Effect of laser shock processing on fatigue life of fastener hole

The fatigue properties of laser shock processing （LSP） on both side surfaces of fastener hole with diameter of 3 mm in the LY12CZ aluminum alloy specimens were investigated. The superficial residual stress was measured by X-ray diffraction method. Fatigue experiments of specimens with and without LSP were performed, and the microstructural features of fracture of specimens were characterized by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The results indicate that the compressive residual stress can be induced into the surface of specimen, and the fatigue life of the specimen with LSP is 3.5 times as long as that of specimen without LSP. The location of fatigue crack initiation is transferred from the top surface to the sub-surface after LSP, and the fatigue striation spacing of the treated specimen during the expanding fatigue crack is narrower than that of the untreated specimen. Furthermore, the diameters of the dimples on the fatigue crack rupture zone of the specimen with LSP are relatively bigger, which is related to the serious plastic deformation in the material with LSP.

Picosecond Laser Machining of Deep Holes in Silicon Infiltrated Silicon Carbide Ceramics

Silicon infiltrated silicon carbide （Si-SiC） ceramics, as high hardness materials, are difficult to machine, especially drilling micro-holes. In this study, the interaction of picosecond laser pulses （1 ps at 1 030 nm） with Si-SiC ceramics was investigated. Variations of the diameter and depth of circular holes with the growth of the laser energy density were obtained. The results indicate that the increase of machining depth follows a nonlinear relation with the increasing of laser energy density, while the diameter has little change with that. Moreover, it is found that some debris and particles are deposited around and inside the holes and waviness is in the entrance and at walls of the holes after laser processing.

First demonstration of improving laser propagation inside the spherical hohlraums by using the cylindrical laser entrance hole

The octahedral spherical hohlraums have natural superiority in maintaining high radiation symmetry during the entire capsule implosion process in indirect drive inertial confinement fusion.While,in contrast to the cylindrical hohlraums,the narrow space between the laser beams and the spherical hohlraum wall is usually commented.In this Letter,we address this crucial issue and report our experimental work conducted on the SGIII-prototype laser facility which unambiguously demonstrates that a simple design of cylindrical laser entrance hole(LEH)can dramatically improve the laser propagation inside the spherical hohlraums.In addition,the laser beam deflection in the hohlraum is observed for the first time in the experiments.Our 2-dimensional simulation results also verify qualitatively the advantages of the spherical hohlraums with cylindrical LEHs.Our results imply the prospect of adopting the cylindrical LEHs in future spherical ignition hohlraum design.

A Novel Airborne 3D Laser Point Cloud Hole Repair Algorithm Considering Topographic Features

Hole repair processing is an important part of point cloud data processing in airborne 3-dimensional(3D)laser scanning technology.Due to the fragmentation and irregularity of the surface morphology,when applying the 3D laser scanning technology to mountain mapping,the conventional mathematical cloud-based point cloud hole repair method is not ideal in practical applications.In order to solve this problem,we propose to repair the valley and ridge line first,and then repair the point cloud hole.The main technical steps of the method include the following points:First,the valley and ridge feature lines are extracted by the GIS slope analysis method;Then,the valley and ridge line missing from the hole are repaired by the mathematical interpolation method,and the repaired results are edited and inserted to the original point cloud;Finally,the traditional repair method is used to repair the point cloud hole whose valley line and ridge line have been repaired.Three experiments were designed and implemented in the east bank of the Xiaobaini River to test the performance of the proposed method.The results showed that compared with the direct point cloud hole repair method in Geomagic Studio software,the average repair accuracy of the proposed method,in the 16 m buffer zone of valley line and ridge line,is increased from 56.31 cm to 31.49 cm.The repair performance is significantly improved.

