Influence of post-weld heat treatment on the microstructure and hardness of laser weld seams on hot-rolled TRIP 800 steel

The transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steels effect occurs because of the martensitic transformation of retained austenite during plastic deformation,and it provides the steel with excellent strength and ductility.While welding remains a vital part of auto body manufacturing,the weldability of TRIP steels is problematic,and this prevents its adoption for many applications in the automotive industry.This present work studies the effects of welding and post-weld heat treatment on the microstructure of TRIP steels.It is found that the microstructures of the fusion zone and the heat affected zone (HAZ) are changed after high-temperature heat treatment.Hardness tests revealed that fusion zone hardness decreased with increasing of temperatures in the post-weld heat treatment on the laser weld seam.The rolling performance of the welding seam and the seam of post-weld heat treatment were also studied.

Effects of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Hardness of Laser Clad NiWCRE Alloy Layer

The effects of heat treatment on tnicrostructure and hardness of laser surface-clad Ni2 !+20%WC+0.5%CeO2 on the heat-resistant cast iron were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction(XRD), transmission electron microscope(TEM) and microhardness test. The experimental results showed that heat-treating at 500’C has no effect on microstructure and hardness of the layers. Although the phase composition of the layers heat-treated at 700°C and 800°C remain unchanged, more Ni3B and N14B3 phases are precipitated on the matrix of the cladding layer, the metastable phase—M7C3 is transformed into steady phase—M23C6, and the precipitated phases coarsened.

Hardness Profile Prediction for a 4340 Steel Spline Shaft Heat Treated by Laser Using a 3D Modeling and Experimental Validation

Laser surface transformation hardening becomes one of the most effective processes used to improve wear and fatigue resistance of mechanical parts. In this process, the material physicochemical properties and the heating system parameters have significant effects on the characteristics of the hardened surface. To appropriately exploit the benefits presented by the laser surface hardening, it is necessary to develop a comprehensive strategy to control the process variables in order to produce desired hardened surface attributes without being forced to use the traditional and fastidious trial and error procedures. The paper presents a study of hardness profile predictive modeling and experimental validation for spline shafts using a 3D model. The proposed approach is based on thermal and metallurgical simulations, experimental investigations and statistical analysis to build the prediction model. The simulation of the hardening process is carried out using 3D finite element model on commercial software. The model is used to estimate the temperature distribution and the hardness profile attributes for various hardening parameters, such as laser power, shaft rotation speed and scanning speed. The experimental calibration and validation of the model are performed on a 3 kW Nd:Yag laser system using a structured experimental design and confirmed statistical analysis tools. The results reveal that the model can provide not only a consistent and accurate prediction of temperature distribution and hardness profile characteristics under variable hardening parameters and conditions but also a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of process parameters effects. The modelling results show a great concordance between predicted and measured values for the dimensions of hardened zones.

Single Track Laser Surface Hardening Model for AISI 4340 Steel Using the Finite Element Method

Laser surface hardening becomes one of the most effective techniques used to enhance wear and fatigue resistance of mechanical parts. The characteristics of the hardened surface depend on the physicochemical properties of the material as well as the heating system parameters. To adequately exploit the benefits presented by the laser heating method, it is necessary to develop a comprehensive strategy to control the process parameters in order to produce desired hardened surface attributes without being forced to use the traditional and fastidious trial and error procedures. This study presents a comprehensive approach used to build a simplified model for predicting the hardness profile. A finite element method based prediction model for AISI 4340 steel is investigated. A circular shape with a Gaussian distribution is used for modeling the laser heat source. COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS software is used to solve the heat transfer equations, estimate the temperature distribution in the part and consequently predict the hardness profile. A commercial 3 kW Nd:Yag laser system is combined to a structured experimental design and confirmed statistical analysis tools for conducting the experimental calibration and validation of the model. The results reveal that the model can effectively lead to a consistent and accurate prediction of the hardness profile characteristics under variable hardening parameters and conditions. The results show great concordance between predicted and measured values for the dimensions of hardened and melted zones.

