Effect of laser focus in two-color synthesized waveform on generation of soft x-ray high harmonics

Synthesis of multi-color laser pulses has been developed as a promising way to improve low conversion efficiency of high-order harmonic generation(HHG). Here we systematically study the effect of laser focus in a two-color waveform on generation of macroscopic HHG in soft x-rays. We find that the dependence of HHG yields on laser focus at low or high gas pressure is sensitive to the characteristics of single-atom harmonic response, in which “short”-or “long”-trajectory emissions can be selectively controlled by changing the waveform of two-color synthesized laser pulse. We uncover the phase-matching mechanism of HHG in the gas medium by examining the propagation of the two-color waveform and the evolution of time-frequency emissions of high-harmonic field. We further reveal that the nonlinear effects, such as geometric phase, atomic dispersion, and plasma defocusing, are responsible for modification of two-color waveform upon propagation. This work can be used to find better macroscopic conditions for generating soft x-ray HHG by employing two-color optimized waveforms.

Spectra-assisted laser focusing in quantitative analysis of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for copper alloys

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS)is a capable technique for elementary analysis,while LIBS quantitation is still under development.In quantitation,precise laser focusing plays an important role because it ensures the distance between the laser and samples.In the present work,we employed spectral intensity as a direct way to assist laser focusing in LIBS quantitation for copper alloys.It is found that both the air emission and the copper line could be used to determine the position of the sample surface by referencing the intensity maximum.Nevertheless,the fine quantitation was only realized at the position where the air emission(e.g.O(I)777.4 nm)reached intensity maximum,and also in this way,a repeatable quantitation was successfully achieved even after 120 days.The results suggested that the LIBS quantitation was highly dependent on the focusing position of the laser,and spectra-assisted focusing could be a simple way to find the identical condition for different samples’detection.In the future,this method might be applicable in field measurements for LIBS analysis of solids.

Optimization of laser focused atomic deposition by channeling

Laser focused atomic deposition is a unique and effective way to fabricate highly accurate pitch standards in nanometrology.However,the stability and repeatability of the atom lithography fabrication process remains a challenging problem for massive production.Based on the atom-light interaction theory,channeling is utilized to improve the stability and repeatability.From the comparison of three kinds of atom-light interaction models,the optimal parameters for channeling are obtained based on simulation.According to the experimental observations,the peak to valley height of Cr nano-gratings keeps stable when the cutting proportion changes from 15%to 50%,which means that the channeling shows up under this condition.The channeling proves to be an effective method to optimize the stability and repeatability of laser focused Cr atomic deposition.

Collision off-axis position dependence of relativistic nonlinear Thomson inverse scattering of an excited electron in a tightly focused circular polarized laser pulse

This paper presents a novel view of the impact of electron collision off-axis positions on the dynamic properties and relativistic nonlinear Thomson inverse scattering of excited electrons within tightly focused, circularly polarized laser pulses of varying intensities. We examine the effects of the transverse ponderomotive force, specifically how the deviation angle and speed of electron motion are affected by the initial off-axis position of the electron and the peak amplitude of the laser pulse. When the laser pulse intensity is low, an increase in the electron's initial off-axis distance results in reduced spatial radiation power, improved collimation, super-continuum phenomena generation, red-shifting of the spectrum's harmonic peak, and significant symmetry in the radiation radial direction. However, in contradiction to conventional understandings,when the laser pulse intensity is relatively high, the properties of the relativistic nonlinear Thomson inverse scattering of the electron deviate from the central axis, changing direction in opposition to the aforementioned effects. After reaching a peak, these properties then shift again, aligning with the previous direction. The complex interplay of these effects suggests a greater nuance and intricacy in the relationship between laser pulse intensity, electron position, and scattering properties than previously thought.