Vertical cavity surface emitting laser transverse mode and polarization control by elliptical hole photonic crystal

The polarization of traditional photonic crystal（PC） vertical cavity surface emitting laser（VCSEL） is uncontrollable,resulting in the bit error increasing easily.Elliptical hole photonic crystal can control the transverse mode and polarization of VCSEL efficiently.We analyze the far field divergence angle,and birefringence of elliptical hole PC VCSEL.When the ratio of minor axis to major axis b/a = 0.7,the PC VCSEL can obtain single mode and polarization.According to the simulation results,we fabricate the device successfully.The output power is 1.7 mW,the far field divergence angle is less than 10°,and the side mode suppression ratio is over 30 dB.The output power in the Y direction is 20 times that in the X direction.

Single-mode low threshold current multi-hole vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

A multi-hole vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser （VCSEL） operating in stable single mode with a low threshold current was produced by introducing multi-leaf scallop holes on the top distributed Bragg-refleetor of an oxidation- confined 850 nm VCSEL. The single-mode output power of 2.6 mW, threshold current of 0.6 mA, full width of half maximum lasing spectrum of less than 0.1 nm, side mode suppression ratio of 28.4 dB, and far-field divergence angle of about 10% are obtained. The effects of different hole depths on the optical characteristics are simulated and analysed, including far-field divergence, spectrum and lateral cavity mode. The single-mode performance of this multi-hole device is attributed to the large radiation loss from the inter hole spacing and the scattering loss at the bottom of the holes, particularly for higher order modes.

Characteristic analysis of 1.06μm long-cavity diode lasers based on asymmetric waveguide structures

In long-cavity edge-emitting diode lasers,longitudinal spatial hole burning(LSHB),two-photon ab⁃sorption(TPA)and free carrier absorption(FCA)are among the key factors that affect the linear increase in out⁃put power at high injection currents.In this paper,a simplified numerical analysis model is proposed for 1.06μm long-cavity diode lasers by combining TPA and FCA losses with one-dimensional(1D)rate equations.The ef⁃fects of LSHB,TPA and FCA on the output characteristics are systematically analyzed,and it is proposed that ad⁃justing the front facet reflectivity and the position of the quantum well(QW)in the waveguide layer can improve the front facet output power.

In-Line Inspection of Pipeline Defects Detection Using Ring-Type Laser

Pipeline plays a vital role in transporting fluids like oils, water, and petrochemical substances for longer distances. Based on the materials they carry, prolonged usage may cause the initiation of defects in the pipeline. These defects occur due to the formed salt deposits, chemical reaction happens between the inner surface and the transferring substance, prevailing environmental conditions, etc. These defects, if not identified earlier may lead to significant losses to the industry. In this work, an in-line inspection system utilizes the nondestructive way for analyzing the internal defects in the petrochemical pipeline. This system consists of a pipeline inspection robot having two major units namely the visual inspection unit and the power carrier unit. The visual inspection unit makes use of a ring-type laser diode and the camera. The laser diode serves as a light source for capturing good quality images of inspection. This unit is controlled by the Arduino in the power carrier unit which provides the necessary movement throughout the pipe. The inspected images captured by the camera are further processed with the aid of NI vision assistant software. After applying the processing function parameters provided by this software, the defect location can be clearly visualized with high precision. Three sets of defects are introduced in a Polylactide (PLA) pipe based on its position and angle along the circumference of the pipe. Further, this robot system serves as a real-time interactive image synchronization system for acquiring the inspected images. By comparing the actual and calculated defect size, the error percentage obtained was less than 5%.

Influence of process parameters on drilling characteristics of Al 1050 sheet with thickness of 0.2 mm using pulsed Nd:YAG laser

The object of this work is to investigate the influence of process parameters on drilling characteristics of an Al 1050 sheet with a thickness of 0.2 mm using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser through numerical analyses and experiments. By comparing the numerical analyses with the experiments, a proper numerical model was obtained. From the results of the numerical analyses and the experiments, the effects of process parameters on entrance diameters of drilled holes, shapes of the holes, taper angles of the holes and temperature distributions in the vicinity of the holes were examined quantitatively. In addition, the optimal drilling condition was estimated to improve the quality of the drilled holes.

