China with advantages of fast growth,straight trunk,and good wood properties.The multi-year and multi-site breeding research of families of the species has not been reported previously.Based on diameter at breast height(DBH),height and volume of 25 families on four experimental sites,we calculated variance components,genetic parameters,juvenile and mature trait correlations and made genotype main effect plus genotype×environment interaction effect(GGE)biplot based on the breeding values estimated using the method of best linear unbiased prediction(BLUP).Compared with height,DBH and volume had higher heritability and larger variation coefficients,making them the more suitable traits for family selection and evaluation.Based on these,GGE biplots containing 20 combinations of site×age were drawn using data at 13 to 17 years when the interactions between family and location were strong.Test sites classifications based on DBH,and volume were inconsistent,with two categories for DBH and one for volume.The Guyuan site was the most suitable with strong discriminating ability,high representativeness and stability among tree ages.Integrating the ranking results of DBH and volume,families 66,76,82 and 111 were high-yielding and stable,families 78 and96 were high-yielding with above average stability,families72 and 79 were high-yielding with below average stability,whereas stability of family 100 was inconsistent between DBH and volume.Early selection based on DBH was convenient and reliable,and can be made at seven years.This study provides support for the selection of Larix gmelinii var.principis-rupprechtii families in Hebei province and an example for the application of stem analysis data from multiple sites in tree breeding.
文摘To understand the quantitative dynamics and death reason of stimulating regeneration seedlings is significant for stimulating the natural regeneration ofLarix gmelinii and implement of conservation project of natural forest. This paper summarized location observations and directly-seeding simulation experiments of six permanent sample plots that were set up after the seed bumper harvest year ofLarix gmelinii in 1989. The study showed that stimulating natural regeneration seedlings had a large mortality in the first three years, especially in the first year of seedling emergence. After three years seedlings died less and stepped into the stable regeneration stage. A large number of seedlings died of sunscald as the primary death reason. For those areas of good site conditions and rich soil, damping-off would cause seedlings to death in large quantities. The task of stimulating regeneration is mainly to get rid of the litter (forest floor) on burned areas. By means of promoting measures, emergence rate of sown seeds would be several times and dozens of times higher than that of seed shedding on the condition of retention of forest floor. Promoting the regeneration need to select the suitable site against great slope and low-lying lands; at the same time, be careful of the avoidance of frost heaving by depression water.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFD0600404-1)Medium and Long Scientific Research Project for Young Teachers in Beijing Forestry University(2015ZCQ-SW-02)+2 种基金the Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(31370658)Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(IRT13047)the Project of Beijing Gardening and Greening Bureau(CEG-2016-01)
文摘Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr is a dominant species in coniferous forests of North China.However,early selection of L.principis-rupprechtii for growth traits is poorly characterised.To explore the optimal selection age for this species,heights(HT)and diameters at breast(DBH)of 40 half-sib families were measured at ages 3,12,22,and 28 years in a progeny test population established in the town of Kangjiahui,Shanxi Province.Age trends in heritability,age–age genetic correlations,and early selection efficiency for height and DBH were analysed.The individual heritability of these growth traits varied over time,and maximized at different ages(0.55 at age 12 for HT and 0.48 at age 28 for DBH).The age–age genetic correlations were always positive,and the majority were high(0.790–0.953)between the juvenile and mature ages for HT and DBH.For the same pairs of measurements,HT demonstrated higher age–age genetic correlations than DBH,and both age–age genetic correlation data sets were described well by the linear relationship with the logarithm of the age ratio(r2[0.90).The regression slope for DBH was lower than that for HT.Based on the early selection efficiency estimates,the optimal selection age could be as early as age 6 for DBH and 8–9 years for HT.The results of this study provide information that can be used to assist early selection practices in L.principis-rupprechtii improvement programs in Shanxi Province.
基金supported by the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(QCYL-2018-12)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC0501603,2017YFC0504602)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41671025).
