Fe-Zn supersaturated solid solution prepared by mechanical alloying and laser sintering to accelerate degradation

The slow degration of iron limits its bone implant application.The solid solution of Zn in Fe is expected to accelerate the degradation.In this work,mechanical alloying(MA)was used to prepare Fe-Zn powder with supersaturated solid solution.MA significantly decreased the lamellar spacing between particles,thus reducing the diffusion distance of solution atoms.Moreover,it caused a number of crystalline defects,which further promoted the solution diffusion.Subsequently,the MA-processed powder was consolidated into Fe-Zn part by laser sintering,which involved a partial melting/rapid solidification mechanism and retained the original supersaturated solid solution.Results proved that the Fe-Zn alloy became more susceptible with a lowered corrosion potential,and thereby an accelerated corrosion rate of(0.112±0.013)mm/year.Furthermore,it also exhibited favorable cell behavior.This work highlighted the advantage of MA combined with laser sintering for the preparation of Fe-Zn implant with improved degradation performance.

A comparison of the microstructure-dependent corrosion of dual-structured Mg-Li alloys fabricated by powder consolidation methods:Laser powder bed fusion vs pulse plasma sintering

In this study, powder metallurgy methods were used to fabricate Mg-7.5Li-3Al-Zn alloys from repowdered extruded alloys. Extruded alloys were powdered using ultrasonic atomization, and then laser powder bed fusion(LPBF) and pulse plasma sintering(PPS) were used to consolidate the bulk materials. A comparison of the properties of the fabricated alloys with those of a conventionally extruded one was carried out using methods that characterized the microstructure and corrosion resistance. When compared to their conventionally extruded counterpart, LPBF and PPS materials exhibited refined microstructures with low enrichment in Al Li and coarse Al, Zn, Mn precipitates. The main drawback of the LPBF alloy, printed for the needs of this study, was its porosity, which had a negative effect on its corrosion. The presence of unrecrystallized particle boundaries in the PPS alloy was also unbeneficial with regard to corrosion. The advantage of the LPBF and PPS processes was the ability to change the proportion of α(Mg) to β(Li), which when the complete consolidation of the material is achievable, may increase the corrosion resistance of dual-structured Mg-Li alloys. The results show that powder metallurgy routes have a wide potential to be used for the manufacture of Mg-Li based alloys.

Metal-ceramic Bond Mechanism of the Co-Cr Alloy Denture with Original Rough Surface Produced by Selective Laser Melting

The porcelain fracture caused by low metal-ceramic bond strength is a critical issue in porcelain fused to metal（PFM） restorations. Surface roughening methods, such as sand blasting, acid etching and alkaline degreasing for the metal matrix are used to increase bond strength. However, the metal matrix of PFM processed by selective laser melting（SLM） has natural rough surface. To explore the effect of the original roughness on metal-ceramic bond strength, two groups of specimen are fabricated by SLM. One group of specimen surface is polished smooth while another group remains the original rough surface. The dental porcelain is fused to the specimens＇ surfaces according to the ISO 9693：1999 standard. To gain the bond strength, a three-point bending test is carried out and X ray energy spectrum analysis（EDS）, scanning electron microscope（SEM） are used to show fracture mode. The results show that the mean bond strength is 116.5 16 MPa of the group with rough surface（Ra= 17.2）, and the fracture mode is cohesive. However, when the surface is smooth （Ra =3.8）, the mean bond strength is 74.5 MPa _＋ 5 MPa and the fracture mode is mixed. The original surface with prominent structures formed by the partly melted powder particles, not only increases surface roughness but also significantly improves the bond strength by forming strong mechanical lock effect. Statistical analysis （Student＇s t-test） demonstrates a significant difference （p〈0.05） of the mean value of bond strength between the two groups. The experiments indicate the natural rough surface can enhance the metal-ceramic bond strength to over four times the minimum value （25 MPa） of the ISO 9693：1999 standard. It is found that the natural rough surface of SLM-made PFM can eliminate the porcelain collapse defect produced by traditional casting method in PFM restorations.

Phase structure and electrochemical properties of laser sintered La_2MgNi_9 hydrogen storage electrode alloys

Phase structure and electrochemical properties of laser sintered La2MgNi9 alloys were studied. The sintered alloys contained a main phase, LaNi5, and a ternary La-Mg-Ni phase, with a PuNi3 structure and a small amount of LaMgNi4. The ternary La-Mg-Ni phase with a PuNi3 structure had the composition of La1.8Mg1.2Ni9 and La2MgNi9, for alloys laser sintered at 1000 and 1400 W, respectively. Owing to further reactions between LaNi5 and LaMgNi4, the amount of the PuNi3 phase increased for alloys sintered at 1400 W. Both alloys had good activation property （three charge/discharge cycles）. The discharge capacities of the sintered alloys were 321.8 and 344.8 mAh/g, respectively. Compared with the alloy laser sintered at 1000 W, the poor cyclic stability of the alloy sintered at 1400 W was mainly attributed to the lower corrosion resistance of the La2MgNi9 phase.

