Lead Hair Level Impact on Mongolian Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Background: High-prevalence disorders among children are attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and lead exposure. The purpose of this study was to find out the relationship between ADHD symptoms and hair lead levels and neurocognitive function among Mongolian children. Methods: This was the case study to investigate the relationship between hair lead and ADHD in Mongolian school kids. We conducted a pair-matching case-control study with 30 ADHD cases and 30 non ADHD controls for 7 - 12 years of age school children, based on the same age, and sex. Recruitment process was conducted from June 2018 to December 2019. The case and control study children were systematically selected by structured diagnostic interviews, including caregiver interviews based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed (DSM-IV). Results: The average level of hair lead of the ADHD group was 1.45 ± 2.93 ppm and the control group’s lead level was 0.7 ± 1.59 ppm. We found ADHD-Combined (ADHD-C) patients showed the highest lead levels (p < 0.05). Hair lead levels were positively linked with the severity of ADHD symptoms, negatively linked with the Full-Scale Emotional Intelligence Quotient, but positively correlated with inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms (p < 0.05). A statistically significant difference was discovered regarding the lead levels between the study and the control groups with significantly increased risks among boys and children whose mother had preeclampsia during the pregnancy period. Spearman’s correlation coefficient showed a notable negative connection between children’s hair lead levels with ADHD-Hyperactive (ADHD-H), and EQ (Emotional Quotient) level of children (−0.329 and −0.242, for original and log10 transformed, p < 0.001). The lead was linked with vulnerability to ADHD and symptom severity among those school-age children. Conclusions: The child hair lead exposure is one of the risk factors of the development of ADHD and decreasing FSIQ (Full Scale Intelligent Quotient) and EQ level of children and linked with susceptibility to ADHD and symptom severity in school-age children.

Association between Autism and Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, Manganese Levels in Hair and Urine

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by stereotypic/repetitive behavior, impaired communication, imagination and social interactions. Recently, studies have investigated the possible association between the etiology of autism and potential roles of various environmental agents, especially heavy metals. The aim of the present study was to examine levels of toxic metals in hair and urine samples of an autistic child. The levels of lead, cadmium, arsenic and manganese in hair and urine of this child were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry and compared with those of healthy children who had bee n assessed in previous studies. The autistic child had higher hair levels of lead （0.80 μg/g vs. 0.01 μg/g）, cadmium （0.083 μg/g vs. 0.06 μg/g） and arsenic （0.09 μg/g vs. 0.06 μg/g）. Urine levels of lead （12.54 μg/L vs. 3.36 μg/L） and cadmium （3.24 μg/L vs. 0.53μg/L） were higher than those of controls; whereas arsenic levels in urine were lower （6.81 μg/L vs. 32.06 μg/L）. Hair and urine samples of this autistic child contained lower concentrations of manganese （0.12 μg/g and 0.028 μg/g） as compared to healthy children （0.41 μg/L and 4.81μg/L）. In conclusion, our study demonstrated elevation in the levels of lead, cadmium and arsenic in a child with autism.

Lead neurotoxicity in rat cochlear organotypic cultures

Lead is a major environmental toxicant throughout the world.Lead can induce severe neurotoxicity including irreversible hearing impairment.Many in vivo studies have shown that lead damages the auditory nervous system,but has little or no effect on cochlear sensory hair cells.To gain insights on lead ototoxic and neurotoxic effects in vitro,lead acetate (LA) was applied to postnatal day 3-4 rat cochlear organotypic cultures for 24 or 72 h with doses of 0.1,0.5,1,2 or 4 mM.After 24 or 72 h treatment with lead acetate,nearly all of cochlear sensory hair cells were intact.However,after 72 h treatment,the peripheral auditory nerve fibers projecting to the hair cells and the spiral ganglion neurons (SGN) were damaged when lead concentration exceeded 2 mM.Our results indicated that 72 h treatment with only the high doses (> 2 mM) of lead actate damaged SGNs and peripheral nerve fibers;hair cells remained structurally intact even after 4 mM treatment.These results show that lead primarily damages cochlear nerve fibers andSGNratherthanhaircells.

Differences in lead isotopic fingerprints between blood, hair and organs in lead-poisoned rats

Lead isotopic ratios of biosamples such as blood, hair and teeth are used as "fingerprints" to trace and identify sources of lead pollution in the environment. However, the reliability of this technique has not been confirmed. In previous studies, we investigated the differences in lead isotopic ratios between blood, hair, and organs from the same human body. To explore the relation-ship between isotopic ratios in environmental lead and biosamples, and to investigate the influence of exposure dose, rats were exposed to 0, 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg body weight of lead acetate every day for 4 weeks by intragastric administration. Lead iso- topic ratios of blood, hair, liver, kidney and femur in rats, as well as that of the test substance lead acetate, were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. There were significant differences (P<0.05) in lead isotopic fingerprints between blood, hair, and tissues. Lead fingerprints of blood were influenced by lead exposure dose, while those of other tissues and organs were generally not. Its reliability and availability indicated that blood, but not hair, was thus a suitable biomarker for environmental lead exposure. The results of this study provide the scientific rationale for the use of lead isotopic ratios for the identification of human lead pollution sources.