Laser parameters affecting the asymmetric radiation of the electron in tightly focused intense laser pulses

The nonlinear radiation of the electron is a distinctive feature of the action of tightly focused linearly polarized lasers.In this paper,from the perspective of radiation symmetry,the effect of laser parameters on the electron radiation power in the time domain is studied systematically.An asymmetric bimodal structure is found in the time domain in the direction of the maximum radiation.For this special structure,an explanation is given based on the electron dynamics perspective.The structure is compared with the symmetric bimodal structure in the classical theory.The increase in laser intensity,while significantly increasing the radiated power of the electron,exacerbates the asymmetry of the electron radiation.The variation in the initial phase of the laser leads to a periodic variation in the electron motion,which results in a periodic extension of the electron spatial radiation with a period ofπ.Moreover,the existence of jump points with a phase difference ofπin the range of 0-2πis found.The increase in pulse width reduces the radiated power,extends the radiation range,and alleviates the radiation asymmetry.The results in this paper contribute to the study of electron radiation characteristics in intense laser fields.

Plasma density transition-based electron injection in laser wake field acceleration driven by a flying focus laser

By using a high-intensity flying focus laser,the dephasingless[Phys.Rev.Lett.124134802(2020)]or phase-locked[Nat.Photon.14475(2020)]laser wakefield acceleration(LWFA)can be realized,which may overcome issues of laser diffraction,pump depletion,and electron dephasing which are always suffered in usual LWFA.The scheme thus has the potentiality to accelerate electrons to Te V energy in a single acceleration stage.However,the controlled electron injection has not been self-consistently included in such schemes.Only external injection was suggested in previous theoretical studies,which requires other accelerators and is relatively difficulty to operate.Here,we numerically study the actively controlled density transition injection in phase-locked LWFA to get appropriate density profiles for amount of electron injection.The study shows that compared with LWFA driven by lasers with fixed focus,a larger plasma density gradient is necessary.Electrons experience both transverse and longitudinal loss during acceleration due to the superluminal group velocity of the driver and the variation of the wakefield structure.Furthermore,the periodic deformation and fracture of the flying focus laser in the high-density plasma plateau make the final injected charge also depend on the beginning position of the density downramp.Our studies show a possible way for amount of electron injection in LWFA driven by flying focus lasers.

Broadening of Cr nanostructures in laser-focused atomic deposition

This paper presents the experimental progress of laser-focused Cr atomic deposition and the experimental condition. The result is an accurate array of lines with a periodicity of 212.8±0.2 nm and mean full-width at half maximum as approximately 95 nm. Surface growth in laser-focused Cr atomic deposition is modeled and studied by kinetic Monte Carlo simulation including two events： the one is that atom trajectories in laser standing wave are simulated with the semiclassical equations of motion to obtain the deposition position; the other is that adatom diffuses by considering two major diffusion processes, namely, terrace diffusion and step-edge descending. Comparing with experimental results （Anderson W R, Bradley C C, McClelland J J and Celotta R J 1999 Phys. Rev. A 59 2476）, it finds that the simulated trend of dependence on feature width is in agreement with the power of standing wave, the other two simulated trends are the same in the initial stage. These results demonstrate that some surface diffusion processes play important role in feature width broadening. Numerical result also shows that high incoming beam flux of atoms deposited redounds to decrease the distance between adatoms which can diffuse to minimize the feature width and enhance the contrast.

2D hydrodynamic simulation of a line-focused plasma in Ni-like Ag x-ray laser research

In most collisional schemes of x-ray laser （XRL） experiments, a bow-like intensity distribution of XRL is often observed, and it is generally ascribed to the two-dimensional hydrodynamic behaviour of expanding plasma. In order to better understand its essence in physics, a newly developed two-dimensional non-equilibrium radiation hydrodynamic code XRL2D is used to simulate a quasi-steady state Ni-like Ag XRL experiment on ShenGuang-Ⅱfacility. The simulation results show that the bow-like distribution of Ni-like ions caused by over-ionization in the central area of plasma is responsible for the bow-like shape of the XRL intensity distribution observed.

Investigation on the hydrodynamics of slab x-ray laser plasma by nonuiform line focused laser irradiation

Based on the two-dimensional model, this paper compares the hydrodynamics of slab x-ray laser plasma produced by different nonuniform line focused irradiations. It finds that the average intensity and the duration of laser pulse and the overall shape of the intensity distribution in the focal line have different influences on the plasma. Calculations show that the evolution of temperature variation is more sensitive to the pulse duration and the electron density variation is more sensitive to the pulse intensity. Pulses with duration of 200 ps to 500 ps and with intensity of 0.2 TW/cm2 to 1.0 TW/cm2 are proved acceptable in slab x-ray lasers.