Phase component and microstructure of laser-sintered Mg-Ni alloys

The Mg-Ni hydrogen storage alloys were prepared using the laser sintering technology. The effects of laser sintering power on the phase component and the weight loss of Mg element for the Mg-Ni alloys were investigated. The samples P1, P2 and P3 consisted of five phases： Mg2Ni, MgNi2, Mg, Ni and MgO. The weight loss of Mg element remarkably increased at 1200 W. The addition of extra Mg significantly promoted the reaction between Mg and Ni. Mg2Ni, MgNi2, and a small amount of Ni and MgO phases were present in the samples PM （pestie milling） and BM （ball milling）. The sample PM has a homogeneous microstructure, and the contents of Mg2Ni and MgNi2 were approximately consistent with those of the Mg-Ni alloy under the equilibrium conditions. The maximum hydrogen storage capacity of the sample BM was 1.72 wt.% and the sample can be activated easily at 573 K （only 3 activation cycles）.

The Effect of Argon Inert Gas on the Laser Welding Quality of Co-Cr and Ni-Cr Base Metal Alloys

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of Argon inert gas on the laser welding quality of Co-Cr and Ni-Cr base metal alloys, which are widely used as Fixed Prosthodontics alloys in Dental Laboratories. A total of 36 specimens were manufactured (18 of Ni-Cr alloy and 18 of Co-Cr alloy). The specimens were then divided into 3 subgroups (6 specimens each): control;argon-welded;and non-Argon welded. The specimens were cut, laser welded, radiographed and finally tested under tensile strength testing, followed by examination using Scanning Electron Microscopy. The tensile strength of welded specimens was lower than the strength of non-welded specimens, however this difference was not found to be statistically significant. The material factor (Co-Cr alloy or Ni-Cr alloy) has a statistically significant effect on the tensile strength, while the presence or not of the inert gas, as well as the combination of the two factors do not have a statistically significant effect. The laser welding process applied in daily practice (separation of specimen, formation of two cones in contact, aggregation of two cones, filling of the remaining gap by welding) is considered satisfactory in terms of weld strength. The factor of the material, as an independent factor, affects the tensile strength to a statistically significant degree, in contrast to the factor of the presence of inert gas which does not affect to a statistically significant degree.

Microstructures and properties of Co-based alloy coatings prepared on surface of H13 steel

The Co-based alloy coatings had been prepared by laser cladding and vacuum fusion sintering. Microstructures of the coatings were investigated and the performance of thermal cycling was also tested using scanning electron microscopy （ SEM） and X-ray diffraction （ XRD ）. The results show that the coatings and substrates combine well. The main phase compositions of laser cladding coating are T-Co, Cr23 C6 and Ni2 9 Cro. 7 Feo. 36, while vacuum fusion sintering coating consists of Co, Cr7 C3, and Ni2.9 Cro. 7 Feo. 36. After thermal cycling, the minimum hot cracking width of laser cladding coating is 14 μm; moreover, laser cladding coating maintains high hardness and hot-cracking susceptibility. Those are beneficial to high temperature wear resistance of hot work dies.

Ultrashort-time liquid phase sintering of high-performance fine-grain tungsten heavy alloys by laser additive manufacturing

Liquid phase sintering(LPS)is a proven technique for preparing large-size tungsten heavy alloys(WHAs).However,for densification,this processing requires that the matrix of WHAs keeps melting for a long time,which simultaneously causes W grain coarsening that degenerates the performance.This work develops a novel ultrashort-time LPS method to form bulk high-performance fine-grain WHAs based on the principle of laser additive manufacturing(LAM).During LAM,the high-entropy alloy matrix(Al_(0.5)Cr_(0.9)FeNi_(2.5)V_(0.2))and W powders were fed simultaneously but only the matrix was melted by laser and most W particles remained solid,and the melted matrix rapidly solidified with laser moving away,producing an ultrashort-time LPS processing in the melt pool,i.e.,laser ultrashort-time liquid phase sintering(LULPS).The extreme short dwell time in liquid(-1/10,000 of conventional LPS)can effectively suppress W grain growth,obtaining a small size of 1/3 of the size in LPS WHAs.Meanwhile,strong convection in the melt pool of LULPS enables a nearly full densification in such a short sintering time.Compared with LPS WHAs,the LULPS fine-grain WHAs present a 42%higher yield strength,as well as an enhanced susceptibility to adiabatic shear banding(ASB)that is important for strong armor-piercing capability,indicating that LULPS can be a promising pathway for forming high-performance WHAs that surpass those prepared by conventional LPS.

