Effection of Lead Poisoning and Newcastle Disease Vaccine on Development of Egg Yellow Feather Quail

[ Objective] To investigate the effects of Newcastle disease vaccination and lead exposure on growth and development of egg yellow feather quail. [ Method] Ninety 14-day-old quails were assigned randomly to 10 groups （ n = 9）, and they fed and drunk at liberty. A 2 ×5 factorial design was used. The quail immunized with ND vaccine and those non-immunized were exposed to lead at a dosage of 0, 50,500, 1 000 and 2 000 mg/L, respectively. [Result] The ND immunization reduced body weight significantly （ P 〈 0.01 ） and increased liver index and serum levels of hy- aluronic acid in quail within 1 -2 weeks post inoculation. The quail exposed to 2 000 mg/L lead acetate had significantly lower body weight than the control （ P 〈 0.01 ）. From 7 weeks old, the same inhibitory effect was observed in the quail＇exposed to lead at different dosages （ P 〈 0.01 ）. In addition, the lead poisoning could cause decreased feed intake, depilation, gonadal dysgenesis, and increased serum levels of hyaluronic acid. [ Conduslon] The inhibitory effect of ND vaccination on growth of quail occurs within 1 -2 weeks post inoculation; thus, the effects of immune stress should not be worried in quail production. The lead poisoning has significant effects on body weight and feed intake of quail, and lead dosage and duration affect the inhibitory effects of lead. Gonadal dysgenesis is an important indicator of lead poisoning in. quail. The serum levels of hyaluronic acid can be used to determine whether the quail have been immunized with ND vaccine or have contacted lead pollutants.

Association between the HOTAIR Polymorphism and Susceptibility to Lead Poisoning in a Chinese Population

This study explored the association between the lncRNA HOTAIR polymorphism and susceptibility to lead poisoning in a Chinese population. We speculated that lead poisoning caused elevated levels of oxidative stress, which, in turn, activate the HOTAIR gene to cause apoptosis. Three lncRNA HOTAIR tagSNPs（rs7958904, rs4759314, and rs874945） were genotyped by TaqM an genotyping technology in 113 lead-sensitive and 113 lead-resistant Chinese workers exposed to lead. Rs7958904 was significantly associated with susceptibility to lead poisoning（P = 0.047）. The rs7958904 G allele had a protective effect compared with the C allele and reduced the risk of lead poisoning（P = 0.016）. Rs7958904 may act as a potential biomarker for predicting the risk of lead poisoning and distinguishing lead-sensitive individuals from lead-resistant individuals.

Food contamination as a pathway for lead exposure in children during the 2010–2013 lead poisoning epidemic in Zamfara,Nigeria

In 2010, an estimated 400 to 500 children died of acute lead poisoning associated with artisanal gold mining in Zamfara, Nigeria. Processing of gold ores containing up to 10% lead within residential compounds put residents, especially children, at the highest risk. Principal routes of exposure were incidental ingestion and inhalation of contaminated soil and dusts. Several Nigerian and international health organizations collaborated to reduce lead exposures through environmental remediation and medical treatment. The contribution of contaminated food to total lead exposure was assessed during the environmental health response. Objectives of this investigation were to assess the influence of cultural/dietary habits on lead exposure pathways and estimate the contribution of contaminated food to children＇s blood lead levels（BLLs）. A survey of village dietary practices and staple food lead content was conducted to determine dietary composition, caloric intakes, and lead intake. Potential blood lead increments were estimated using bio-kinetic modeling techniques. Most dietary lead exposure was associated with contamination of staple cereal grains and legumes during post-harvest processing and preparation in contaminated homes. Average post-harvest and processed cereal grain lead levels were 0.32 mg/kg and 0.85 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. Age-specific food lead intake ranged from 7 to 78 μg/day. Lead ingestion and absorption were likely aggravated by the dusty environment, fasting between meals, and nutritional deficiencies. Contamination of staple cereal grains by highly bioavailable pulverized ores could account for as much as 11%–34% of children＇s BLLs during the epidemic, and were a continuing source after residential soil remediation until stored grain inventories were exhausted.