Retinal displacement after closure of idiopathic macular hole

Objective: To study the foveal displacement during the closure of idiopathic macular holes(MHs).Methods: Thirty-seven idiopathic MH patients treated by pars plana vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane peeling were studied prospectively.Locations of MH center and foveal pit were measured by optic coherence tomography.Retinal displacement was observed using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy.Results: A total of 40 eyes were included in this study and MHs were closed in 37 eyes(92.5%).The confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy showed that all of the retinal capillaries in the superior, inferior, nasal and temporal sides of the MHs moved toward the optic nerve head(ONH).The optic coherence tomography results showed that the mean nasal displacements of foveal pits were(102.9±61.2),(109.6±53.1), and(137.0±52.0) μm at 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively.And the mean vertical displacements were(55.9±49.4),(61.4±57.8) and(67.8±54.3) μm, respectively.Post-operative foveal pits were located in the nasal side of the MH centers.The extension of retina and nasal to the MH were in opposite directions: the nasal hole margin moved toward the MH, but the retina located closer to the ONH moved toward the ONH.The fellow eyes of three patients developed into idiopathic MH during the follow-up period and operations were performed for all of the three patients.Conclusion: Our results showed that center of macula does not move when an idiopathic MH develops, but it moves toward ONH during closure of hole; thus, new fovea is in nasal side of original fovea.

Electron dynamics of active mode-locking terahertz quantum cascade laser

The pulse generation from active mode-locking terahertz quantum cascade laser is studied by Maxwell-Bloch equations.It is shown that longer dephasing time will lead to multiple pulses generation from the laser.The dependence of output field on modulation length and radio-frequency parameters is obtained.In order to achieve short pulse generation,the DC bias should close to threshold value and modulation length should be shorter than 0.256 mm.The output pulse is unstable and the envelope shows many oscillations in the presence of spatial hole burning,resulting destabilization of mode-locking.

不同成形方式对WE43镁合金组织和力学性能的影响

采用激光选区熔化成形(SLM)、铸造及挤压方式制备了WE43镁合金试样,通过维氏硬度计、密度测试计、光学显微镜、扫描电镜以及拉伸试验机等设备分析了不同制备方式下WE43镁合金的宏微观组织和力学性能变化规律;设计了基于指数函数的模型对不同成形方式的WE43应力–应变曲线进行统一拟合,为WE43材料未来增材、减材以及等材工艺复合制造复杂零件打下基础。结果表明,SLM成形WE43有明显的各向异性,铸态和挤压态不明显。SLM成形WE43镁合金的强度最高,抗拉强度达到313 MPa,是铸态的183%;挤压态WE43镁合金塑性最好,伸长率达到10.2%,是铸态的232%;此外,SLM态镁合金密度只有1.731 g/cm^(3),仅为挤压态的85.7%和铸态的95.2%。在断裂特性上,SLM态和挤压态为韧性断裂,而铸造态为脆性断裂。在内部存在20μm左右孔洞形缺陷的情况下,SLM成形镁合金依然具有最高的强度,主要原因是SLM成形WE43镁合金平均晶粒尺寸仅为2.6μm,基体内存在大量的稀土相沉淀以及纳米级亚稳相。由此可知,通过进一步的后处理方法焊合SLM态镁合金内部孔洞形缺陷后,材料力学性能可以大幅提高。

激光冲击诱导应力波对残余应力孔洞形成的影响

目的揭示残余应力孔洞形成的影响机制。方法采用有限元动力学仿真,实现对激光冲击诱导应力波传播过程的捕捉和特性分析。结果在2000 ns以内的光斑作用区域,材料的初始应力仅受到激光冲击诱导Ⅱ类应力波的扰动作用,此扰动作用由光斑中心向外依次减弱,引起的应力波动幅值由2459 MPa降至224 MPa;在其他工艺参数相同的情况下,残余应力孔洞随着峰值压力和脉宽的增加而变得更加明显,应力幅值差σ_(k)分别由0、114 MPa增至454、568 MPa,孔洞直径d_(k)分别由0、0.8 mm增至约1.4 mm,光斑直径的影响相对较弱。在激光能量3 J的作用下,空间高斯分布对应结果存在应力孔洞,σ_(k)、d_(k)分别为190 MPa、1 mm。将空间平顶分布激光能量增至7 J,对应结果由3 J激光能量时的无应力孔洞转变为存在明显应力孔洞,σ_(k)、d_(k)分别为634 MPa、1.4 mm。另外,在激光能量3 J的作用下,材料1的应力孔洞最显著,σ_(k)、d_(k)分别为207 MPa、1.4 mm,均高于材料2和材料3的对应值。凸圆面、平面和凹圆面对应的σ_(k)分别为212、190、83 MPa,d_(k)均为1 mm。结论在圆形光斑激光冲击载荷作用下,加载和卸载过程中形成的应力波在光斑中心的汇聚作用均较强,导致光斑中心区域材料持续出现正反向屈服,进而形成残余应力孔洞;在相同参数条件下,激光能量越高,则材料的力学性能越低,应力波扰动作用越强,应力孔洞现象越明显。