激光烧结原位合成Cu-Al合金组织结构及性能研究

针对铜铝粉末坯体,以激光高能束为热源引发铝热放热反应,原位合成硬质增强相Al_(2)O_(3),烧结制备了Cu-Al合金,研究了铜铝成分配比对合金体系微观组织和性能的影响。结果表明,Cu-Al合金组织是由硬质增强相Al_(2)O_(3)和基体CuAl_(2)、AlCu_(4)、Al_(4)Cu_(9)等金属间化合物构成的多相结构;合金显微组织具有丰富的树枝晶,且随着铝含量增加,组织均匀细化程度提高;在一定范围内,增加铝含量有助于提高烧结产物致密性;当铜铝质量比为33.2∶66.8时,烧结产物的孔隙率最低(10.57%)、显微硬度值最高(373HV)、磨损性最佳(磨损率0.137 g/mm^(2))。

湿化学法W-Re合金制备与性能

本文研究Re添加量对W基材料W-xRe(x=3,5,10)的显微组织与性能的影响。结果表明,采用湿化学法结合氢气还原制备出相应Re含量还原粉体,通过放电等离子烧结制备出高致密度的W-Re合金块体。还原后粉体表面呈现细小珊瑚状形貌,粉体粒度约为400 nm,随着Re添加量的增加,烧结W-Re合金的显微维氏硬度呈现增加趋势。当激光热冲击的功率密度为0.48 GW/m^(2)时,材料表面仅出现粗糙化,比同实验条件下的纯W材料表现出更优异的抗热冲击损伤性能。

等离子体控制优化激光烧结Ni_(30)Cr_(25)Al_(15)Co_(15)Mo_(5)Ti_(5)Y_(5)高熵合金涂层的显微组织与性能

提出一种激光诱导等离子体的主动抑制方法,以优化Ni_(30)Cr_(25)Al_(15)Co_(15)Mo_(5)Ti_(5)Y_(5)高熵合金(HEA)涂层表面激光烧结(SLS)的晶体结构和摩擦学性能,该过程采用脉冲激光和不同保护气体。结果表明,无保护气体或He气氛下的电子温度(T_(e))和等离子体射流体积均高于Ar-He气氛下的。SLS过程中发生明显的相变和金属原子扩散,α-AlFe_(3)、α-AlNi和γ-AlFe_(2)Ni化合物沉淀形成冶金结合。等离子体通过逆韧致辐射(IB)吸收较低能量加强激光与HEA之间的相互作用,使涂层显微硬度增加,动态摩擦因数降低,这说明等离子体控制对激光增材制造存在重要影响。

Grain boundary character and stress corrosion cracking behavior of Co-Cr alloy fabricated by selective laser melting

In this work,we used the selective laser melting(SLM)fabricated Co-Cr alloy with prominent residual strain,extremely non-equilibrium microstructures,and low stacking fault energy as a precursor to fabricate materials with the optimal grain boundary character distribution.The grain boundary engineering(GBE)of the Co-Cr alloy was achieved by a simple heat treatment of the SLM-fabricated Co-Cr alloy.The obtained GBE Co-Cr alloy exhibited 81.47%of special grain boundaries(∑3^(n)n=1,2,3),while it substantially disrupted the connectivity of the random high-angle boundaries,successfully reducing the propensity of intergranular degradation.Slow strain rate tests(SSRTs)showed that the GBE Co-Cr alloy possessed lower stress corrosion cracking(SCC)susceptibility and higher ductility in the corrosive environment(0.9%Na Cl solution)than in the air.The high fraction of special boundaries,coupled with the stress-induced martensitic transformation(SIMT)in the GBE Co-Cr alloy yielded these results,which unique and rarely simultaneously satisfied for common structural materials.The current"SLM induced GBE strategy"offers a novel approach towards customized GBE materials with high SCC resistance and ductility in the corrosive environment,shedding new light on developing high-performance structural materials.

