Study on Regulatory Issues of Environmental Laws of Rural Tourism in China

In recent years, rural tourism in China vigorously developed, which promoted economic and social development in rural area. However, serious environmental problems appeared in the development process of rural tourism since rural tourism lacked effective and comprehensive super- vision. These environmental problems included environmental pollution and ecological damage. However, environmental legal system about rural tourism had many problems, such as the lagged legislation, the absence of law enforcement supervision, imperfect judicial system and weak law- abiding awareness. Therefore, it became the solution to solve environmental problems brought by rural tourism in China, and was also the safe- guard for promoting sustainable development of rural tourism in China to establish a sound legal system for rural tourism, implement strict law en- forcement supervision of rural tourism, build litigation system of environmental public interest and enhance law-abiding awareness of rural tourism. For legal defects of regulating rural tourism and its induced environmental problems in China, we tried to perfect regulation of environmental law for rural tourism in China.

Analysis of the Game for the Air Pollution in the Perspective of the Amendment about Environmental Law

The haze has become the necessary thing to talk about everywhere for the Chinese people nowadays and the main report object in the news. It becomes increasingly urgent to develop the circular economy and build a beautiful China. But there exists secretly a game between the central and local governments when the air protection is enforced. The central government calls for implementing the total control system of the key pollutant emission,but the local governments are blandly ignoring the central government＇s requirement as they have to face the pressures of the assessment and performance. And the games among the local governments at the same level and between the governments and enterprises lead that the existing incentive policy through the legislation is inefficiency in China. The amendment about Environmental Law has laid foundation of the legal system for it.

Does Environmental Laws and Policies Work?A Review Of Ghana’s Case

Enforcing environmental laws and policies has been one of the pressing agenda globally.Despite the mandate given to the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)by the Act 490,there are still numerous environmental issues unaddressed in Ghana.This paper is geared towards unravelling and identifying the current additions that have been made to existing literature on environmental laws and policies in Ghana.This paper made a wide-ranging general literature review to outline significant contributions concerning environmental laws and policies.Numerous environmental laws and policies were identified but have been fragmented and are not codified in a particular document.It is evident from the review of literature existing that there are still areas for advanced research on the topic of environmental laws and policies placing more emphasis on institution concerned with environmental issues at global level.The study recommended the need for capacity building for environmental personnel and data due to the numerous technological advancement to better assist the implementation and enforcement of environmental laws in Ghana.

Medium-term and Long-term Environmental Economic Policies on Thermal Power Industry in China Seen from the New Environment Protection Law

In the newly revised Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China that has been implemented since January 1,2015,there is a lot of emphasis on environmental economic policies. In this paper,according to the current situation of environmental pollution and protection in thermal power industry,it is proposed that based on the new environmental protection law,it is needed to study various environmental economic policies on thermal power industry and analyze the effects on environmental cost of thermal power enterprises at the macro level. At the micro level,it is necessary to control environmental cost of thermal power enterprises effectively,and establish a suitable environmental management system for environmental economic policies including environmental cost accounting and trading of emission rights,thereby improving environmental management level of thermal power enterprises.

Norms of International Law on Environmental Protection in Wartime: Application and Improvement

The enormous environmental damage caused by war makes it necessary for international law to balance the reality of military necessity with the need to ensure the survival of human beings and other life forms. International law provides a large number of norms for environmental protection in wartime, constituting a legal order including general and special norms of wartime law and wartime environmental protection obligations of international law in peacetime. It explicitly prohibits unreasonable environmental damage caused by military needs in wartime. Contrary to the cognition that there is no international norm to protect the environment in wartime,the key reason that causes the effect of environmental protection in wartime is not as good as expected lies in the different degrees of defects in the application of these complex norms. It is a more important and practical path choice to renew the general principles of wartime environmental protection, expand the scope of application of wartime laws and special environmental norms, strengthen the wartime application of international law in peacetime, and give full play to the maximum effectiveness of the existing normative system than to expect the new convention to accomplish the whole task at one stroke.

Implications of Declining Ground Water and Water Quality in the US Southeastern Coastal Plain Ecoregion and Areawide Environmental Impact Statement Required for Mining in the Greater Okefenokee Swamp Basin—Part 1

