Functional Features and Layouts of Yangzhou Residential Gardens in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China: A Case Study of Residential Gardens of Officials, Merchants and Literati

On the basis of analyzing socio-economic structures, social classes and their relations in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, this paper took residential gardens of three principal groups(officials, merchants and literati) for example, analyzed functional features and layouts of the gardens, explored artistic characteristics and cultural connotations of the local residential gardens, so as to provide references for the conservation and construction of historic and cultural cities, design and expression of modern urban livable spaces.

Social Classes and Cultural Connotations of Yangzhou Home Gardens during the Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China

During the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China(1870-1930),the social classes in Yangzhou were basically dominated by officials,businessmen,and scholars.In the building number,scale,and functional evolution of their home gardens,these three classes were different,reflecting abundant connotation of characteristic of the time and regional culture,revealing the inheritance path of Yangzhou culture,as well as the richness and diversity of home gardens in Yangzhou during the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China.

Contribution and Modern Public Debt:On the Nature of Patriotic Public Debt in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China

There are different opinions about the first modern domestic debt in China.The theorists judge whether a certain public debt has modernity according to whether it has modern public debt form,ignoring the inconsistency between form and content,institutional provisions and actual implementation.The modern nature of public debt must have both the form and content of modern public debt.Based on the analysis of the issuing background,system design,collection and repayment of patriotic bonds in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China,it is considered that the part of patriotic bonds subscribed by the Qing royal family is still the nature of donation and return,while the part subscribed by ordinary businessmen and people in the early Republic of China has a modern nature.The dual nature of patriotic bonds is closely related to the social background when the bonds are issued.

The Rise and Fall of Overseas Chinese Problem in the Early Republic of China

In the late Qing Dynasty and the early R epublic of China,foreign invasion made China suffer from an unprecedented humiliation,and the W estern powers initiated a commercial intrusion by forcing China to sign unequal treaties and open treaty ports. From this perspective,a deep exploration is made to study the corresponding influence and its function. The rule shows that the developing route of national politics,economy and culture can determine the trend of the development of overseas Chinese problem; in addition,it objectively reflects that the social nature is vital to overseas Chinese problem.

CHINESE LADY'S DAILY WEAR IN LATE QING DYNASTY AND EARLY REPUBLIC PERIOD

The goal of this research is to describe and analyze women’s wear in the late Qing Dynasty andearly Republic Period(late 19th c.—early 20th c.),with an emphasis on the daily informal orsemi-formal wear,though some formal or ceremonial costumes such as wedding dress will also beincluded.This study will use Chinese costumes and textiles from many museums to fill in theblanks left by previous research and to give a more detailed and accurate description.It will alsouse historical documents to find the original names of these items and to illustrate a general conceptof their usage on different occasions.The different categories of women’s wear will be described in the following order:①robes orcoats;②jackets;③waistcoats or vests;④skirts;⑤pants and leggings;⑥shoes and socks;⑦headdresses;and⑧others.Of every category,the textiles,decoration,cut,form,style,colourand motif will be discussed.The way in which these items were combined will also be discussed.The comparison between women’s wear and men’s wear,women’s and children’s informal andformal dress will be given.Here are some tentative conclusions.First,the Manchu and Han style coexisted and mixedwith each other and were worn by both Manchu and Han women.Second,the basic silhouettesand cuts were relatively stable and conventional,while the decorations and details(openings,fasten-ings,pleats,vents,collars and hemlines)were different.The former represented accepted socialstandards while the latter could be a matter of personal taste.Third,women’s wear in that periodwere highly stylized,miscellaneous,elaborate,detailed,multicolored and multi-thematic.

