Impacts of converting from leaded to unleaded gasoline on ambient lead concentrations in Jakarta metropolitan area

Total suspended particulate mater （TSP） concentrations were monitored for one year from July 2000 and for one year from April 2003 in Jakarta City. Thirteen elemental TSP components, aluminum （Al）, sodium （Na）, iron （Fe）, lead （Pb）, potassium （K）, zinc （Zn）, titanium （Ti）, manganese （Mn）, bromine （Br）, copper （Cu）, chromium （Cr）, nickel （Ni）, and vanadium （V） were analyzed by a sequential X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Al, Na, Fe, K, and Pb were major components at most of the sampling locations in 2000. However, only Pb in 2003 dramatically decreased to one tenth. The phase-out of leaded gasoline began on July 1, 2001 in Jakarta City and lead content in gasoline decreased to one tenth, too. The decrease in Pb concentration was a result of the phase-out of leaded gasoline, as lead emissions mainly are exhaust gas from vehicles.

Lead Concentration in Hong Kong Roadside Dust after Reduction of Lead Level in Petrol

Samples of roadside dust were collected from 30 sites in Hong Kong.The total concentrations of 10 metals in the samples were analyzed,and the correlation coefficients among the metal contents and the annual average daily traffic(AADT)in 1986 were determined.Pb was found to have a significant correlation(P<0.01)with AADT.No correlation was found between Al, Ba,Cd,Cr,Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,and Zn with respect to AADT.A general decrease in the level of Pb in roadside dust in the past few years has been observed since the reduction in the level of lead in petrol.1989 Academic Press,Inc.

Years of Concentrated Work Leads to Successive Glory——Ye Weimin,Vice President of ZTE,Talks About ZTE's Development Strategy on WCDMA

Editor’s Note:After becoming theleading force in CDMAequipment manufacturingin China, ZTE rolled outits self-developed WCD-MA products that at-tracted much expert at-tention in the MTNETsecond phase single sys- tem testing completed inJune 2003. Thefollowing are the remarks of Ye Weimin,ZTE’s vice president, on ZTE’s strate-gies, advantages and achievements inthe development of WCDMA products.

High precision in-situ Pb isotopic analysis of sulfide minerals by femtosecond laser ablation multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

An in-situ microanalysis of Pb isotopic compositions in sulfide minerals is carried out by using femtosecond laser-ablation multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （fsLA-MC-ICP-MS）. High-temperature-activated carbon was used to filter Hg contained in the carrier gas, which reduced the Hg background signal by 48% and also lowered the detection limit of the analysis. Fractionation and mass discrimination effects existing in the ICP-MS analytical processes were corrected using an internal reference T1 in conjunction with an external reference NIST SRM 610. The proposed method was used to an- alyze the Pb isotopic compositions of chalcopyrite, pyrite, and sphalerite from the Dulong Sn-Zn-In polymetallic ore district. The results showed that in this ore district, the sulfide minerals and different grains of the same sulfide mineral show a large variation in Pb content up to 1000-fold. The studied pyrites show relatively higher Pb contents and homogeneous Pb isotopic compositions, whereas the sphalerites have low Pb contents but most variable Pb isotopic compositions. It is suggested that the large variation of Pb isotopic composition may reflect a late hydrothermal superimposition on the primary sulfide formation. In addition, radiogenic Pb accumulated by radioactive decay of trace amounts of U over time in the host minerals may also be one of the causes for the large variation range of Pb content and Pb isotopic composition of those low-Pb sphalerites. Chalcopyrite and sphalerite grains with Pb content greater than 10 ppm presented a consistent Pb isotopic distribution, whereas all the sulfide grains with Pb content greater than 100 ppm had consistent Pb isotopic composition within 2s measurement uncertainties. The in-situ analysis of Pb isotopic composition agreed well with the results obtained by conventional chemical methods within 2s measurement uncertainties, indicating that the data obtained by fsLA-MC-ICP-MS are reliable. Additionally, this study indicates that the Pb isotopic composition could truthfully record the source of ore-forming minerals only for sulfide minerals with high Pb content. On the contrary, the Pb isotopic composition of low-Pb sulfide minerals may be affected by trace amounts of U in the host minerals that may lead to a highly radiogenic Pb isotope ratio. Alternatively, it is also possible that late fluid metasomatic overprinting may alter the Pb isotopic compositions.