Karst aquifers occur worldwide and exhibit groundwater flow responses that differ considerably from aquifers lacking fractures, bedding planes, and other karst conduits where significant and rapid groundwater flow can occur. The regional, karst Floridan aquifer system underlies the United States (US) Southeastern Coastal Plain Physiographic Region and exhibits hydrologic interconnections with overlying surficial aquifers and throughout other zones of the aquifer system, as is characteristic of other karst aquifer systems. Anthropogenic groundwater declines in this regional karst aquifer system have been documented in published literature for decades, but the impacts of those declines in this coastal plain region and the embedded ecosystems that provide essential and critical habitat for native, endemic, and federally endangered and threatened species have not been considered previously. Those anthropogenic groundwater declines reduce surfacewater levels and flows due to the capture of both groundwater and overland flow of surfacewater, resulting in induced recharge through semi-confining zones and interbasin flow through fractures and other karst conduits. This case study identifies examples from the Greater Okefenokee Swamp Basin study area and comparison areas of how those declines result in loss of historic base flow to surface waters and other capture of surface waters, ultimately increasing saltwater intrusion. Those results alter and degrade the physical, chemical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters, in violation of the US Clean Water Act (CWA) of 1972. Historic groundwater declines from mining and other anthropogenic groundwater withdrawals from this regional karst aquifer system already threaten the survival and recovery of federally endangered and threatened species, as well as existing and proposed critical habitat for those species within this regional extent, in violation of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973. This case study and its companion publication (Part 2) appear to be the first to provide scientific support for this regional karst aquifer system as the unifying factor in habitat responses to irreversible groundwater impacts on aquatic and marine ecosystems. These adverse impacts strongly suggest that the extent of the regional Floridan aquifer system should be designated as the Southeastern Coastal Plain Ecoregion for the purpose of managing natural resources. Mining activities continue to expand in our study area, which is the Greater Okefenokee Swamp Basin. Despite that fact, no comprehensive Areawide Environmental Impact Statement (AEIS), similar to the AEIS required for phosphate mining within the Central Florida Phosphate District (CFPD) approximately a decade ago has been conducted for any of the numerous mining projects that are occurring and are proposed within the Greater Okefenokee Swamp Basin. This case study also provides examples of why a comprehensive AEIS is essential to consider all of the adverse direct, indirect, and cumulative impacts of those mining activities to the CWA, the ESA, and the irreversible losses to local economies, because federal agencies responsible for considering those adverse impacts rely on public comments to identify those adverse impacts. The mining activities authorized throughout the regional Floridan aquifer system under Category 44 Nationwide Permits (NWP) result in the same type of adverse impacts as the mining activities evaluated under Individual Permits in that region. Therefore, those Category 44 NWP mining activities also should be required to obtain Individual Permits and be evaluated under an AEIS in the Greater Okefenokee Swamp Basin. This case study also describes how Florida’s assumption of the CWA Section 404 regulatory authority in 2020 severs four sub-basins within the Greater Okefenokee Swamp Basin study area at the state line between Florida and Georgia.

流域环境司法机制的发展:从环境法庭到环境法院

为促进流域的司法保护,我国一些地方法院成立了专门的流域环境法庭。但从流域环境法庭和流域环境巡回法庭的实践情况来看,还不能满足流域整体性保护的需要,也不能适应流域法的发展需求。我国流域司法机制建设,宜从流域环境法庭逐渐转到流域环境法院。流域环境法院的建立在我国环境司法专门化进程中具有必要性和可行性。按照流域法的保护理念和环境司法专门化的要求,流域环境法院的建设首先要合理设置审判机构,其次要科学设计程序制度,为流域生态环境保护提供强有力的司法保障。

我国环境执法模式的反思与革新

在新时代中国环境法治的议题中,环境治理体系的核心环节——环境行政执法是实现生态文明和高质量发展的重要手段。传统“强制型”“威权型”的环境执法模式,已经显露出无法适应新时代生态文明建设需求的局限性。基于习近平生态文明思想的系统整体要求,本文主张建立整体化执法理念,推动环境执法从“强制型”向“共治型”的演变,通过对传统环境行政执法的“纠偏”,以便更好地适应包容性强、多元共治、刚柔并济、平等协商、协同互动治理目标的综合实现。为达成这一目标,本文基于系统整体观提出环境治理体系制度层面的深度优化策略,其中包括各类沟通性、非高权性环境行政行为的扩展应用,以及环境执法资源配置的精细化调整。这些措施旨在构建更加灵活和协同的环境治理机制,以适应现代社会多元利益关系的复杂性。

吉林省碳排放环境执法合作机制构建研究

“双碳”背景下,碳排放环境执法问题已经成为环境法学界和能源学界所共同关注的最新重点和难点问题之一。作为东北老工业基地的吉林省,碳排放环境执法面临诸多困难和挑战,因此,本文通过对吉林省环境执法现状进行总结,分析其在碳排放环境执法工作中存在的困境,针对性地提出了构建吉林省碳排放合作机制的策略,以期突破环境执法中执法主体与相对人之间的利益冲突,实现利益平衡。

