Model for the Whole Roller Leveling Process of Plates with Random Curvature Distribution Based on the Curvature Integration Method

A model based on the curvature integration method has been applied in an online plate leveling system. However, there are some shortcomings in the current leveling models. On the one hand, the models cannot deal with the leveling process of plates with a random curvature distribution. On the other hand, the current models are suitable only for stable leveling processes and ignore the biting in and tailing out stages. This study presents a new plate-leveling model based on the curvature integration method, which can describe the leveling process of plates with random curvature distribution. Further, the model is solved in two cases in order to take the biting in and tailing out stages into consideration. The proposed model is evaluated by comparing with a plate leveling experiment. Finally, the leveling process of a plate with a wave bent is studied using the proposed model. It is found that the contact angles vary greatly during the biting in and tailing out stages. However, they are relatively steady during the 5 roller leveling stage. In addition, the contact angle of roller No. 2 is the smallest, which is close to 0. Roller leveling can effectively eliminate bending in the plate, but there are regions in the head and tail of the plate, where roller leveling is not effective. The non-leveling region length is about 2 times that of the roller space. This study proposes a quasi-static plate-leveling model, which makes it possible to analyze the dynamic straightening process using a curvature integration method. It also makes it possible to analyze the straightening process of a plate with random curvature distribution.

THE LOGARITHMIC SOBOLEV INEQUALITY FOR A SUBMANIFOLD IN MANIFOLDS WITH ASYMPTOTICALLY NONNEGATIVE SECTIONAL CURVATURE

In this note,we prove a logarithmic Sobolev inequality which holds for compact submanifolds without a boundary in manifolds with asymptotically nonnegative sectional curvature.Like the Michale-Simon Sobolev inequality,this inequality contains a term involving the mean curvature.

Calculation of stratum surface principal curvature based on a moving least square method

With the east section of the Changji sag Zhunger Basin as a case study, both a principal curvature method and a moving least square method are elaborated. The moving least square method is introduced, for the first time, to fit a stratum surface. The results show that, using the same-degree base function, compared with a traditional least square method, the moving least square method can produce lower fitting errors, the fitting surface can describe the morphological characteristics of stratum surfaces more accurately and the principal curvature values vary within a wide range and may be more suitable for the prediction of the distribution of structural fractures. The moving least square method could be useful in curved surface fitting and stratum curvature analysis.

Effect of Wafer Size on the Film Internal Stress Measurement by Wafer Curvature Method

Wafer curvature method has been applied to determine the internal stress in the films using Stoney＇s equation.During the film deposition,the wafer fixation on the sample holder will restrict the deformation of the rectangle-shaped wafer,which may result in the stress datum difference along length and width direction.In this paper,the effect of wafer size and the wafer fixation on the TiN film internal stress measured by wafer curvature method was discussed.The rectangle-shaped wafers with different length/width ratios（L/W=1：1,2：1,3：1 and 4：1） were fixed as a cantilever beam.After the TiN films deposition,the profiles of the film/wafer were measured using a stylus profilometer and then the internal stress was calculated using the Stoney equation in the film.The results showed that the fixed end of the wafers limited to some degree the curvature of the wafers along the width direction.For film internal stress measured by wafer curvature method,the wafer profile should be scanned along the length direction and the scan distance should be greater than or equal to half of wafer length.When the length/width ratio of the wafer reached 3：1,the wafer curvature and the calculated stress were basically the same at different positions along the length direction.For film internal stress measured by wafer curvature method,it was recommended that the length/width ratio of wafer should be considered to be greater than or equal to 3：1,and the deformed profile was scanned along the length direction.

A Modified Perturbation Method of Electromagnetic Scattering from a Rough Surface by Considering the Effect of the Curvature

A modified perturbation method of electromagnetic scattering from a rough surface is presented,in which the effect of the curvature of the surface is taken into account based on the conventional small perturbation method.The problem of scattering error by the conventional small perturbation method at grazing angle is solved.Compared with a set of measured data,the numerical results of the backscattering radar cross section show that this modified perturbation method is validity for small,moderate and grazing angle incidence.