Velocity Measurement of Induced Flow by a Laser Focusing Shock Wave

这研究的目的是在一条微隧道为控制使用冲击波。冲击波被在隧道搏动的激光横梁集中的激光产生。使用脉搏激光产生一个冲击波，非静止的流动在在平行盘子之间的小空间被导致。球形、圆柱的吃惊繁殖与 schlieren 方法被观察。吃惊马赫数字与时间减少并且来临到统一。是在以前的调查报导了，吃惊速度在一个短远处和时间被稀释。在现在的实验，它没处于在球形、圆柱的吃惊实验之间的吃惊速度被发现显著差别。随后，圆柱的冲击波导致的流动用 PIV 技术被学习。烟 tracer 在实验被使用，它的速度在 100 渭 s 以内被测量。数字模拟被执行调查在气体和烟粒子之间的动量松驰。一个合适的吃惊开始模型在模拟被介绍。试验性的结果证明一个宽加速和减速地区在冲击波后面存在。另外，在试验性的数据的松驰距离在数字模拟比那长得多。关键词微强风的波浪 - 激光集中 - 流动可视化 - PIV CLC 数字

Characteristics of Self-Focusing Dueto the Pondermotive Forcein Laser-Plasma Interaction

The Max’s equation of self-focusing in laser-plasma interaction due to the pondermotive force has been discussed and its physical meaning of the assumption has been predicted. The characteristics of selffocusing due to the pondermotive force with different initial situations have been analyzed through the numerical calculation.

Semiclassical investigation of Coulomb focusing effects in atomic above-threshold ionization with elliptically polarized laser fields

We investigate atomic above-threshold ionization in elliptically polarized strong laser fields with a semiclassical approach.With increasing laser intensity,the Coulomb focusing（CF） effects are found to become stronger in both parallel and perpendicular directions with respect to the polarization plane.The dependence of CF effects on tunnel exit,initial transverse momentum distribution and laser electric field is analyzed.It was revealed that the effects of tunnel exit are most prominent with variation of the laser intensity,and the other two factors both play non-negligible roles.Our results provide a deeper insight to the recent experiments of Coulomb asymmetry[Shafir D,et al.,2013 Phys.Rev.Lett.111 023005 and Li M,et al,2013 Phys.Rev.Lett.111 023006].

激光多普勒测振仪中光学天线的优化设计与测试

传统的激光测振仪多使用氦氖激光器,不满足人眼安全条件,在户外容易受到太阳光干扰。其使用的光学天线大多数仅能工作于氦氖激光器的辐射波段,同时存在结构复杂、成本较高、收集效率低、工作距离较短等不足。为了解决以上问题,基于近红外波段透镜组的扩束和聚焦原理,以Zemax作为设计工具,以点列图和波前图为主要分析手段,设计并制作了一款可工作于1550 nm的三片式收发一体光学天线,结构简单,成本低。分析结果显示:在0.3~15.0 m的工作距离范围内均可获得直径小于2 mm的聚焦光斑;测试结果显示其最大收集效率可达到51.6%。同时,将该光学天线应用于自主设计搭建的激光多普勒测振仪中,实现了不同工作距离下的振动测量,有效扩展了激光测振仪的应用范围和应用场景,在机械、航空、建筑、医学、农学等领域有很大的应用潜力。

基于柱面聚焦透镜的激光诱导击穿光谱特性研究

由于高斯脉冲激光束强度分布不均匀,导致传统激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)系统光谱信号稳定性差,且对微量元素检测灵敏度较低。为了提高LIBS技术的分析性能,本研究采用球面透镜和柱面透镜相结合的方法对激光束进行聚焦,激发合金钢样品产生等离子体。研究结果表明通过在实验系统中加入柱面聚焦透镜形成了更均匀的烧蚀坑形貌,一定程度上规避了传统系统中高斯光束激发所形成的“尖锥形”烧蚀坑对光谱信号的不利影响,获得了更加稳定的等离子体辐射光谱,特征谱线强度和背景强度信号稳定性分别提高了24.7%~36.67%和43.75%~57.7%,等离子体温度和电子密度的稳定性提高了~10%。进一步采用内标法对合金钢中的Mn、Cr、Ni三种微量元素进行了定量分析,结果表明采用柱面透镜聚焦提高了元素的检测灵敏度,元素的检出限(LOD)降低了1.15~3.01倍。