Effective femtosecond laser shock peening on a Mg-3Gd alloy at low pulse energy 430 μJ of 1 kHz

In this paper,microstructure evolution and hardness of Mg-3 Gd alloy treated by femtosecond(fs)laser shock peening(LSP)with direct and confined ablation m odes were investigated in detail.Under a relatively low pulse energy of 430μJ with a repetition of 1 kHz,the surface hardness of sample has been enhanced by 70%effectively.Comp a r e d with ns-LSP with pulse fluence of 71.7J/cm2,fs-LSP with pulse fluence of 34.2 J/cm2 is superior in the hardness increment,both of which are in the same order of magnitude.A distinct grain refinement of surface layer has been discovered and results in the increase of hardness.Nonuse of absorption and confining layers and the employment of the industry commercial fs laser with high repetition can inspire big potential L S P application in special metal material.©2019 Published by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Chongqing University.

Effects of Laser Hardening Process Parameters on Case Depth of 4340 Steel Cylindrical Specimen—A Statistical Analysis

Laser heat treatment is considered to be one of best-performing manufacturing processes used currently due to its flexibility and its ability to develop parts with complex geometries. In fact, this process is able to produce reliable parts with hard, thin martensite and compressive residual stresses. This paper explores the heat treatment applied to 4340 cylindrical parts heated using a Nd: Yag 3 kW laser source. In this case, the hardness profile is correlated to process parameters such as the laser source power, the beam scanning speed and the revolution speed of the part during heating. Based on preliminary tests stipulating that each parameter is varied alone within a specific range, a systematic design of final tests is performed using Taguchi matrix. The obtained results are analyzed using ANOVA method to extract the effects, the contributions and the interaction between the factors. The results are then exploited to study the sensitivity of the case depth according the variation of the process parameters. The developed model exhibits good potential for converging towards a robust model able to predict the hardness curve and to generalize it for other dimensions of cylindrical parts.

A Predictive Modeling Based on Regression and Artificial Neural Network Analysis of Laser Transformation Hardening for Cylindrical Steel Workpieces

Laser surface hardening is a very promising hardening process for ferrous alloys where transformations occur during cooling after laser heating in the solid state. The characteristics of the hardened surface depend on the physicochemical properties of the material as well as the heating system parameters. To exploit the benefits presented by the laser hardening process, it is necessary to develop an integrated strategy to control the process parameters in order to produce desired hardened surface attributes without being forced to use the traditional and fastidious trial and error procedures. This study presents a comprehensive modelling approach for predicting the hardened surface physical and geometrical attributes. The laser surface transformation hardening of cylindrical AISI 4340 steel workpieces is modeled using the conventional regression equation method as well as artificial neural network method. The process parameters included in the study are laser power, beam scanning speed, and the workpiece rotational speed. The upper and the lower limits for each parameter are chosen considering the start of the transformation hardening and the maximum hardened zone without surface melting. The resulting models are able to predict the depths representing the maximum hardness zone, the hardness drop zone, and the overheated zone without martensite transformation. Because of its ability to model highly nonlinear problems, the ANN based model presents the best modelling results and can predict the hardness profile with good accuracy.

A Comparison of Laser Cladding Ni-based Coating on an Aluminium Alloy with CO_2 Laser and Nd: YAG Laser

In this paper, a plasma sprayed coating (Ni Cr B Si) on an Al Si alloy surface was melted by a CO 2 laser and a Nd:YAG laser respectively. The difference on the outline of the melted zone, chemical composition and hardness distribution of the laser melted zones were investigated. Experimental results showed that samples treated by the Nd:YAG laser have a better cladding tendency, more uniform chemical composition and microhardness distribution. Samples treated by the CO 2 laser have larger compositional segregation and poorer microhardness distribution.