Preparation of Microcapsules Containing Grape Polyphenol with the Spray Drying Method Followed by the Layer-by-Layer Method

It was tried to prepare the microcapsules containing grape polyphenol with the spray drying method followed by the layer-by-layer method. As grape polyphenol was water soluble, the spray drying method was adopted to obtain the higher content. As the shell material of the first microcapsules prepared by the spray drying method, palmitic acid with the melting point of 60&degC was adopted in order to prevent grape polyphenol from dissolution into water. As the shell material of the second microcapsules prepared by the layer-by-layer method, chitosan was used to coat the first microcapsules and to give the microcapsules alcohol resistance. In the experiment, the spray drying conditions such as the inlet temperature and the spraying pressure, the oil soluble surfactant species and the chitosan concentration were changed. The mean diameters of microcapsules could be controlled in the range from 5 μm to 35 μm by changing the spraying pressure and the inlet temperature. The yield of microcapsules and the microencapsulation efficiency over 50% could be obtained under the conditions of P = 1.0 kgf/cm2 and Tin = 100&degC. Furthermore, the microencapsulation efficiency could be increased by adding the oil soluble surfactant with the larger HLB value. Coating with chitosan could considerably increase alcohol resistance.

Measuring Method of Radius of Curvature Based on Dual-Frequency Laser Interferometer

In order to achieve high-accuracy measurement of radius of curvature of optical sphere, ultra-high accuracy radius of curvature testing device is developed by dual-frequency laser interferometer and Fizeau interferometer based on cat’s eye and confocal method. Through analyzing the error source models of radius of curvature testing, optical configuration of the testing device has been optimized. Precise environment control and real-time monitoring system is also established to reduce the errors caused by environment. Through the above processes, the radius of curvature measurement relative accuracy is better than 2 ppm. One optical sphere, R88.5 mm, test aperture 59 mm, has been tested. Testing result is 88499.465 ± 0.176 μm, meeting the design requirement. The method has high accuracy and practical advantages.

FEM analysis of workpiece curvature influence on groove deformation during plough process

To investigate the workpiece curvature influence on groove deformation,numerical studies with curvature varying from negative to positive were conducted on copper material.Groove deformations were analyzed,including groove geometry,effective stress distribution and plough force.The curled groove shape whose workpiece curvature was 0.133 mm-1 was validated by experiments.Moreover,a series of geometry models with various curvatures were introduced to analyze the change of groove deformation.The results show that positive curvatures influence groove deformation more intensively than negative or zero curvature.It is mainly due to the action of the tool forming face during plough process.

EQUIVALENT NORMAL CURVATURE APPROACH MILLING MODEL OF MACHINING FREEFORM SURFACES

A new milling methodology with the equivalent normal curvature milling model machining freeform surfaces is proposed based on the normal curvature theorems on differential geometry. Moreover, a specialized whirlwind milling tool and a 5-axis CNC horizontal milling machine are introduced. This new milling model can efficiently enlarge the material removal volume at the tip of the whirlwind milling tool and improve the producing capacity. The machining strategy of this model is to regulate the orientation of the whirlwind milling tool relatively to the principal directions of the workpiece surface at the point of contact, so as to create a full match with collision avoidance between the workpiece surface and the symmetric rotational surface of the milling tool. The practical results show that this new milling model is an effective method in machining complex three- dimensional surfaces. This model has a good improvement on finishing machining time and scallop height in machining the freeform surfaces over other milling processes. Some actual examples for manufacturing the freeform surfaces with this new model are given.

Single-polarization single-mode hollow-core negative curvature fiber with nested U-type cladding elements

Hollow-core negative curvature fibers(HC-NCFs)have become one of the research hotspots in the field of optical fiber because of their potential applications in the data and energy transmissions.In this work,a new kind of single-polarization single-mode HC-NCF with nested U-type cladding elements is proposed.To achieve the single-polarization single-mode transmission,we use two different silica tubes in thickness,which satisfy the resonance and anti-resonance conditions on the U-type cladding elements and the cladding tubes,respectively.Besides,the elliptical elements are introduced to achieve good single-mode performance.By studying the influences of the structure parameters on the propagation characteristics,the optimized structure parameters are obtained.The simulation results show that when the wavelength is fixed at 1550 nm,the single-polarization single-mode transmission is achieved,with the polarization extinction ratio of 25749 and minimum high-order mode extinction ratio of 174.Furthermore,the confinement loss is only 0.0015 dB/m.