The Origin of Chinese Modem Engineering Education： Fuzhou Shipping School＇s Engineering Education at Late Qing Dynasty

Engineering education is an important issue in engineering practice, and engineering practice and characteristics can be seen through examining the history of early Chinese engineering education. During the period ranging from the 1860s to the middle of the 1890s, the westernization group set up a series of modern industrial and mining enterprises for military and civil use, making the implementation of modern engineering education become possible and necessary. Thanks to their efforts, many schools and old-style private schools for teaching knowledge about western science and technology and training senior engineering managements and talents were gradually founded in China. These modern education organizations are the source and beginning of Chinese engineering education, which is also the origin of modernization of Chinese engineering education. This article takes Fuzhou Shipping School for case studies, using a cultural anthropology approach to examine the overall status, basic characteristics, and impact evaluation of engineering education during the Westernization Movement in China. It reiterates the idea of that ＂engineering education should be returned to engineering practice,＂ and tries to explain the framework of the development of engineering education in China. Through conducting research, we find that the development of engineering education in modem China generally has the basic resources for realization of internationalization through ＂westernization＂ and localization through traditional culture and education and the general characteristics of diversification of social influence. During the development process, it has accumulated valuable experience for timely reform and gradual improvement of modernization： attaching importance to culture and cultivating qualified technical personnel; strictly requiring and building high-level schools and specialties; learning the advanced knowledge and bravely utilizing foreign educational resources; setting pragmatic and highly pertinent disciplines and specialties. It also left the society with thought-provoking lessons, namely, the lagging industrial production and social instability made the development severely restricted and obstructed; the unreasonable development layout resulted in the intensified imbalanced development in different regions; the bureaucracy nature imposed serious impact on efficiency and effectiveness of education; the negligence of innovation made the great-leap-forward development failed, etc.

Imaging and Inventing Self:Constructing Heroines Through Translation in Late Qing China

A fad for female heroism emerged in the late Qing China as women were urgently mobilized to undertake the mission of‘strengthening the nation and preserving the race.’However,women reaching the modern standards of heroines were almost absent in China.Western heroines were then introduced into China as exemplars for Chinese women to emulate.The story of Madame Roland,the most prestigious Western heroine at that time,was appropriated to the political ends.The male-coded virtues of her were highlighted in conformity to the standards of heroines in late Qing China:hero-worship,patriotism,political maternity and beauty.An ideal heroine was thus created through translation.As a prototype of heroine,she inspired a flood of localized Chinese heroines.

“Macrohistory” and “Microhistory” in the writing of library history: From the perspective of library archives in the periods of late Qing Dynasty and Republican of China

Research paradigms determine the ways the history is written and the consequent research products.By analyzing the present historiography paradigms in library history,their characteristics and limitations,this study proposes new paradigms based on library archives in the periods of Late Qing Dynasty and Republican China.

Institutional Reform and Social Changes in Northeast China during the Late Qing:A Case Study of Appeal Trials

Institutional reform and social changes in northeast China during the late Qing period are usually attributed to the Qing dynasty changing its policy on immigration to northeast China.However,institutional reform because of debt appeals between civilian creditors and the Mongolian princes is often overlooked.Using administrative cases from Fengtian Governor Archives and Kirin Prefecture Archives,this study identifies how the governor officers of northeast China changed Mongolian land rights and official finance institutions through appeal judgments in the late Qing dynasty.Appeals were related to Mongolian land rights reform and promoted the financial institutional reform in northeast China.This study concludes by arguing that the judgments affected the profits of the litigants and changed the local society.

Study on Lin Shu’s“Mistranslation”From the Perspective of Translation Ethics

From the appearance of ethics,it has the similar meaning of morality,but the latter one emphasizes more on the study of human’s behaviors,while the ethics would focus on the discussion of moral ethical norms for individuals and the whole society.As one of the most influential translators in late Qing China,Lin Shu makes his great efforts on introducing western literature and new thoughts to China.Referring to the study of Lin’s translations,it always mixed with praises and criticisms,therefore the“faithfulness”in his translations or not would be the main point to discuss.From the perspective of translation ethics,it is mainly explored the cause of“mistranslation”in Lin Shu’s translated works in late Qing China.