基于激光选区熔化技术的金属悬垂圆孔结构无支撑成形工艺优化与质量研究

基于激光选区熔化(SLM)技术制造的随形冷却模具,凭借其优异的冷却性能,能够显著提高加工效率,有效降低生产成本,成为未来注塑成型模具的重要发展方向,但目前在使用SLM技术成形随形冷却模具内部的圆形流道方面仍存在诸多挑战。在SLM成形时,随形冷却模具内部圆形流道的结构主要表现为悬垂圆孔结构,若直接使用传统工艺策略成形悬垂圆孔结构易出现翘曲、粘粉等缺陷,同时由于随形冷却模具内部流道复杂的特点,其内部流道无法通过添加支撑辅助成形。采用在模具外侧添加支撑结构的方法,可调整模具成形角度,增强悬垂圆孔结构自支撑性,但会增加额外成形时间与成形材料,导致生产成本增高。优化悬垂圆孔结构无支撑成形工艺,实现在不添加支撑结构的前提下满足随形冷却模具对流道成形质量要求,能够有效降低随形冷却模具生产成本并获得高质量成型件。本文对金属悬垂圆孔结构成形工艺策略进行优化,以316L不锈钢悬垂圆孔结构为对象,分析了工艺策略、孔径对悬垂圆孔成形质量的影响。采用一种基于加工层角度自适应的下表面工艺区域划分策略,研究该工艺区策略对于无支撑金属悬垂圆孔成形的适用性,并使用该工艺制造冷却模具样件,对成件的成形质量进行分析。结果表明采用基于加工层角度自适应的下表面工艺区域划分策略可明显抑制成形过程中的翘曲行为。使用该工艺策略成形的随形水冷模具样件无明显质量缺陷,内部流道的表面质量与成形精度满足使用要求。

基于三维激光点云数据的电力电缆绝缘缺陷识别

针对电力电缆绝缘缺陷识别精准度较低的问题,提出一种基于三维激光点云数据的电力电缆绝缘缺陷识别方法。利用剪裁法增强原始三维激光点云数据,通过区域生长法与最小二乘法完整获取电缆绝缘材料的三维结构面信息。借助Canny边缘检测方法求解电缆绝缘表面缺陷与内部缺陷边缘信息,自动识别出电力电缆绝缘的缺陷位置及缺陷类别。结果表明,所提方法可以精准识别电缆绝缘表面的划痕缺陷、电缆外屏蔽表面起泡和孔洞缺陷,识别耗时短,鲁棒性较优,具有较高实际应用价值。

基于点云数据的大曲率工件表面法向计算方法研究

航空航天构件装配制孔时对垂直度有严格要求,采用机器人等自动设备制孔时,为保证垂直度需要对每一个制孔位置的法向进行在位测量。现有的工件表面法向测量方式难以适应大曲率工件表面的测量需求。通过线激光扫描,可以获得反映工件局部表面详细信息的点云数据,在此基础上提出一种大曲率工件表面法向计算方法。首先研究了通过主成分分析(PCA)对局部点云数据进行平面拟合获得曲面法向的方法,然后选取了若干典型曲率,通过仿真生成点云数据,并分析了法向拟合误差的变化规律。通过试验验证了上述方法的有效性,结果表明,当点云选择范围在12mm以下时,直径为50mm的圆柱试验件的法向拟合误差可以保证在0.219°以下。