环境规制影响企业税收规避吗?--基于新《环保法》实施的准自然实验

作为重要的命令控制型环境规制工具,新《环保法》实施对企业经营产生了广泛的影响。以2010-2020年我国A股上市公司为样本,利用新《环保法》这一外生冲击事件,采用双重差分模型检验环境规制对企业税收规避的影响。结果表明,环境规制趋严促使企业提高税收规避程度。机制检验表明,环境规制导致企业融资约束程度和经营风险增加。进一步分析发现,环境规制与税收规避的正相关关系主要存在于融资难度较高和经营压力较大的企业,新《环保法》实施情境下的企业避税行为提升了财务业绩和企业价值。研究结论提供了微观企业如何应对宏观环境规制的经验证据,为政府部门结合税收政策优化环境政策提供了参考。

整体系统观视域下中国式环境法治现代化的宏观样态与建构方案

作为中国式现代化新道路与生态文明法治交融的产物,中国式环境法治现代化对于整体系统观的理论期许主要表现在应以习近平生态文明法治理论作为根本思想指南、从马克思主义的唯物辩证法中汲取养分以及将“天人合一”的环境伦理观作为其历史脉络三个维度。在宏观样态方面,整体系统观在中国式环境法治现代化中的融入主要体现在绿色低碳理念与经济发展需求深度融合的理念锚定、人际同构型环境利益公平分配格局的目标构筑和“环境权利—环境权力”二元架构均衡配置的范式转变三个场域。在新的历史交汇点上,中国式环境法治现代化应坚持以“整体系统观”作为“元理论”的方法支撑和价值指引,构建彰显环境法治现代化新内涵与新要求、多维度拓展环境法治现代化新道路的有机系统性方案。

环境法典编纂纳入“双碳”目标的可行路径研究

习近平总书记在党的二十大报告中明确指出要积极稳妥推进碳达峰碳中和,自我国提出“双碳”目标以来不仅在全球气候变化治理发挥了积极作用,还进一步推进了国内能源、经济等领域的低碳发展转型。通过对“双碳”目标进行辨析,相关政策与法律现状进行梳理,发现我国当前保障“双碳”目标存在专门法缺失、相关法的保障制度仍需完善、配套政策保障手段不足的问题。结合对法国、瑞典与德国三国的立法经验进行分析,基于我国国情,未来可以尝试于环境法典以可持续发展衔接“双碳”目标价值内涵,建立环境法典、单行法与政策的协同机制,推进“双碳”因素纳入环境影响评价与环境行政许可,合理衔接刑事责任的方式保障“双碳”目标的顺利实现。

新《环境保护法》实施对产能过剩的影响研究

产能过剩已成为阻碍中国经济高质量发展的深层次问题。以沪深A股上市公司为研究对象,考察新《环境保护法》实施对产能过剩的影响。研究发现:新《环境保护法》实施缓解了企业产能过剩,且新《环境保护法》实施对产能过剩的影响,在大型企业、机构投资者持股比例较高和市场化程度高的样本中更为显著;新《环境保护法》通过促进企业技术创新和抑制过度投资影响产能过剩;新《环境保护法》实施可以通过缓解产能过剩,提升企业长期价值,而不能提升企业短期价值。

页岩气开发过程水资源管理及水环境保护对策探讨

水力压裂和水平钻井技术是页岩气高效经济开采的关键,随着页岩气大规模商业性开发,会带来水资源大量消耗、地表水与地下水污染风险等水环境问题,可能造成页岩气开发区域内水环境影响。为此,本文系统对比研究了中国、美国、加拿大的页岩气开发水资源管理、水环境保护、监管制度相关的环保法规与标准规范,在借鉴北美页岩气开发的环保经验基础上,结合我国页岩气开发过程面临的水资源管理问题,以及国内页岩气企业在水管理中的实践经验,分别从取水用水、废水处置、水污染预防和控制三个方向提出水资源管理及水环境保护措施建议,目的在于促进页岩气企业规范水资源保护措施,改进清洁生产工艺、采用先进的技术与设备、不断改善管理水平,源头削减新鲜水消耗,减少处置风险,提高水资源循环利用效率,最大限度缓解页岩气开发中的用水问题。

地方本科院校环境法课程教学改革与实践

地方本科院校聚焦于应用型人才培养,是地方人才培养的基础性力量,与地方经济社会发展联系密切。地方本科院校的环境法课程教学应从“立足地方、德才兼备”的法学应用型人才培养目标出发,践行“教什么”“怎么教”“教得怎么样”的教学路径,将饱含思政元素的优质本土资源运用到环境法课程教学中,同时采用启发式教学、混合式教学、研讨式教学等教学方法开展教学活动,以达到更好的“育人”效果。