A LEVEL SET METHOD FOR STRUCTURAL TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION WITH MULTI-CONSTRAINTS AND MULTI-MATERIALS

Combining the vector level set model,the shape sensitivity analysis theory with the gradient projection technique,a level set method for topology optimization with multi-constraints and multi-materials is presented in this paper.The method implicitly describes structural material in- terfaces by the vector level set and achieves the optimal shape and topology through the continuous evolution of the material interfaces in the structure.In order to increase computational efficiency for a fast convergence,an appropriate nonlinear speed mapping is established in the tangential space of the active constraints.Meanwhile,in order to overcome the numerical instability of general topology opti- mization problems,the regularization with the mean curvature flow is utilized to maintain the interface smoothness during the optimization process.The numerical examples demonstrate that the approach possesses a good flexibility in handling topological changes and gives an interface representation in a high fidelity,compared with other methods based on explicit boundary variations in the literature.

Importance Sampling Method in V-Space

Based on the observation of importance sampling and second order information about the failure surface of a structure, an importance sampling region is defined in V-space which is obtained by rotating a U-space at the point of maximum likelihood. The sampling region is a hyper-ellipsoid that consists of the sampling ellipse on each plane of main curvature in V-space. Thus, the sampling probability density function can be constructed by the sampling region center and ellipsoid axes. Several examples have shown the efficiency and generality of this method.

LEVEL SET METHOD FOR TOPOLOGICAL OPTIMIZATION APPLYING TO STRUCTURE, MECHANISM AND MATERIAL DESIGNS

Based on a level set model, a topology optimization method has been suggestedrecently. It uses a level set to express the moving structural boundary, which can flexibly handlecomplex topological changes. By combining vector level set models with gradient projectiontechnology, the level set method for topological optimization is extended to a topologicaloptimization problem with multi-constraints, multi-materials and multi-load cases. Meanwhile, anappropriate nonlinear speed, mapping is established in the tangential space of the activeconstraints for a fast convergence. Then the method is applied to structure designs, mechanism andmaterial designs by a number of benchmark examples. Finally, in order to further improvecomputational efficiency and overcome the difficulty that the level set method cannot generate newmaterial interfaces during the optimization process, the topological derivative analysis isincorporated into the level set method for topological optimization, and a topological derivativeand level set algorithm for topological optimization is proposed.

Experimental Study on Full-Surface Buckling of Variable Curvature Cylindrical Shell Using Multi-camera 3D-DIC System

To achieve full-surface strain measurement of variable curvature objects,a 360°3D digital image correlation(DIC)system is proposed.The measurement system consists of four double-camera systems,which capture the object’s entire surface from multiple angles,enabling comprehensive full-surface measurement.To increase the stitching quality,a hierarchical coordinate matching method is proposed.Initially,a 3D rigid body calibration auxiliary block is employed to track motion trajectory,which enables preliminary matching of four 3D-DIC sub-systems.Subsequently,secondary precise matching is performed based on feature points on the test specimen’s surface.Through the hierarchical coordinate matching method,the local 3D coordinate systems of each double-camera system are unified into a global coordinate system,achieving 3D surface reconstruction of the variable curvature cylindrical shell,and error analysis is conducted on the results.Furthermore,axial compression buckling experiment is conducted to measure the displacement and strain fields on the cylindrical shell’s surface.The experimental results are compared with the finite element analysis,validating the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed multi-camera 3D-DIC measuring system.

覆岩导水裂隙带发育高度动态演化规律研究

为了研究覆岩导水裂隙带发育高度动态演化规律,以小保当矿区2^(-2)煤层为研究对象,通过理论分析、相似模拟实验及实例验证的方法,对导水裂隙带动态发育高度进行研究;借助概率积分法预计其上部岩层移动变形的理论公式,给出了1种基于覆岩曲率变形的导水裂隙带动态发育高度预计方法。研究表明:导水裂隙带上部岩层下沉系数是1个与挠度及下部自由空间高度相关的分段函数,上部岩层曲率变形大小是决定导水裂隙带发育高度的关键因素;导水裂隙带发育高度与工作面推进长度相关;理论预计小保当矿区2^(-2)煤层导水裂隙带发育高度为160.8 m,相似模拟实验发育高度为155 m,现场实测发育高度为152.01~175.57 m。

A Hybrid Method for Nonlinear Least Squares Problems

A negative curvature method is applied to nonlinear least squares problems with indefinite Hessian approximation matrices. With the special structure of the method, a new switch is proposed to form a hybrid method. Numerical experiments show that this method is feasible and effective for zero-residual, small-residual and large-residual problems.