Ni基金属粉末激光快速制造的研究

采用激光选区烧结的方法 ,对 Ni基合金混合铜粉末进行了一系列激光烧结试验。从烧结模型入手 ,分析了烧结过程中出现的现象 ,讨论了工艺参数对金属粉末烧结成形的影响 ,初步探索了金属粉末直接烧结成形的基本机理 ,为金属粉末的激光快速成形制造提供了依据。

镍合金激光直接烧结成形制件显微结构及微观缺陷

利用自行研制的激光直接烧结快速成形系统进行了镍合金激光直接烧结成形试验,获得了具有复杂三维形状的镍合金样件;;讨论了激光直接照射下镍合金材料的熔凝过程及微观结构特征。研究表明,烧结过程为不完全液相烧结,金属材料系统中添加铜可有效地抑制球化效应,改善制件内部存在的微观缺陷;;制件内部单一层面微观组织呈枝晶和等轴晶两种组织不均匀分布,此两种组织形态沿制件堆积方向交替重复出现。

铝合金激光快速成型技术研究进展

介绍了制备金属零件的三种快速成型方法:选择性激光烧结、激光熔覆和选区激光熔化的原理及其工艺特点。在此基础上重点阐述了用这三种快速成型方法制备铝合金零件的研究进展。

选择性激光烧结复合粉末法制造合金零件

通过混合Fe,Ni,C单质和粘接剂粉末配制了选择性激光烧结(SLS)用复合粉末,并利用间接SLS方法制备了复合粉末毛坯.经过脱脂、高温烧结和渗铜处理,制造了致密的渗铜Fe-Ni-C合金材料.对零件毛坯的成型与后处理工艺及合金的微观组织和机械性能进行了研究.结果表明:高温烧结中Ni和C能够通过固态扩散固溶到-γFe中,且合金元素分布均匀;合金经900℃固溶并在330℃等温处理1 h后,室温下由下贝氏体组织、沉淀析出的-αCu和Fe-Ni构成;合金材料的极限拉伸强度超过350 MPa,延伸率小于4%.

聚苯乙烯/聚酰胺-12合金的选择性激光烧结成形

在选择性激光烧结(SLS)成形中,聚苯乙烯(PS)成形件精度高但其力学性能差,而聚酰胺-12(PA12)成形件力学性能高但其尺寸精度较差。为此,通过添加增容剂合成了PS/PA12合金粉末并用于SLS成形,研究了PS/PA12合金、PS及PA12成形件的力学性能、精度及断口微观形貌。结果表明,PS/PA12合金成形件的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、冲击强度、弯曲强度及弯曲模量分别是PS成形件的4.72倍、1.94倍、4.92倍、4.57倍及1.37倍;PS/PA12合金粉末成形件在x、y及z方向的尺寸误差比PA12分别降低了46.9%,47.3%及20.3%。说明PS/PA12合金粉末成形件兼顾了PS成形件精度高及PA12成形件力学性能好的优点,具有较高的推广使用价值。

导弹发动机Mo-Cu合金喷管激光快速成型工艺研究

采用机械合金化方法制备了Mo-Cu超细粉末,并利用该粉末进行了选择性激光烧结成型,确定了激光烧结成型的最佳工艺参数为激光功率270W,扫描速度2000mm/min,铺粉厚度0.2mm。并利用该工艺参数快速制备了Mo-Cu合金导弹发动机喷管成型件,经过高温烧结后,其抗拉强度为550MPa,延伸率为7.3%,其综合性能优于利用钼粉制备的钼喷管,可以满足新型号产品的研制需求。

激光烧结/等温锻造TC17粉末钛合金的组织与性能

采用激光烧结(LS)+等温锻造复合工艺制备出优质粉末TC17钛合金材料,并研究了工艺过程对合金组织性能的影响。结果表明:激光烧结后的TC17合金微观组织主要由粗大β柱状晶粒组成;经相变点上、下等温锻造及热处理后,激光烧结的魏氏组织能够被有效地破碎,显微组织主要由条状和细小等轴α相组成;仅经相变点以下等温锻造及热处理后,合金组织主要由细小等轴α相组成,但由于变形不均,仍存在有少量的原始β晶粒边界。经过等温锻造、热处理后,激光烧结合金的室温强度变化不大,但塑性大大提高,强度和塑性得到了良好地匹配。

选区激光烧结用覆膜锆砂的制备及其SLS成形工艺研究

采用冷、热法制备了覆膜锆砂,并进行了选区激光烧结成形工艺研究,着重探讨了单层扫描面积和激光功率对SLS覆膜锆砂砂型抗拉强度的影响。结果表明:在树脂含量相等条件下,相对于冷法,热法制备的覆膜锆砂的SLS成形砂型抗拉强度明显更高;单层扫描面积对覆膜锆砂砂型抗拉强度影响显著,随着扫描面积的增大,在同样烧结参数下,其成形初强度由0.27 MPa迅速下降到0.04 MPa;而激光功率是决定覆膜锆砂砂型抗拉强度的关键因素,115/170目覆膜锆砂粘结剂含量为2%的条件下,扫描面积约1 900 mm^2,合适的激光功率为35 W,成功制备覆膜锆砂砂型,并浇注出轮廓清晰、表面光亮的钛合金铸件。