H13热作模具钢表面强化层耐磨性能研究进展

H13钢被广泛用于铝合金、镁合金等金属的热挤压模和压铸模,服役环境恶劣,常规处理淬、回火后,耐磨性严重不足,易导致热疲劳裂纹的产生,从而影响模具使用寿命和产品质量。对H13热作模具钢表面进行强化是提高耐磨性及服役寿命的有效手段。综述了国内外关于H13热作模具钢表面强化的研究现状及进展,并对H13模具钢表面改性技术发展方向做出展望。

一种新型增材制造FeCoNi中熵合金的时效硬化行为

采用激光选区熔化(SLM)增材制造技术制备了一种新型FeCoNi中熵合金,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM),研究热处理对合金微观组织与硬度的影响规律,揭示SLM中熵合金的强化机理。结果表明,沉积态合金致密度为99.9%以上,平均晶粒尺寸为2.2μm,组织为单相BCC结构,硬度为32.6 HRC。经过470℃热处理后,在晶界和晶内析出双尺寸的Ni3Fe金属间化合物,硬度大幅增加到47.6 HRC。随着热处理温度的进一步增加,合金中生成了粗大的FCC软化相,且FCC相的含量随热处理温度的升高逐渐增多,700℃热处理后FCC相含量达到36%,合金的硬度降低至36.3 HRC。因此,热处理过程中析出富Ni金属间纳米相是提升FeCoNi中熵合金性能的主要原因之一。

熔体超声处理对Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金微观组织和硬度的影响

利用超声波处理Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金熔体,研究了熔体超声处理对其微观组织和硬度的影响。结果表明,相较于未超声处理的铸态合金,熔体超声处理90 s和180 s所得铸态合金硬度分别提升了12.7%和11.2%。熔体超声处理降低了合金成分偏析,加快200℃/2 h时效过程中Ω相的析出。定量分析结果表明:熔体超声处理虽然能减小铸态合金的晶粒尺寸,但细晶强化效果有限;固溶强化和析出强化分别提高了铸态和T6态合金的硬度。

Homogenization heat treatment for an additively manufactured precipitation-hardening high-entropy alloy

A precipitation-hardening high-entropy alloy(HEA),(FeCoNi)_(86)Al_(7) Ti_(7),was successfully fabricated using selective laser melting(SLM).Severe segregation of Ti occurred at the boundaries of dislocation cells.Therefore,homogenization heat treatment at 1150℃for 0.5 h was performed to alleviate the microsegregation.After homogenization,almost no dislocation cells were left in the grains,and recrystallization occurred as the average grain size increased from 37 to 54μm.Compared with the initial as-built HEA,the ductility of the HEA increases significantly from 29%to 40%,and the strength decreases slightly from 710 to 606 MPa.For further aging,pre-homogenization can decrease the precipitation of ordered L2_(1) phases.Because void has a high propensity to initiate from the matrix/L2_(1) incoherent interface,pre-homogenization reduced the number of weak points,thus considerably improving the plastic deformation ability of the aged HEA by 36%.In addition,the strengthening mechanism has also been analyzed for the aged HEA.It was revealed that the coherent L1_(2)precipitate contributed the most to the increased strength.

挤压模材料热处理及表面强化处理

综合了现有的理论研究和实践经验,就挤压模材料的热处理及表面强化处理进行了深入探讨。首先介绍了挤压模的作用和应用领域;然后详细阐述了热处理和表面强化处理的基本原理、方法和影响因素;最后,结合实际案例,分析了不同处理工艺对挤压模性能的影响,并提出了未来研究的方向和建议。

农机用65Mn钢激光表面处理后的组织与性能

研究了农机用65Mn钢激光相变和激光熔凝处理后的显微组织和显微硬度。结果表明，显微组织由表面相变（熔凝）硬化区、过渡区和基体组成，硬化区是超细针状马氏体，显微硬度达HV900～1000。激光相变多道搭接扫描后在搭接区有明显的回火软化现象。