Neurotoxicity and Biomarkers of Lead Exposure: a Review

Appropriate selection and measurement of lead biomarkers of exposure are critically important for health care management purposes,public health decision making,and primary prevention synthesis.Lead is one of the neurotoxicants that seems to be involved in the etiology of psychologies.Biomarkers are generally classified into three groups:biomarkers of exposure,effect,and susceptibility.The main body compartments that store lead are the blood,soft tissues,and bone;the half-life of lead in these tissues is measured in weeks for blood,months for soft tissues,and years for bone.Within the brain,lead-induced damage in the prefrontal cerebral cortex,hippocampus,and cerebellum can lead to a variety of neurological disorders,such as brain damage,mental retardation,behavioral problems,nerve damage,and possibly Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,and schizophrenia.This paper presents an overview of biomarkers of lead exposure and discusses the neurotoxic effects of lead with regard to children and adults.

Chrysophanol attenuates lead exposure-induced injury to hippocampal neurons in neonatal mice

Previous studies have shown that chrysophanol protects against learning and memory impairments in lead-exposed adult mice. In the present study, we investigated whether chrysophanol can alleviate learning and memory dysfunction and hippocampal neuronal injury in lead-exposed neonatal mice. At the end of lactation, chrysophanol（0.1, 1.0, 10.0 mg/kg） was administered to the neonatal mice by intraperitoneal injection for 15 days. Chrysophanol significantly alleviated injury to hippocampal neurons and improved learning and memory abilities in the lead-poisoned neonatal mice. Chrysophanol also significantly decreased lead content in blood, brain, heart, spleen, liver and kidney in the lead-exposed neonatal mice. The levels of malondialdehyde in the brain, liver and kidney were significantly reduced, and superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly increased after chrysophanol treatment. Collectively, these findings indicate that chrysophanol can significantly reduce damage to hippocampal neurons in lead-exposed neonatal mice.

Chronic exercise training versus acute endurance exercise in reducing neurotoxicity in rats exposed to lead acetate

After intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg/kg lead acetate, rats received 8 weeks of treadmill exercise （15-22 m/min, 25-64 minutes） and/or treadmill exercise at 1.6 km/h until exhaustion. The markers related to neurotoxicity were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. 8 weeks of treadmill exercise significantly increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor level in the hippocampus （P = 0.04） and plasma level of total antioxidant capacity of rats exposed to lead acetate （P 〈 0.001）, and significantly decreased plasma level of malondialdehyde （P 〈 0.001）. Acute exercise only decreased the hippocampal malondialdehyde level （P = 0.09） and increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor level in the hippocampus （P = 0.66）. Acute exercise also enhanced the total antioxidant capacity in rats exposed to lead acetate, insignificantly （P = 0.99）, These findings suggest that chronic treadmill exercise can significantly decrease neurotoxicity and alleviate oxidative stress in rats exposed to lead acetate. However, acute endurance exercise was not associated with these beneficial effects.

Lead Can Inhibit NMDA-,K^+-,QA/KA-Induced Increases in Intracellular Free Ca^(2+) in Cultured Rat Hippocampal Neurons

Objective To examine the effects of Pb2+ on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-, K+- and quisqualate(QA)/kainite(KA)-induced increases in intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+],) in cultured fetal rat hippocampal neurons in order to explain the cognitive and learning deficits produced by this heavy metal. Methods Laser scanning confocal microscopy was used. Results The results clearly demonstrated that adding Pb2+ before or after NMDA/glycine stimulation selectively inhibited the stimulated increases in [Ca2+], in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, Pb2+ treatment did not markedly affect increases in [Ca2+], induced by an admixture of QA and KA. The minimal inhibitory effect of Pb2+ occurred at 1 μmol/L, and more than seventy percent abolition of the NMDA-stimulated increase in [Ca2+]; was observed at 100 Jμmoll/L Pb2+. Evaluation of Pb2+-induced increase in [Ca2+], response to elevating extracellular concentrations of NMDA, glycine or calcium revealed that Pb2+ was a noncompetitive antagonist of both NMDA and glycine, and a competitive antagonist of Ca2+ at NMDA receptor channels. In addition. Pb2+ inhibited depolarization-evoked increases in [Ca2+], mediated by K+ stimulation(30μmol/L). indicating that Pb2+ also depressed the voltage-dependent calcium channels. Also, the results showed that Pb2+ appeared to be able to elevate the resting levels of [Ca2+|, in cultured neurons, implying a reason for Pb2+-enhanced spontaneous release of several neurotransmitters reported in several previous studies. Conclusion Lead can inhibit NMDA-. K+-, QA/KA-jnduced increases in intracellular [Ca2+], in cultured hippocampal neurons.

