Contribution and Modern Public Debt:On the Nature of Patriotic Public Debt in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China

There are different opinions about the first modern domestic debt in China.The theorists judge whether a certain public debt has modernity according to whether it has modern public debt form,ignoring the inconsistency between form and content,institutional provisions and actual implementation.The modern nature of public debt must have both the form and content of modern public debt.Based on the analysis of the issuing background,system design,collection and repayment of patriotic bonds in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China,it is considered that the part of patriotic bonds subscribed by the Qing royal family is still the nature of donation and return,while the part subscribed by ordinary businessmen and people in the early Republic of China has a modern nature.The dual nature of patriotic bonds is closely related to the social background when the bonds are issued.

Functional Features and Layouts of Yangzhou Residential Gardens in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China: A Case Study of Residential Gardens of Officials, Merchants and Literati

On the basis of analyzing socio-economic structures, social classes and their relations in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, this paper took residential gardens of three principal groups(officials, merchants and literati) for example, analyzed functional features and layouts of the gardens, explored artistic characteristics and cultural connotations of the local residential gardens, so as to provide references for the conservation and construction of historic and cultural cities, design and expression of modern urban livable spaces.

CHINESE LADY'S DAILY WEAR IN LATE QING DYNASTY AND EARLY REPUBLIC PERIOD

The goal of this research is to describe and analyze women’s wear in the late Qing Dynasty andearly Republic Period(late 19th c.—early 20th c.),with an emphasis on the daily informal orsemi-formal wear,though some formal or ceremonial costumes such as wedding dress will also beincluded.This study will use Chinese costumes and textiles from many museums to fill in theblanks left by previous research and to give a more detailed and accurate description.It will alsouse historical documents to find the original names of these items and to illustrate a general conceptof their usage on different occasions.The different categories of women’s wear will be described in the following order:①robes orcoats;②jackets;③waistcoats or vests;④skirts;⑤pants and leggings;⑥shoes and socks;⑦headdresses;and⑧others.Of every category,the textiles,decoration,cut,form,style,colourand motif will be discussed.The way in which these items were combined will also be discussed.The comparison between women’s wear and men’s wear,women’s and children’s informal andformal dress will be given.Here are some tentative conclusions.First,the Manchu and Han style coexisted and mixedwith each other and were worn by both Manchu and Han women.Second,the basic silhouettesand cuts were relatively stable and conventional,while the decorations and details(openings,fasten-ings,pleats,vents,collars and hemlines)were different.The former represented accepted socialstandards while the latter could be a matter of personal taste.Third,women’s wear in that periodwere highly stylized,miscellaneous,elaborate,detailed,multicolored and multi-thematic.

Social Classes and Cultural Connotations of Yangzhou Home Gardens during the Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China

During the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China(1870-1930),the social classes in Yangzhou were basically dominated by officials,businessmen,and scholars.In the building number,scale,and functional evolution of their home gardens,these three classes were different,reflecting abundant connotation of characteristic of the time and regional culture,revealing the inheritance path of Yangzhou culture,as well as the richness and diversity of home gardens in Yangzhou during the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China.

Research and Discussion on the Stereotyped Writing Criticism Genre during Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

In this paper, we conduct research on the stereotyped writing criticism genre during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Eightpart essay writing is a comprehensive strong style, its four topics from the fi ve classics, and its basic form is gradually formed in the evolution of the core imperial examination in China. Review especially on origin, teachers not only with the righteousness that try post poems strategy is so far producing precious examination style also with basic prose. Although some scholars also mentioned as this period literature genre that presents regional features mainly by the local cultural history environment, family relations, economic basis and other factors, but ignores the literature community in the form of the regional literature genre has played important role in the general process. Under this basis, this paper proposes the novel ideals on the corresponding issues that will help understand and analyzes the characteristics of stereotyped writing more.

Research and Discussion on the Stereotyped Writing Criticism Genre during Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

In this paper, we conduct research on the stereotyped writing criticism genre during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Eightpartessay writing is a comprehensive strong style, its four topics from the fi ve classics, and its basic form is gradually formed in the evolutionof the core imperial examination in China. Review especially on origin, teachers not only with the righteousness that try post poems strategy isso far producing precious examination style also with basic prose. Although some scholars also mentioned as this period literature genre thatpresents regional features mainly by the local cultural history environment, family relations, economic basis and other factors, but ignores theliterature community in the form of the regional literature genre has played important role in the general process. Under this basis, this paperproposes the novel ideals on the corresponding issues that will help understand and analyzes the characteristics of stereotyped writing more.

The Rise and Fall of Overseas Chinese Problem in the Early Republic of China

In the late Qing Dynasty and the early R epublic of China,foreign invasion made China suffer from an unprecedented humiliation,and the W estern powers initiated a commercial intrusion by forcing China to sign unequal treaties and open treaty ports. From this perspective,a deep exploration is made to study the corresponding influence and its function. The rule shows that the developing route of national politics,economy and culture can determine the trend of the development of overseas Chinese problem; in addition,it objectively reflects that the social nature is vital to overseas Chinese problem.