基于首行波曲率半径的交直流互联电网交流输电线路单端量保护

交直流互联电网中逆变侧交流输电线路故障特征与纯交流系统具有较大的差异性,传统交流输电线路的保护方案已经不再适用于逆变侧交流输电线路.首先,基于逆变侧交流输电线路发生区内、外故障时拓扑结构的不同,分别推导了两种情况下线模故障分量电流首行波的表达式,理论上明确了交流输电线路在发生区内、外故障时首行波波形特征的差异性.其次,采用小波变换模极大值法和Levenberg-Marquardt算法提取首行波曲率半径,构造了利用首行波曲率半径进行故障区域识别的高可靠性单端量保护方案.最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建交直流互联电网模型,使用MATLAB对保护方案进行验证.仿真结果表明:所提保护方案快速有效,可靠性高,耐受过渡电阻的能力较强,具有良好的抗噪声能力.

基于RANS/LES混合方法的三维L型弯管流场特性数值模拟

L型弯管是船用典型部件,可实现流体质量输运和热量交换等功能。由于弯曲段曲率的影响,其内部流动十分复杂。传统的雷诺平均方法(RANS)无法模拟弯曲段的复杂流动,而大涡模拟方法(LES)则计算量太大。为此,采用RANS/LES混合方法对经典L型弯管进行数值模拟研究,该方法在近壁面区域采用RANS方法,在湍流核心区采用LES方法,不仅可保持模拟精度,而且网格需求量较低更适用于工程应用。针对商软中的2类RANS/LES方法——脱体涡方法(IDDES)及应力混合涡模拟(SBES)方法,比较分析其在L型弯管内部流场仿真方面的优劣,并同时考虑流向曲率修正的影响。结果表明:SBES方法对弯管内二次流(迪恩涡)的预测能力优于IDDES方法,且曲率修正模型可进一步改善SBES方法的仿真结果。

复杂行星表面着陆避障增广曲率制导方法

针对复杂行星表面安全着陆问题,提出避障增广曲率制导方法。在基本曲率制导律的基础上引入障碍规避增广项。该方法利用着陆器着陆空间区域划分的思想,在障碍附近易发生碰撞区域建立膨胀预警区,基于膨胀预警区推导连续解析的障碍规避制导律,在满足几何凸轨迹状态约束的同时,考虑着陆器与障碍的相对位置关系,能够快速引导着陆器远离障碍,提高着陆器着陆过程中的安全性。仿真结果表明,该方法能够有效规避复杂行星表面的地形障碍,实现在行星表面定点软着陆,具有良好的灵活性和可靠性。

独塔非对称钢-混混合梁斜拉桥抗震性能研究

【目的】研究独塔非对称钢-混混合梁斜拉桥的抗震性能,并探明非对称结构地震响应的差异。【方法】以长沙香炉洲大桥西汊航道桥为依托,采用MidasCivil软件建立非对称钢-混混合梁斜拉桥全桥有限元模型,分别采用反应谱法和非线性时程分析法对其进行地震响应分析,并重点研究了结构非对称性对斜拉桥辅助墩、过渡墩及其桩基抗震性能的影响。【结果】独塔非对称钢-混混合梁斜拉桥的动力特性和地震响应规律呈现出明显的非对称性,非对称布置的两过渡墩和两辅助墩在地震作用下的内力响应存在较大差异,结构的非对称性对横向地震更加敏感,在抗震设计时应予以重视;除两过渡墩桩基外,长沙香炉洲大桥按照静力计算设计的结构尺寸及配筋形式均能满足各工况地震作用下的抗震性能目标;塔身、墩身在横向+竖向地震作用下的安全储备均大于纵向+竖向地震的,桩基在横向+竖向地震作用下的安全储备几乎都小于纵向+竖向地震的;受结构非对称性的影响,边跨的27#过渡墩桩基总是先于主跨的31#过渡墩桩基发生破坏;在横向地震作用下,受群桩承台影响横向各排桩基地震轴力有较大差异。【结论】从经济性和抗震合理性角度出发,应对独塔非对称钢-混混合梁斜拉桥进行差异化的抗震设计,研究成果可为非对称斜拉桥及其他非对称桥梁结构的抗震设计提供有益参考。