Effect of Functional Compound Recipe Liquid of Eliminating Lead on Eliminating Lead and Calcium in Rats

The experiment was conducted to approve the efficacy of functional compound recipe liquid of eliminating lead and calcium to eliminate lead in rats.Total 120 rats were divided into six groups according to weight: blank group (CK),negative group (ND),positive group (PD) and high group (HD,6.67 Mg·kg -1·BW·d -1 ),middle group (MD,3.33 Mg·kg -1·BW·d -1 ) and low group (LD,1.67 Mg·kg -1·BW·d -1 three groups).Except CK,other groups were drunk 0.24% Pb(AC) 2 ,in which rats were filled with functional compound rec...

Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Food Crops at Abandoned Lead-Zinc Mining Site at Tse-Faga, Logo, Lga, Benue State, Nigeria

Hundreds of children died in 2010 due to suspected lead poisoning from mining sources in Zamfara State among epidemiological concerns. Evaluating ecological and human health risks of heavy metals levels in sampled food crops harvested near two abandoned Lead-Zinc mining sites at Logo Benue State is crucial. Abelmoschus esculentus, Carica papaya, Manihot esculenta, and Zea mays were sampled, prepared, and analyzed for four heavy metals using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric method. The mean data from the analysis of variance was subjected to ecological and health risk models. Pb means value ranged from Carica papaya Peel 0.46 ± 0.011 mg/kg to 1.30 ± 0.01 mg/kg in Zea mays seed. Zn was highest in Carica papaya flesh 0.50 ± 0.01 mg/kg, and lowest in Manihot esculenta peels and its flesh 0.12 ± 0.000 mg/kg. Hg and Cd were below detectable levels. Zea mays seeds (1.001) had the highest Pd bioaccumulation factor. BAF of zinc and ecological indices were <1. Daily Intake of Metals were all <1, however, Hazard Quotient (HQ) of Pb was ≥1 in Manihot esculenta flesh 1.143 and Zea mays at 1714. Cancer Risks were within permissible range (10-4 - 10-6). Health Risk result indicates communities around the mining area may be at risk of lead poisoning therefore due to high contamination of samples, routine checks on heavy metals especially lead is recommended to prevent excessive bioaccumulation in the body.

STUDY OF BEHAVIORAL TOXICOLOGY IN LEAD EXPOSED RATS

The study treated 72 s,rague-Dawley rats that were divided into 4 groups, one controlgroup and low, middle and higa dose groups, through drinking lead acetate solutions for threemonths. On the basis of founding subclinical lead poisoning model, behavioral toxicological testwhich consisted of neurobehavioral functions, neuroelectrophysiology and neurobiochemistry wascarried out. The results indicabo that low lvel lead exposure could result in the obvious changes orneurobehavioral function, neuroelectrophyslology and ueurobiochemistry, and the changes of neurobeltavioral runctiou had close correlatiom with P6B, Zap, NCV and DA, and they also had promlnant dose-response relatiouskips. The results suggested that the indexes of neurobehavioral functionmight be cousldered as early, semitive indexes for subolinical'lead poisoning. The combination ofneurobehavioral function with neuroectrophysiology could be used to evaluate the early neurotic toxicity of lead. The results also suggested that the change of dopamine metabolism of the central nervous system (CNS) might be one of the biological foundation of lead neurotic toxicity which changedthe neurobehavioral function of laboratory rats.

PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF CRYSTAL GLASSES WITHOUT LEAD CONTENT

BaO is the most common consideration in the preparation of newcrystal glass for getting rid of lead content in the glass andceramic wares to protect hu- man health and environment. But forkeeping the glass products' properties to meet the requirements ofthe tradi- tional crystal glass, B_2O_3, Al_2O_3, TiO_2, SrO and ZnOetc (at a special ratio) had been researched with BaO to con- stitutea mixture to replace the lead content in the glass compositions.

Subnormal Serum Liver Enzyme Levels:A Review of Pathophysiology and Clinical Significance

Subnormal levels of liver enzymes,below the lower limit of normal on local laboratory reports,can be useful diagnostically.For instance,subnormal levels of aminotransferases can be observed in vitamin B6 deficiency and chronic kidney disease.Subnormal alkaline phosphatase levels may indicate the presence of hypophosphatasia,Wilson's disease,deficiencies of divalent ions,or malnutrition.Subnormal levels of gamma glutamyl transferase may be seen in cases of acute intrahepatic cholestasis,the use of certain medications,and in bone disease.Finally,subnormal levels of 5'-nucleotidase have been reported in lead poisoning and nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia.The aim of this review is to bring attention to the fact that subnormal levels of these enzymes should not be ignored as they may indicate pathological conditions and provide a means of early diagnosis.

Blood lead levels among children aged 0 to 6 years in 16 cities of China, 2004-2008

Background The adverse health effects of lead for children under 6 years are well known.Studies to assess the lead exposure among children in China are small in sample size and lack of national representative data.The aim of this study therefore was to describe blood lead levels and identify risk factors for lead exposure among children aged 0 to 6 years living in 16 cities in China.Methods We analyzed data from blood lead levels surveillance in China carried out in 16 large cities between 2004 and 2008.A stratified clustered random sampling strategy was used.A total of 69 968 children aged 0 to 6 years were included.We conducted multiple Logistic regression analyses to explore risk factors to high blood lead level.Results The geometric mean blood lead level of the children was 4.50 μg/dl （median：4.90 μg/dl; IQR：3.20-7.00 μg/dl）.Overall prevalence of blood lead level ≥10.00 μg/dl among 0-to 6-year-old children was 7.57%.But the proportion of blood lead level ≥5.00 but 〈10.00 μg/dl was 42.12%.Blood lead levels were significantly higher in boys （4.63 μg/dl） than in girls （4.35 μg/dl） （P 〈0.0001）.The geometric mean blood lead levels and prevalence of blood lead level ≥10.00 μg/dl increased with age （P 〈0.0001 for the two trends）.After controlling for sociodemographic,dietary and behavior factors,multivariable analysis indicated that lower maternal education,male gender,younger age,often biting pencil or/and toys,walking or playing for long time on the street,not washing hands before eating are major risk factors for higher lead levels.Conclusions The blood lead levels among Chinese children in urban areas are lower than previous studies but close to those of developed countries.However,children with low lead exposure account for almost half and the sociodemographic factors （age,male sex,and low mother education level） continue to be associated with higher blood lead levels.

Nanomotor-based adsorbent for blood Lead(II)removal in vitro and in pig models

Blood lead(Pb(II))removal is very important but challenging.The main difficulty of blood Pb(II)removal currently lies in the fact that blood Pb(II)is mainly complexed with hemoglobin(Hb)inside the red blood cells(RBCs).Traditional blood Pb(II)removers are mostly passive particles that do not have the motion ability,thus the efficiency of the contact between the adsorbent and the Pb(II)-contaminated Hb is relatively low.Herein,a kind of magnetic nanomotor adsorbent with movement ability under alternating magnetic field based on Fe3O4 nanoparticle modified with meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid(DMSA)was prepared and a blood Pb(II)removal strategy was further proposed.During the removal process,the nanomotor adsorbent can enter the RBCs,then the contact probability between the nanomotor adsorbent and the Pb(II)-contaminated Hb can be increased by the active movement of nanomotor.Through the strong coordination of functional groups in DMSA,the nanomotor adsorbent can adsorb Pb(II),and finally be separated from blood by permanent magnetic field.The in vivo extracorporeal blood circulation experiment verifies the ability of the adsorbent to remove blood Pb(II)in pig models,which may provide innovative ideas for blood heavy metal removal in the future.