文摘Relationships between stem growth and climatic and edaphic factors,notably air temperatures and soil moisture for different slopes,are not completely understood.Stem radial variations were monitored at the bottom and top slope positions in a Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation during the 2017 and 2018 growing seasons.Total precipitation during the growing season in 2017 and 2018 was 566 mm and 728 mm,respectively.Stem contractions typically occurred after mid-morning followed by swelling in the late afternoon in both plots,reflecting the diurnal cycle of water uptake and loss.Trees at the two locations showed the same growth initiation(mid-May)because of the small differences in air and soil temperatures.There were no significant differences in cumulative stem radial growth between the bottom plot(1.57±0.34 mm)and the top plot(1.55±0.26 mm)in 2018.However,in 2017,the main growth period of the bottom plot ceased 17 days earlier than in the top plot,while cumulative seasonal growth of the bottom plot(1.08±0.25 mm)was significantly less than the top plot(1.54±0.43 mm).Maximum daily stem shrinkage was positively correlated with air and soil temperatures,solar radiation,vapor pressure deficits,and negatively correlated with volumetric soil moisture content.The maximum daily shrinkage reflected transpiration rates as affected by environmental factors.Daily radial stem increment was correlated with precipitation and volumetric soil moisture in both years,but with air temperatures only in 2017.The seasonal growth of L.principis-rupprechtii Mayr thus shows interannual dynamics,while precipitation constitutes a key driving factor.
基金supported by the National Forestry Public Welfare Professional Scientific Research Project(No.201404213)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFD0600205)
文摘Leaf area index(LAI) is a key factor that determines a forest ecosystem's net primary production and energy exchange between the atmosphere and land surfaces.LAI can be measured in many ways, but there has been little research to compare LAI estimated by different methods. In this study, we compared the LAI results from two different approaches, i.e., the dimidiate pixel model(DPM) and an empirical statistic model(ESM) using ZY-3 high-accuracy satellite images validated by field data. We explored the relationship of LAI of Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr plantations with topographic conditions. The results show that DPM improves the simulation of LAI(r = 0.86,RMSE = 0.57) compared with ESM(r = 0.62, RMSE =0.79). We further concluded that elevation and slope significantly affect the distribution of LAI. The maximum peak of LAI appeared at an aspect of east and southeast at an elevation of 1700–2000 m. Our results suggest that ZY-3 can satisfy the needs of quantitative monitoring of leaf area indices in small-scale catchment areas. DPM provides a simple and accurate method to obtain forest vegetation parameters in the case of non-ground measurement points.
基金We gratefully acknowledge the reviewers and many other members from the Beijing Forestry University for their insightful comments of the manuscript.
文摘Nutrient loading in the fall is a practical way to improve seedling quality and has been proven to increase nutrient accumulation,translocation and utilization.Few studies have reported on the variation in free amino acids as a result of fall fertilization,especially for diff erent seasonal needle habits(evergreen,deciduous).Therefore,a balanced two-factor factorial design with one fall fertilization treatment(10 mg N/seedling)and Chinese pine(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.)and Prince Rupprecht’s larch(Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.)seedlings was used to examine growth response over one nursery season.Associated changes between fall fertilization,N storage and free amino acids were analyzed.Results showed that:(1)stem height,diameter and biomass for both species were similar between controls and fall fertilization treatments;(2)compared to controls,fall fertilization increased Chinese pine needle and root N by 17.7%and 36.9%,respectively.For Prince Rupprecht’s larch,fall fertilization resulted in 26.3%and 34.54%more N in stem and roots,respectively,than controls;(3)the three main amino acids in control and fertilization treatments in Prince Rupprecht’s larch seedlings were glutamine,arginine and proline,and in Chinese pine seedlings were glutamine,arginine andγ-amino butyric acid;(4)total amino acid contents were not signifi cantly increased by fall fertilization,but glutamine in Chinese pine and Prince Rupprecht’s larch increased by 64.2%and 35.2%,respectively.Aboveground biomass of Prince Rupprecht’s larch had higher proline contents than Chinese pine,which suggests that the stress resistance of the aboveground tissue may be higher for Prince Rupprecht’s larch.The results indicate that diff erent plant organs with various response are well adapted to nitrogen loading for nutrient storage in evergreen and deciduous conifer seedlings.
