Tissues and organs within a living organism are coordinated,but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood.The shoot apical meristem(SAM)continually produces lateral organs,such as leaves,from its peripheral zo...Tissues and organs within a living organism are coordinated,but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood.The shoot apical meristem(SAM)continually produces lateral organs,such as leaves,from its peripheral zone.Because of their close proximity,SAM and lateral organs interact during plant development.Existing lateral organs influence the positions of newly formed organs to determine the phyllotaxis.The SAM not only produces lateral organs,but also influences their morphogenesis.In particular,the SAM promotes leaf polarity determination and leaf blade formation.Furthermore,lateral organs help the SAM to maintain homeostasis by restricting stem cell activity.Recent advances have started to elucidate how SAM and lateral organs patterning and growth are coordinated in the shoot apex.In this review,we discuss recent findings on the interaction between SAM and lateral organs during plant development.In particular,polar auxin transport appears to be a commonly used coordination mechanism.展开更多
Plants maintain the ability to form lateral appendages throughout their life cycle and form leaves as the principal lateral appendages of the stem. Leaves initiate at the peripheral zone of the shoot apical meristem a...Plants maintain the ability to form lateral appendages throughout their life cycle and form leaves as the principal lateral appendages of the stem. Leaves initiate at the peripheral zone of the shoot apical meristem and then develop into flattened structures. In most plants, the leaf functions as a solar panel, where photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and oxygen. To produce structures that can optimally fulfill this function, plants precisely control the initiation, shape, and polarity of leaves. Moreover, leaf development is highly flexible but follows common themes with conserved regulatory mechanisms. Leaves may have evolved from lateral branches that are converted into determinate, flattened structures. Many other plant parts, such as floral organs, are considered specialized leaves, and thus leaf development underlies their morphogenesis. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of how threedimensional leaf forms are established. We focus on how genes, phytohormones, and mechanical properties modulate leaf development, and discuss these factors in the context of leaf initiation, polarity establishment and maintenance, leaf flattening, and intercalary growth.展开更多
基金The work of the authors was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Grants 31872835,31861143021 and 31825002CAS Key Research Project of the Frontier Science Grant ZDBS-LYSM012.YJ is a Newton Advanced Fellow of the Royal Society(NAF\R1\180125).
文摘Tissues and organs within a living organism are coordinated,but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood.The shoot apical meristem(SAM)continually produces lateral organs,such as leaves,from its peripheral zone.Because of their close proximity,SAM and lateral organs interact during plant development.Existing lateral organs influence the positions of newly formed organs to determine the phyllotaxis.The SAM not only produces lateral organs,but also influences their morphogenesis.In particular,the SAM promotes leaf polarity determination and leaf blade formation.Furthermore,lateral organs help the SAM to maintain homeostasis by restricting stem cell activity.Recent advances have started to elucidate how SAM and lateral organs patterning and growth are coordinated in the shoot apex.In this review,we discuss recent findings on the interaction between SAM and lateral organs during plant development.In particular,polar auxin transport appears to be a commonly used coordination mechanism.
基金The work of the authors is funded by the National Basic Research Program of China （973 Program） grant 2014CB943500, the National NaturalScience Foundation of China grants 31430010, 31401232, 31872835, and 3171101408, and partly supported by the open funds of the State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry （SKLPPBKF1805）. Y.J. is a Newton Advanced Fellow of the Royal Society.
文摘Plants maintain the ability to form lateral appendages throughout their life cycle and form leaves as the principal lateral appendages of the stem. Leaves initiate at the peripheral zone of the shoot apical meristem and then develop into flattened structures. In most plants, the leaf functions as a solar panel, where photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and oxygen. To produce structures that can optimally fulfill this function, plants precisely control the initiation, shape, and polarity of leaves. Moreover, leaf development is highly flexible but follows common themes with conserved regulatory mechanisms. Leaves may have evolved from lateral branches that are converted into determinate, flattened structures. Many other plant parts, such as floral organs, are considered specialized leaves, and thus leaf development underlies their morphogenesis. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of how threedimensional leaf forms are established. We focus on how genes, phytohormones, and mechanical properties modulate leaf development, and discuss these factors in the context of leaf initiation, polarity establishment and maintenance, leaf flattening, and intercalary growth.