鞘气辅助空气动力学透镜聚焦的干法气溶胶喷印实验研究

针对气溶胶喷印技术中油墨存储条件苛刻和溶剂、表面活性剂去除等问题,提出了一种鞘气辅助空气动力学透镜聚焦的纳米粉末气溶胶喷印装置,建立了气溶胶喷印系统,探究了喷印速度、鞘气/载气体积流量比值对系统喷印效率、线条形貌的影响。通过激光烧结实验及电化学性能测试实验,分析了激光处理对气溶胶喷印线条电阻率、微观形貌、氧化程度的影响。实验结果表明:当喷印速度为19.20 mm/min、鞘气/载气体积流量比值为2.65时,获得了最小宽度为56.52μm的喷印线条;激光处理后,喷印线条中的纳米银粉末颗粒融化团聚并形成丝状物互相黏结,显著降低喷印线条的电阻率。

Numerical Investigation of the Plasma Formation in Distilled Water by Nd-YAG Laser Pulses of Different Duration

Water breakdown studies by Nd-YAG laser pulses of duration 100 fs, 30 ps and 6 ns at wavelength 1064 nm are pre- formed to investigate the physical mechanisms which couple the laser energy into the medium. Calculations are carried out applying a modified kinetic model of water breakdown previously developed by Kennedy (1995) to investigate the correlation between threshold intensity of breakdown and laser pulse length. The modifications considered the introduction of diffusion and recombination loss processes which might take place under the experimental conditions applied in these calculations. The validity of the model is tested by comparing the calculated threshold intensities and the experimentally measured ones where good agreement is shown. The study of the time evolution of the electron density clarifies the correlation between the pulse length and dominant ionization mechanism. The analysis of the spatial distribution of the electron density along the radial and axial distances of the focal spot showed that the size of the formed plasma increases with the increase of the pulse length. On the other hand, studies of self-focusing effect illustrated that under the investigated experimental conditions the effect of this process has an effective contribution only at laser pulses of the order of femtosecond scale when the laser beam is focused by a lens of a focal length ≥8.0 cm. This result in turns assures that using femtosecond pulses in ophthalmic microsurgery could be a safe tool from the retinal damage.

Tight focus of a radially polarized and amplitudemodulated annular multi-Gaussian beam

The focusing of a radially polarized beam without annular apodization ora phase filter at the entrance pupil of the objective results in a wide focus and low purity of the longitudinally polarized component. However, the presence of a physical annular apodization or phase filter makes some applications more difficult or even impossible. We propose a radially polarized and amplitude-modulated annular multi-Gaussian beam mode. Numerical simulation shows that it can be focused into a sharper focal spot of 0.125λ2 without additional apodizations or filters. The beam quality describing the purity of longitudinally polarized component is up to 86%.

面部皮肤松弛的光电声治疗进展

皮肤松弛是衰老的主要表现之一,如何改善面部皮肤松弛并保持年轻化已成为了目前皮肤科医师最为关注的课题之一。改善皮肤松弛的方法也从以前的传统手术逐渐倾向于更加安全、停工期短的治疗方法,因此以能量为基础的设备如激光、射频、聚焦超声等应运而生,在临床治疗中发挥了重要作用。

Nonlinear images of scatterers in chirped pulsed laser beams

The bandwidth and the duration of incident pulsed beam are proved to play important roles in modifying the nonlinear image of amplitude-type scatterer. It is found that the initially positive chirp-type bandwidth can suppress the nonlinear image, while the negative one can enhance it, and that both effects are inversely proportional to the incident pulse duration. Numerical simulations further demonstrate that the location of nonlinear image is at the conjugate plane of the scatterer and that, for negatively pre-chirped pulsed beam, the nonlinear image peak intensity can be higher than that in the corresponding monochromatic case under certain conditions. Moreover the effect of group velocity dispersion on nonlinear image is found to be similar to that of chirp-type bandwidth.