中国环境自动监控行政执法中的法律问题研究

中国环境行政执法中自动监控方式是广泛应用的新模式,也是环境行政监管与执法的未来趋势,但目前无论是国家法律、行政法规、部门规章还是地方规范都片段化且不统一。在2021年修订的《行政处罚法》背景下,亟须围绕该法第41条“电子技术监控”条款生成统一系统的环境非现场行政执法规范。环境自动化监控从主体、程序、证据、处罚四方面给行政处罚带来新的变革:首先,主体上,新的主体第三方服务机构的产生,带来新的第三方执法义务等共治问题。其次,程序上,行政执法流程相比人工时代需要再造,以保障行政相关方的权利。第三,证据上,“数据失真”与自动监控时代执法证据的证明力问题,使得人工“双审”成为要件。第四,罚责上,需做到甄别三种自动监控数据属于违法,并在海量的自动监控数据中降低执法强度。在新的环境自动监测时代,主体、程序、证据、处罚都要考虑行政相对方——企业的权利与利益再平衡。此外,上述结论往往也适用于我国自动化行政执法的许多共性问题。

生态环境法典编纂视阈下生态安全风险的法治化应对

基于我国面临生态退化、气候变暖、生物多样性丧失等生态安全风险的现实,将逐渐显性化的生态安全风险纳入法治化框架、运用法治化手段加以应对刻不容缓。生态安全风险所具有的整体性、系统性和交织性特征决定了人为割裂、分别对应“生态”和“安全”两大核心要素的现有环境资源法律规制框架和国家安全法律规制框架不能满足针对生态安全风险的系统治理需求。随着我国生态环境法典正稳步推进,兼具体系化与科学化的生态环境法典成为规制及应对生态安全风险的有效法治框架。基于此,应依循“生态环境法典+单行立法”的适度法典化编纂模式,从生态环境法典内、外部视角寻求生态安全风险的规制路径。

论“环境执法非诉执行类”检察行政公益诉讼的反思与优化

负有环境资源监督管理职责的主管部门对其生效的行政决定怠于向人民法院申请强制执行,检察机关在诉前程序无果的情形下向人民法院提起的检察行政公益诉讼虽“于法有据”,但司法实践案例中呈现出的“诉讼的耗时性与环境公益保护的紧迫性存在冲突”“检察机关的胜诉对生效行政决定的执行仅有间接影响”以及“挤占虚耗司法资源”等问题却一再表明,对“怠于申请非诉执行的行为”不加区分地提起检察行政公益诉讼欠缺合理性。“环境执法非诉执行类”检察行政公益诉讼的泛化适用,既是对检察机关“全链条式”监督理念的误用,也是对检察行政公益诉讼“有限监督原则”的违背,还与行政诉讼之“诉的利益理论”存在冲突,建议将“环境执法非诉执行类”检察行政公益诉讼区分为履行职责类诉讼与确认违法类诉讼,对于前者国家可通过立法直接赋予检察机关强制执行申请权的方式予以“赋权替代”,对于后者检察机关可通过提起确认违法类诉讼对生态环境和资源保护主管部门怠于履职行为的违法性予以“宣示”,实现“环境执法非诉执行类”检察行政公益诉讼的区分构造。

环境执法自动化裁量的法治挑战与制度因应

碳中和、碳达峰旨在实现国家和全球的生态环境可持续治理,也为我国环境保护工作的高质量推进指明了方向。为提升执法效能,行政主体已逐步部署算法装置,用于环境违法问题的非现场治理。面对环境执法从街头官僚向算法官僚的转变过程,社会一般主体对技术裁量正当性的疑问成为了行政法治关注的焦点。况且,自动化裁量质效的提升通常基于对海量数据的训练,鉴于政府自身数据记录的局限性,引入并调度私人部门的数据存量用以形成更全面、准确的裁量模型,也是推进自动化裁量高水平演进的题中之义。此外,环境执法部门应正视裁量基准的正向价值,通过完善裁量话语体系的方式,达致生态友好型行政执法的法理情相统一。

全球治理中气候环境资源面临的“公地悲剧”——基于国际法视角的对策分析

在全球治理深入开展的背景下,全球公域问题正逐渐引起国际社会的广泛关注。全球气候环境资源作为全球公域的一部分,也正面临着严重的“公地悲剧”。全球气候环境资源开发方面的相关法律制度缺失和国际社会主体责任与实践的不规范,导致气候变暖、碳排放量超标等一系列严重危及人类自身生存安全的环境问题频发。全球公域问题作为全球治理的一部分,也需要国际社会共同参与其中。在当前以国际法为规则秩序的国际框架下,可以从国际法制度规范层面、责任划分层面、主体实践层面进一步丰富完善国际法体系,为各国有效参与全球气候环境治理,提供多边协作平台和行为规范准则,同时也要正视国际法在解决全球气候环境资源所面临的“公地悲剧”问题中的成效有限性。