退火温度对6201铝合金硬度的影响

对加工硬化态直径为9.5 mm的6201铝合金进行了1 h不同温度的退火处理。通过硬度分析、宏微观组织分析以及DSC分析等方法探讨了加工硬化、时效强化以及固溶强化机制在6201铝合金不同温度退火过程中的作用。研究结果表明：退火温度在100~200℃变化时,时效强化作用大于回复软化作用,6201铝合金的维氏硬度随温度升高而升高,在200℃达到最大值为112.4 HV0.2;退火温度在200~350℃变化时,在过时效软化及回复再结晶软化作用下,6201铝合金的维氏硬度随温度升高而降低,350℃达到最低值为40.8 HV0.2;退火温度在350~500℃变化时Mg2Si开始向铝基体回溶,在固溶强化主导作用下,合金的硬度值随退火温度的升高再次持续增加,在500℃时增至77.0 HV0.2。

热处理对激光金属成形DZ125L高温合金组织及硬度的影响

研究激光金属成形DZ125L高温合金的组织,其形成的非平衡组织致密,一次枝晶间距约5μm;生成的过饱和固溶体抑制γ′相析出,且晶界析出点状不连续MC碳化物。这无法满足高温合金直接使用要求,需进行必要热处理。因此研究了5种热处理状态下的组织和显微硬度,结果表明均匀化和固溶处理十分必要,但需严格控制时间;时效处理时间可以适当减少。经过热处理试样的硬度比未经过过热处理试样硬度低,主要原因是激光金属成形组织细密,晶界析出大量强化相MC碳化物。

镀层激光处理的研究现状

综述了激光技术与电镀和化学镀两种表面工程技术结合而产生的新领域的研究现状。根据激光处理介入沉积过程的阶段不同,可分为镀前、镀中和镀后激光处理。其中镀后处理又根据镀层与基材结合的情况不同分成激光合金化、激光熔覆和激光热处理。

碳钢表面渗硼和激光热处理改性层的磨粒磨损性能和机理研究

采用固体渗硼与激光热处理复合工艺对 4 5 #钢试样进行表面改性 ,在 4 5 #钢表面得到完整的硼共晶层 ,采用扫描电子显微镜观察分析表面改性处理后的 4 5 #钢试样同 GCr15钢对摩时的磨损表面形貌 ,并考察了其磨损机理 .结果表明 ,经表面渗硼和激光热处理后 ,4 5 #钢表层形成共晶化组织 ,相应的硼共晶表面改性层具有适当的硬度和韧性 ,因而其抗磨粒磨损性能明显改善 ;表面改性处理后的 4 5 #钢试样同

不同工艺下马氏体不锈钢组织演变及其对表面光洁度和耐蚀性的影响(英文)

通过金相、SEM和TEM观察,表面粗糙度测试和电化学实验方法,对经过不同温度淬火和回火的国产Cr13型马氏体不锈钢的微观组织演变及其对材料硬度,表面光洁度和耐蚀性能的影响进行了分析研究。结果表明,马氏体是基体中的主要相,当回火温度为650℃时,铁素体变成基体中的主要相,随着回火温度的提高,不锈钢基体组织发生了由回火马氏体到回火索氏体的演变。回火后,材料的硬度降低,当回火温度达到650℃,材料硬度降至22 HRC,其表面光洁度大幅度降低。同时,回火材料的耐点蚀性能低于淬火态材料,且随着回火温度的提高,马氏体不锈钢的点蚀电位降低,并在500℃时达到最差。

激光强化半钢轧辊的实验研究与温度模拟

从实验角度分析了半钢轧辊表面经过激光相变硬化处理后的性能改善情况,着重讨论了改变工艺参数对激光淬火效果的影响.利用数值模拟的分析手段对轧辊在激光辐照之下经历的热循环过程作了详细描述,说明了辊面激光淬火的原理,对光斑附近区域的温度梯度分布作了分析,初步探讨了激光淬火裂纹形成的原因.