文摘In this study,three different ages of Larix principis-rupprechtii forests in 5,10 and 20 years were selected as the research objects,and the changes in soil nutrient and soil enzyme activities in different growth stages were analyzed. The results showed that the contents of organic matter and available phosphorus in the soil of different growth stages showed a significant downward trend with the increase of soil depth.For different forest ages in the same soil layer,the soil available phosphorus content declined with the increase of the forest age. The organic matter content of 40-60 cm in 20 years of forest age was the lowest in July,which was 4. 17 g/kg,significantly lower than that in other soil layers. Besides,the soil available phosphorus content of 5 years of forest age reached the maximum in July,with an average of 4. 44 mg/kg,which was higher than the available phosphorus content in soil in May and September,but the difference between the three months was not significant. The changes in ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen content in soil with different forest ages were consistent with the changes in the soil depth,showing a downward trend. In the new leaf stage,the ammonium nitrogen content of the L. principis-rupprechtii forest land in5 years of age at 20-40 and 40-60 cm of the soil depth was 13. 47 and 9. 09 mg/kg,respectively,which was 46. 9% and 64. 2% lower than that at 0-20 cm( 25. 36 mg/kg) of the soil depth. The soil nitrate nitrogen content of 20 years of forest age was 19. 24 mg/kg,which was25. 8% lower than that of 10 years of forest age,showing significant difference( P < 0. 05). In addition,with the increase of the age of L. principis-rupprechtii,soil catalase( CAT),alkaline phosphatase( ALP) and urease( Ure) decreased,and the decline of ALP was slow,while CAT and Ure decreased significantly. In summary,it is concluded that the soil fertility of forest land declined with the increase of forest age on the basis of change trend of soil nutrient and soil enzyme activity in the surveyed forest age.
基金funding from National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31870387),China Scholarship Council.
文摘Background:Stem CO_(2) efflux(E_(S))plays a critical role in the carbon budget of forest ecosystems.Thinning is a core practice for sustainable management of plantations.It is therefore necessary and urgent to study the effect and mechanism of thinning intensity(TI)on E_(S).Methods:In this study,five TIs were applied in Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr 21-,25-,and 41-year-old stands in North China in 2010.Portable infrared gas analyzer(Li-8100 A)was used to measure ES and its association with environmental factors at monthly intervals from May to October in 2013 to 2015.In addition,nutrients,wood structure and nonstructural carbon(NSC)data were measured in August 2016.Results:The results show that ES increased with increasing TI.The maximum ES values occurred at a TI of 35%(3.29,4.57 and 2.98μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1))and were 1.54-,1.94-and 2.89-fold greater than the minimum E_(S) value in the CK stands(2.14,2.35 and 1.03μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1))in July for the 21-,25-and 41-year-old forests,respectively.The E_(S) of the trees in low-density stands was more sensitive to temperature than that of the trees in high-density stands.Soluble sugars(SS)and temperature are the main factors affecting ES.When the stand density is low enough as 41-year-old L.principis-rupprechtii forests with TI 35%,bark thickness(BT)and humidity should be considered in addition to air temperature(T_(a)),wood temperature(T_(w)),sapwood width(SW),nitrogen concentration(N)and SS in the evaluation of ES.If a change in stand density is ignored,the CO_(2) released from individual 21-,25-and 41-year-old trees could be underestimated by 168.89%,101.94% and 200.49%,respectively.CO_(2) release was estimated based on the stem equation in combination with the factors influencing ES for reference.Conclusions:We suggest that it is not sufficient to conventional models which quantify ES only by temperature and that incorporating the associated drivers(e.g.density,SS,SW and N)based on stand density into conventional models can improve the accuracy of ES estimates.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province,China(2010011041-1)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41271531).
文摘Prince Rupprecht’s larch(Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.),a deciduous conifer,widely grows in middle and high elevations of Northern China.Its natural distribution has sharply decreased and has become fragmented,which may have resulted in the loss of genetic variation.In this study,ten natural populations across the entire range of this species were analyzed using amplifi ed fragment length polymorphism markers.A total of 309 loci were detected from 225 individuals of these populations,of which 261(84.5%)were polymorphic.At the species level,the genetic diversity was high(average of the Nei’s genetic diversity H e=0.2602,and Shannon’s information index I=0.3967).The results of molecular variance analysis showed that 90.71%of the genetic diversity occurred within populations.The genetic diff erentiation among populations was moderate as a whole(F ST=0.0929,G ST=0.1510),which is consistent with the moderate level of gene fl ow among populations(N m=2.8116).Based on the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean and STRU CTU RE analysis,these populations were grouped into three genetically distinct clusters.The degree of inter-population diff erentiation(G ST=0.1338)for the south group was larger than that for the north group(G ST=0.0915).There was a signifi cant correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance across the species range(r=0.316,P<0.05).Genetic diversity was signifi-cantly associated with longitude but not elevation or climatic factors.The populations with high genetic diversity from each cluster are therefore recommended for future conservation and management of this species.
文摘The rootsystem structural characteristics of annual seedlings of Pinus koraiensis, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, Larix olgensis and Picea koraiensis were studied with the method of excavation at the nursery of Maoershan Experimental station in the Antumn of 1992. The results showed that there were large differences in some ways, such as their root quantities,distributive depth and dense layers of root systems,etc.