清至民国时期贵州野菜的辨别、加工与价值探析

贵州地处云贵高原,地理环境的复杂多变造就了丰富多样的野菜种类。各族人民常根据野菜的外形、生长季节等因素来辨别其可食用性。因野菜中多年生植物较多,且季节性强,一年中大部分时间都有不同类型的野菜可供采摘,即使是在出产量少的季节,亦有加工储存之野菜可供食用,以至于在20世纪80年代前,贵州黔东南、黔南部分少数民族地区仍常年不种家蔬,专以野菜为食。野菜除充饥外,还具有药用、营养、饲用、观赏等价值。因此,充分认识贵州野菜的资源优势,对贵州山区经济的发展有着重要意义。

Accuracy assessment of approaches to spatially explicit reconstruction of historical cropland in Songnen Plain,Northeast China

To understand historical human-induced land use/cover change （LUCC） and its climatic effects, it is essential to reconstruct historical land use/cover changes with explicit spatial information. In this study, based on the historically documented cropland area at county level, we reconstructed the spatially explicit cropland distribution at a cell size of 1 km × 1 km for the Songnen Plain in the late Qing Dynasty （1908 AD）. The reconstructions were carried out using two methods. One method （hereafter, referred to as method 1） allocated the cropland to cells ordered from a high agricultural suitability index （ASI） to a low ASI, but they were all within the domain of potential cropland area. The potential cropland area was created by excluding natural woodland, swamp, water bodies, and mountains from the study area. The other method （hereafter, method II） allocated the cropland to cells in the order from high ASI to low ASI within the domain of cropland area in 1959. This method was based on the hypothesis that the cropland area domain in 1959 resulted from enlargement of the cropland area domain in 1908. We then compared these two reconstructions. We found that the crop- land distributions reconstructed by the two methods exhibit a similar spatial distribution pat- tern. Both reconstructions show that the cropland was mostly found in the southern and eastern parts of the Songnen Plain. The two reconstructions matched each other for about 68% of the total cropland area. By spatially comparing the unmatched cropland cells of the two reconstructions with the settlements for each county, we found that unmatched cropland cells from method I are closer to settlements than those from method I1. This finding suggests that reconstruction using method I may have less bias than reconstruction with method I1.

Cattle Slaughter Industry in Qing China:State Ban,Muslim Dominance,and the Western Diet

Cattle slaughter and beef consumption are barely mentioned in the literature on Chinese economic,food,or animal history.This is possibly due to the widely held popular and scholarly assumption that beef was avoided and even considered taboo in the daily diet of Chinese people in premodern times.This article investigates the tangible regulation and practice of cattle slaughter in Qing China—the period when the beef taboo was argued to be formally subsumed into Chinese morality.I ask the following questions:To what extent did the Qing state ban cattle slaughter?How was the ban enforced in the localities?Did Chinese people slaughter cattle for consumption?Were there lawful beef markets in Qing China proper?How did increasing beef-eating Western sojourners since the mid-19th century impact this sector?Accordingly,I demonstrate that with the leeway provided by the state,the cattle slaughter industry developed in many regions of China proper,especially large cities.In this sector,Chinese Muslim merchants played a dominant role,even though the Han merchants could outnumber them.Their efforts have prepared the state and Chinese merchants to better cope with new circumstances since the mid-19th century.Broadly,this paper sheds light on how different religious,ethnic,and national groups affected the economy and the practice of law in the Qing dynasty.

晚清民国常武地区针灸医家挖掘和整理

晚清至民国时期,在常武地区,以费、马、巢、丁为代表的孟河医派,在中医的发展史上留下过浓墨重彩的一笔,这四大医家均是以内外科而闻名于世。在同时期,常武地区同样走出了很多著名的针灸医家。文章通过整理和发掘,回溯常武地区走出的针灸医家的故事,研究其对针灸发展的主要贡献,丰富常武地区针灸学术史。