从绿松石器看晚商王朝与李家崖文化的关系

绿松石因其矿源和产品不多,是用来观察商时期不同区域文化交流和社会关系的新视角。晚商王朝的绿松石器种类很多,主要出现在高等级贵族墓葬中,且有不同的质量品级。李家崖文化绿松石器主要发现在以寨沟遗址为代表的地点,其类别和形制都与晚商王朝中心区域的同类器物高度一致,多数产品很可能直接从晚商王朝中心地区输入。绿松石器可反映晚商王朝与李家崖遗址等北方地区文化之间的亲密关系,这还可能与欧亚草原车马资源东渐、商王朝都城北移等现象相关。晚商王朝可能通过对绿松石等资源和生产技术的掌控,从周边获取所需资源。

商周时期图腾崇拜文化变迁与鸟禽类意象群的演化

商周时期的诗人们将远古时代神鸟图腾物中的祖先神之象、物候之象、司马之象、礼仪之象、凶猛之象、阳刚之象、慈祥之象、怪鸟之象、益鸟之象等意象原型,逐渐转换成为现实社会生活中的婚恋之象、贤者之象、政治生态环境之象、社会生活现象之象;同时,他们以“鸒”自由求食之象来象征太子宜臼被废嫡而失位,以捕“雉”之象来象征小人得志而君子罹祸。这些鸟禽类意象以图腾崇拜为前提,原始象征意义变得隐蔽,习惯性联想形式成为显性因素,从而显示出由图腾对象到占卜形式,再到民俗物候乃至审美意义动态变化的发展链条。由于鸟禽意象中融入了作者对自然观察的感受,展现了人们的日常生活场景与政治生态环境,使原始兴象所体现的习惯性联想与象征之间具有更多的相似点。诗人们以此来建立意义与兴象之间的多种关联,自然表现出多种象征意蕴,让读者产生一种感官愉悦之美、心灵愉悦之美与时空意识之美。

清末民初江苏地区家谱特点探析

清末民初,在动荡的社会环境下,家谱修撰成为部分家族承继血缘关系和家族文化的重要方式。江苏地区是修纂家谱最为密集的地区之一,对家谱的诸多方面进行了有益的补充。扬州吴氏、宜兴吕氏和无锡锡山秦氏三个家族的家谱具有完备的体例,重视家规族约的制定,并充实了对家族女子成员的记载内容。这些特点与当时的政治环境、经济基础和区域文化紧密相关,是传统文化和近代思想相结合的产物。

由义尊与义方彝等周初铜器论及西周早期年代

近年新见义尊、义方彝是一组商人大族■族贵族义受武王赏赐后所作的青铜器,同组还有一件圆鼎和两件方鼎。西周初年的义器铭文中的闰月历日可为武王克商年的判定提供参考。何尊与新见的贝毳尊卣、德方鼎等器均述成王迁宅于成周之事,迁宅至迟于成王五祀三月已完成。铭文中有“新邑”一词的青铜器,年代均应早于何尊所铭成王五祀。新出青铜器使得西周早期诸王年代的考订已突破夏商周断代工程所定年限,武王克商年有必要再重新考虑。以周初诸王在位王年,向前可推拟武王克商之年。以成王在位三十二年计,武王克商应为公元前1076年。以成王在位三十七年计,则武王克商年是公元前1081年。

早期中国嫡庶之分与宗法制度形成--基于王国维《殷周制度论》的哲学反思

王国维《殷周制度论》指出,立子立嫡之制是周人对殷商“兄终弟及”王位继承制度的突破和创新。天子在众多公子中选拔接班人,难免任意性、随机性,容易导致祸乱事变。周政的特点是让政治道德化,让道德政治化,使血亲社会化,使社会宗法化。血缘关系是生来如此而并非后天人力所为。把血缘关系上升到一种天定法则的高度予以确认,等于在为“亲亲”之制建构可靠根基。以嫡系长房、长孙为大宗,血缘正统可靠,是“百世不迁之宗”,秉承先祖恩德最隆最多;而以庶子系统、旁支所出为小宗,是先祖余泽播撒。“五世而迁之宗”要求小宗超过五世则剔出丧服范围。“大宗维翰”而具有核心地位,“宗子维城”则能够起到拱卫、守护作用。对别子小宗和别子大宗强调尊过去的祖,无疑是变相要求他们尊现在的王。依据亲亲尊尊法则所建构出的宗法社会,以一种向内挖掘亲和力而不是向外诉诸神力的形上方式,来实现一种具有儒家鲜明特色的王道普遍性。