文摘物候是气候变化敏感指标,是陆地生态系统模型的关键参数。目前关于气候变化对物候影响的研究较多,但关于多环境因子交互作用对秋季物候影响的研究尚不充分,制约着物候变化机制的认知与模型发展。以兴安落叶松幼苗叶黄期为研究对象,采用控制实验研究叶黄期对升温、光周期和氮添加变化及其交互作用的响应。结果表明:(1)升温对兴安落叶松幼苗叶黄期的影响较显著,升温使叶黄始期和叶黄普期显著提前,完全变色期不显著推迟;(2)光周期变化对叶黄期的影响极显著,光周期延长使叶黄始期和叶黄普期显著提前,完全变色期显著推迟;(3)叶黄期与氮添加量相关性不显著;(4)升温、光周期和氮添加变化双因子交互作用对叶黄始期和叶黄普期的影响均极显著且均存在极值,但对完全变色期的影响均不显著:升温与光周期延长交互作用使叶黄始期和叶黄普期提前,且在升温1.5℃、光周期14h时最显著;光周期延长与氮添加交互作用使叶黄始期和叶黄普期提前,且在施低氮(5g N m^(-2) a^(-1))、光周期10h时最显著;升温与氮添加交互作用使叶黄始期和叶黄普期提前,且在施高氮(20g N m^(-2) a^(-1))、升温1.5℃时最显著;(5)升温、光周期和氮添加变化交互作用对叶黄始期和叶黄普期影响极显著,对完全变色期的影响不显著。这表明,升温、光周期延长和氮添加将延长兴安落叶松幼苗叶黄期,从而增加兴安落叶松幼苗的固碳时间。研究结果可为物候模型发展以及森林生态系统碳估算提供依据。
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42161144008U21A2005+3 种基金U20A2085)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF08018042022YFF08018032022YFF1300404)。
文摘Extreme climate has increasingly led to negative impacts on forest ecosystems globally,especially in semiarid areas where forest ecosystems are more vulnerable.However,it is poorly understood how tree growth is affected by different drought events.In 2006–2009,the larch plantations in the semiarid areas of Northwest China were negatively affected by four consecutive dry years,which was a very rare phenomenon that may occur frequently under future climate warming.In this study,we analyzed the effect of these consecutive dry years on tree growth based on the data of the tree rings in the dominant layer of the forest canopy on a larch plantation.We found that the tree-ring width index(RWI)in dry years was lower than that in normal years,and it experienced a rapidly decreasing trend from 2006 to 2009(slope=-0.139 year^(-1),r=-0.94)due to water supply deficits in those dry years.Drought induced legacy effects of tree growth reduction,and consecutive dry years corresponded with greater growth reductions and legacy effects.Growth reductions and legacy effects were significantly stronger in the third and fourth consecutive dry years than that of single dry year(p<0.05),which might have been due to the cumulative stress caused by consecutive dry years.Our results showed that larch trees experienced greater tree growth reduction due to consecutive dry years and their legacy effect,and the trees had lower recovery rates after consecutive dry years.Our results highlight that consecutive dry years pose a new threat to plantations under climate warming,and thus,the effect of climate extremes on tree growth should be considered in growth models in semiarid areas.
文摘Larix olgensis is a major reforestation species in areas of the northeast part of China. Rooted cutting for vegetativepropagation on this Larch has been carried out since 1990 and later the bulk method of hardwood cutting propagation alsohas bcen studied. The result is as follows: (1) Cuttings from physiologically juvenile trees are easy to root. and develop bet-ter roots. In addition. there are many methods to enhance the cuttings rooting. (2) The good time. for seedling transplantingis in the middle of August. ’Treatments with plant hormones and rare-earth compounds can improve the seedling survivalrate. and the survival rate of the seedlings soaked in chelate rare-earth molybdenum compound (300×10-6) for 3 hoursreached 94.00% 19.49% higher than that of the control. (3) Methods of maintaining juvenility such as hedging. is essentialto further developments for operational planting of vegetative propagates. Hedges in 5 years old can prodace 91 .75 shootsper tree- cxceeding the control to 1 52.2%..
文摘Experiments on spaying Penzhangjing on seedlings ofLarix leptolepis was conducted for a year. The height growth and diameter at foot of experimental seedlings increased by 34.3% and 35.5%, respectively, compared with control seedlings. Variance analysis concludes that Penzhangjing have obvious effect on growth of height and diameter at foot of seedlings.