小学语文教材德育资源的挖掘与借鉴——基于清末民初语文教材的分析

清末民初语文教材在构建新的伦理精神中发挥了重要作用。调查发现,这一时期的小学语文教材在德育原则与目的、德育主题、德育题材与内容、德育形式与方法分别呈现出政治性、时代性、儿童性等特点。在国家变革、新旧道德交替的时代背景下,清末民初小学语文教材探索了多种德育形式与方法,在宣传新伦理精神,改造国民性的任务中发挥了重要作用。但教材中也保留了较多不合时宜的伦理思想与价值取向,过分强调教材建设的政治性也在一定程度上影响了语文教材德育的效果。这些经验与教训启示我们:树立学科德育观念,深度挖掘与利用语文教材的德育资源;厚植中华文化底蕴,持续优化社会主义核心价值观融入教材;基于儿童立场,构建科学合理的小学语文德育内容体系;遵循“文道统一”思想,促进语文知识教育与道德教育的协调发展。

清末民初江苏地区家谱特点探析

清末民初,在动荡的社会环境下,家谱修撰成为部分家族承继血缘关系和家族文化的重要方式。江苏地区是修纂家谱最为密集的地区之一,对家谱的诸多方面进行了有益的补充。扬州吴氏、宜兴吕氏和无锡锡山秦氏三个家族的家谱具有完备的体例,重视家规族约的制定,并充实了对家族女子成员的记载内容。这些特点与当时的政治环境、经济基础和区域文化紧密相关,是传统文化和近代思想相结合的产物。

清末民初诗钟社团的地域分布

清代后期至民国初期诗钟创作十分兴盛,并成立了相应的社团。诗钟由福建兴起后,北上北京,东进台湾地区,西入江苏,进而在全国乃至海外掀起社团活动热潮,山东、河南、湖北、浙江、广东以及东南亚各地都出现了数量不等的诗钟社团,呈现出“全面覆盖,相对集中”的分布格局。考察诗钟社团的地域分布,可以清晰地看到清末民初诗钟的传播路线。

近代变局与庆宽的仕宦人生

庆宽是晚清民初的“奇人”,以民籍混入内务府旗籍,借助绘画的特长和办皇差的机会,在晚清拥堵的官场上,逐级升迁至候选内务府三院卿,积累了大量财富,也引发了官场侧目,遭到光绪帝下旨抄家的惩罚。戊戌之后,庆宽利用往日的关系网成为访日特使,又因为辛丑议约的劳绩,获得保举,恢复了原有旗籍和职衔。晚清最后十年,庆宽在仕途上做最后一搏,但最终止步于四品道台,遂决心离开官场。在民初的十年,庆宽以平民视角观察政局,时而以旗人身份筹划旗人生计,时而作为普通市民关注城市自治,逐渐淡出了时代舞台。

晚清至民国3件书法裱件的分析研究

四川博物院馆藏3件清代至民国时期的原装原裱书法作品,因存在不同病害亟待保护修复。本文对三件作品揭取下来的裱件样品,检测及分析进行了包括纸张纤维观察、超景深观察、X射线荧光光谱分析、红外光谱分析、扫描电镜观察等,结果表明:3件裱件样品中虽然有宣纸和机制纸的使用,但仍以手工竹纸作为主要装裱用纸,以淀粉为粘接材料,以黄檗(又称黄蘗)为黄色染料,施加动物胶等措施仍然沿用了传统装裱技艺。样品年代历经了中国古代手工纸逐渐被机制纸代替的历史时期,其制作工艺、纸张用原材料以及染料的使用等,在一定程度上反映了清代至民国时期的中国社会现状与对外交流的一隅。

论清末民初博览会事业中的民族主义

清末民初博览会事业蕴涵了丰富的民族主义。它产生的外部因素是西方“先进”所形成的“榜样”力量,以及西方帝国的霸权行径和经济侵略,内部因素是中国自身的落后,以及中国人所具有的“经世忧国”传统精神。它产生的路径基本是:先进的西方列强,对落后中国进行经济侵略,导致中国利权外溢,产生严重民族危机,具有“经世忧国”精神的中国人奋发图强,既积极学习西方,仿行西法,又反省自身落后,积极展开竞争,谋求改良、发展,其中,蕴涵了忧患、危机、反省意识及竞争、发展观念,最终目的是实现民族国家独立富强。这样的民族主义具有追赶性、内向性、开放性特征,且主要体现在经济层面,虽有过急追求发展的一面,但其价值目标及立足自身的方法取向是理性的。