明遗民集序书写的纪传与想象

别集序在文体初创时期,就已经确立了传记写作的传统。明末清初的遗民通过诗文来回应国家和自我身份认同等问题。这种回应体现在别集序的书写中,使其中的纪传部分更加注重真实性的表达。然而,由于别集序的主观创作空间较大,真实与想象的成分在遗民的别集序中交织在一起,这无疑影响了通过“知人论世”的传统批评方法所得批评主张的有效性。此外,集序作者往往通过个人经历的想象和性情的投射来塑造遗民的形象。这种塑造可能源于作者真实情感的流露,也可能出于对经典文本的模仿。因此,遗民集序中的人物形象可能与他们的历史行为存在差异,这进一步影响了集序所传达的文学批评要素的接受和传播。

交往的情趣:元末明初江南诗人的风雅之好

元末明初诗歌创作呈现丰富、多面的色彩,江南诗人的题画唱和即为其中之一。在社会乱离背景下,江南诗人以题画表达时代之思、离别之情和隐逸之趣,体现出不同一般题画诗的创作趣味和文化内涵。他们以题画送别、交往唱和、共赏题诗等方式,共同促成了这一时期江南诗坛的兴盛景象。元末明初江南诗人在文学交往过程中展现的风雅之好,是构成该时期诗歌创作景观的重要面向。今人建构元末明初诗史图像,江南诗人的题画唱和之作应进入关注视野。

近代变局与庆宽的仕宦人生

庆宽是晚清民初的“奇人”,以民籍混入内务府旗籍,借助绘画的特长和办皇差的机会,在晚清拥堵的官场上,逐级升迁至候选内务府三院卿,积累了大量财富,也引发了官场侧目,遭到光绪帝下旨抄家的惩罚。戊戌之后,庆宽利用往日的关系网成为访日特使,又因为辛丑议约的劳绩,获得保举,恢复了原有旗籍和职衔。晚清最后十年,庆宽在仕途上做最后一搏,但最终止步于四品道台,遂决心离开官场。在民初的十年,庆宽以平民视角观察政局,时而以旗人身份筹划旗人生计,时而作为普通市民关注城市自治,逐渐淡出了时代舞台。

商周春秋语言演变探略

语言演变与社会发展密切相关,春秋时“礼坏乐崩”,官府之学走向民间导致了春秋雅言取代商周古文的汉语语体第一次变革。《今文尚书》中不少词语是商周古文,春秋后罕用,反映了商周时期的语言面貌,具有上承商周下启秦汉的过渡性,从中或多或少可见商周与春秋后汉语的演变。

论清末民初博览会事业中的民族主义

清末民初博览会事业蕴涵了丰富的民族主义。它产生的外部因素是西方“先进”所形成的“榜样”力量,以及西方帝国的霸权行径和经济侵略,内部因素是中国自身的落后,以及中国人所具有的“经世忧国”传统精神。它产生的路径基本是:先进的西方列强,对落后中国进行经济侵略,导致中国利权外溢,产生严重民族危机,具有“经世忧国”精神的中国人奋发图强,既积极学习西方,仿行西法,又反省自身落后,积极展开竞争,谋求改良、发展,其中,蕴涵了忧患、危机、反省意识及竞争、发展观念,最终目的是实现民族国家独立富强。这样的民族主义具有追赶性、内向性、开放性特征,且主要体现在经济层面,虽有过急追求发展的一面,但其价值目标及立足自身的方法取向是理性的。

从隐含读者看商周历史散文中“实录”的演变

“实录”是古代历史散文优劣的重要评价标准,也是我国史官崇高的精神追求。目前,学界对其多追溯至春秋时期,以晋国史官董狐等人为代表。事实上,中国史官文化源远流长,春秋史官的实录应是史官书写体系演变的结果。从甲骨卜辞看,殷商时期巫祝就已有如实记录的意识。隐含读者是作者写作时的预设读者,以隐含读者的视角探究史官的“实录”有利于从写作动机的角度更准确、系统地还原“实录”书写的演变,揭示中国史官“实录”传统的发展脉络。

清季民初孙中山与传统尚俭思想文化刍议

清季民初,孙中山十分青睐传统尚俭思想文化,自觉秉持其精神追求改良、革命和构建及再造共和。这大致分清季政治变革、民初构建共和与再造共和三阶段,波及范围不断拓展。其主要内涵涉及藉俭以资政来推进政治近代变革,用俭以益效推进经济近代化,用俭以良俗来改良社会风尚。他既大力提倡尚俭精神又身体力行,终成中国近代理性人格的楷模。其前后持续不断且丰富多彩的革命言行及其所彰显的注重效益至上、积极融合中西文化和追求合理中道的理论特色客观上推动着传统尚俭思想文化近代化。

年轻学者勿轻言中国无奴隶社会——读《臣、小臣与商周社会》的一点意见

《臣、小臣与商周社会》一书认为:中国古代没有经历过奴隶社会;“臣”不是奴隶,而是“长”,其身份不低。这种看法是不准确的,也是很不全面的。实际上,先秦时期存在着众多奴隶,奴隶除可称为“臣”外,还有其他不少称呼。这一点从西周金文资料清楚可见。此外,奴隶社会还有不少其他标识。郭沫若等老一辈学术大师认为中国经历过奴隶社会。我们的年轻学者不应轻言中国古代没有奴隶社会。