基于小孔应力集中的激光预钻孔条件下TBM滚刀侵岩模型建模与试验验证

激光发生器耦合安装到全断面岩石隧道掘进机(TBM)刀盘上,利用高能量激光辅助TBM掘进作业,理论上有望达到新型热-机械高效破岩之目的。针对激光辅助滚刀破岩,基于小孔应力集中理论的弹性应力状态计算方法,在空腔膨胀模型基础上,建立了一种考虑密实核衍生效应的激光预钻孔条件下滚刀侵岩理论模型,并对模型进行理论分析;随后开展双侧围压下的激光辅助缩尺比例滚刀侵岩试验,对理论模型进行试验验证。研究结果表明,刃宽及孔距均对侵岩垂直力有一定影响,且孔距较小时理论模型不再适用;经对比分析后,在理论模型与试验所得结果中,随着孔距的改变侵岩垂直力有着相同的变化趋势,侵岩垂直力大小较为符合,激光预钻孔条件下滚刀侵岩理论模型具有一定准确性。

隧道爆破炮孔激光投射装置研发与应用

为解决传统钻爆法隧道爆破炮孔人工粗略定位或采用全站仪定位少数炮孔点导致炮孔放样效果差的问题,基于激光投射技术,研发主控芯片控制激光单元、分光器和光栅协同,实现炮孔激光快速投射,并通过现场试验验证。工程试验结果表明:本装置可将复杂图形一次性以点+线结合的方式投射至掌子面;掌子面凹凸变化在20cm以内,各炮孔定位偏差在3cm以内,可满足现场作业要求;相对于常规全站仪放样而言,在施工便捷性方面有相当大优势,可规范现场炮孔放样作业。

带同轴引气激光制孔中的气动特性分析

针对锥形激光加工器在航空发动机热部件冷却孔加工过程中的吹渣效果,研究了射流冲击孔板附近的流场特性及其影响因素。针对同轴高压气体撞击带盲孔平板的射流结构,采用数值模拟方法,分析了不同进气压力p_(int)(0.2~1.5 MPa)、射流间距H/De(3.6,5.6,7.6)和冲击角度α(30°,45°,60°,90°)对盲孔附近气体动力学性能的综合影响。研究结果表明,当H/De为3.6时,随进气压力的增大,盲孔附近的气体动力学性能呈现先逐步提高后剧烈下降的趋势,较好工作压力为1 MPa;当射流间距H/De达到5.6及以上时,适当地增大喷嘴压力可以提高盲孔附近气流的气动水平,但提升有限。随着冲击角度α减小,盲孔内流出质量流量逐渐增大,α为30°时较垂直射流提升约11倍,但在冲击表面上气体的剪切流动随冲击角度减小逐渐变弱。

在线激光打孔脉冲持续时间对中支卷烟理化指标及其稳定性的影响研究

【目的】为中支卷烟在线激光打孔参数设计提供参考。【方法】分别采用显微镜和3D显微镜表征中支卷烟接装纸在线打孔的孔形态特征,考察在线打孔脉冲持续时间对中支卷烟理化指标及其稳定性的影响。【结果】①脉冲持续时间过短(≤47µs),出现孔未打透的情况,脉冲持续时间过长(≥90µs),出现椭圆孔的情况。②脉冲持续时间与孔直径、孔面积均呈线性正相关关系。③在线打孔脉冲持续时间与卷烟吸阻、滤嘴通风率和总通风率呈二次函数关系,且决定系数R2均在0.99以上;在线打孔脉冲持续时间与卷烟各项化学指标呈线性函数关系,且决定系数R2主要在0.96以上;卷烟水分释放量与打孔持续时间呈二次函数关系,决定系数为0.9767。④随着孔面积的升高及打孔个数的减小,卷烟的吸阻变化较小,均能保持相对稳定,卷烟总粒相物、烟碱、焦油、CO等释放量的标准偏差在脉冲持续时间适中(50~60μs)时比较小。