大学生健康与头发中铅含量的关系

通过实验、调查、查资料的方式,对"大学生发铅与人体健康"这一课题展开讨论。用实验法、问卷调查和社会调查、查资料3种方式进行研究,分析了铅对人体健康的影响及大学生健康与头发中铅含量的关系,提出开发应用天然产物预防铅中毒。结果均与现代医学理论相一致。在教学中开展此项研究,对于复合型人才的培养具有积极的作用。

头发、血浆、红细胞中铅对评价职业性接触水平的作用

[目的]探讨发铅、血浆和红细胞中铅对评价职业性铅接触水平的作用。[方法]用原子吸收分光光度计测定接触铅组与不接触铅对照组工人的血浆、红细胞及发中铅、铁、铜、镁、钙含量 ,测量数据用SAS软件处理。[结果]用0.25mol/L的HC1处理发样 ,能有效去除发表面的铅污染。接触组与对照组血浆铅无显著差异 ,而红细胞铅、发铅差异显著 ,血中其他元素含量无显著差异。[结论]去除表面污染的发铅和红细胞铅可作为铅接触指标。

氢化物发生辅助雾化火焰原子吸收法测定人发中的铅

使用氢化物发生辅助雾化的火焰原子吸收法 ,在K3Fe(CN) 6 HCl体系中 ,测定了头发中铅的含量。对酸度、氧化剂及浓度、NaBH4 的浓度及流速对Pb测定的影响分别进行了研究。与传统雾化火焰原子吸收法相比 ,本方法测铅的灵敏度提高了 13 4倍。方法的检出限为 2 8μg·L- 1 ,精密度 (RSD)为 1 4 %。用于测定人发中的Pb ,回收率达 96 %～ 99%。

植物和人发样品中痕量铅的氢化物原子荧光测定

以双电极高强度空心阴极灯作激发光源，于铁氰化钾碱性体系内进行铅的氢化反应。实验表明，原子化过程中石英炉芯对铅烷存在吸附。在最佳测试条件下，溶液检出限为０．１７ μｇ／Ｌ，分析了国家一级植物标样和头发标样中痕量铅，取得令人满意的结果。

儿童和老年人头发中的Pb和Fe含量

用Ｘ射线荧光分析法测定了１３０８例儿童和老年人头发中的Ｐｂ和Ｆｅ含量，结果发现儿童和老年人头发中Ｐｂ和Ｆｅ含量均比成年人高，其中婴儿的最高．儿童头发中的Ｐｂ、Ｆｅ含量随增龄而降低，而老年人发中的Ｐｂ、Ｆｅ含量随增龄而增加．本研究提示要特别警惕Ｐｂ对儿童的危害．

某蓄电池生产地区6～12岁儿童环境铅暴露的调查

目的了解某蓄电池生产地区(A、B、C、D四个村)6～12岁儿童铅暴露状况。方法于2007年10至11月在某蓄电池生产地区(A、B、C、D村)采用分层随机抽样的方法,并采用自制问卷调查当地309名6～12岁儿童,并采集静脉血、头发、指甲样品,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法检测血铅、发铅、甲铅含量。结果被调查儿童血铅几何均值为71.2μg/L, 54名儿童血铅≥100μg/L(铅超标率为17.5%)。男女儿童血铅几何均值分别为75.0μg/L、67.5μg/L。A村6～10岁儿童血铅水平高于11～12岁儿童,B村男童血铅水平、铅超标率高于女童。A村(与D村比较)、6～10岁(与11～12岁比较)、男孩(与女孩比较)为儿童血铅超标危险因素,OR值分别为9.110、2.484、2.102。发铅、甲铅含量与血铅浓度均为正相关,男童发铅水平高于女童。结论A村儿童铅暴露最严重;发铅受性别影响;发铅、甲铅可作为铅中毒辅助诊断指标,对铅暴露有提示作用。

流动注射在线萃取-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定人发中微量镉和铅

本文建立了一个流动注射在线萃取-火焰原子吸收测定人发中微量镉和铅的方法.对含Cd和Pb分别为0.02μg/ml和0.20μgml的溶液.其相对标准偏差分别为3.4%和3.8%(n=9),Cd和Pb的灵敏度分别提高21倍和23倍.分析速度达36次/h.Cd和Pb的回收率分别在87.3%—97.0%和91.9%—107.3%之间.文中还详细研究了各种实验参数的选择,测定人发样的结果与文献值相符.

氢化物－无色散原子荧光法测定人发中的铅

本文研究了氢化物－无色散原子荧光法测定人发中的铅。仔细检测了各种共存离子引起的干扰。仅铜（６０μｇ／ｍＬ）引起负误差。增加铁氰化钾的用量，克服了铜的干扰。方法的检出限为０．００１５μｇ／ｍＬ，相对标准偏差４．６６％，回收率在９５％－９８％范围。本法快速、灵敏。已用于人发样品的测定，得到满意结果。

2003—2007年中国儿童铅中毒率的分析研究——发铅检测结果

通过计算机检索收集了2003—2007年间公开发表的、关于儿童发铅水平和铅中毒率的中文文献,对涉及8省16万人作了调查分析。结果表明,近5年内中国儿童的平均发铅水平为7.5μg/g,铅中毒率平均为27.5%,与同一时期血铅检测结果一致。

流动注射氢化物发生原子吸收光谱法测定发铅

发样消化液用铁氰化钾预先氧化处理将二价铅氧化为四价形态铅,以硼氢化钾为还原剂,稀盐酸为载液,用流动注射氢化物发生原子吸收光谱法测定铅。方法的检出限为0.26ng·ml-1,线性范围为0.60～35ng·ml-1,相对标准偏差为2.5%～4.7%,样品加标回收率为96.8%～104.4%,对人发标准物质进行测定,结果与标准值符合。方法灵敏度高、选择性好、试剂及样品用量少、操作方便快速,有推广应用价值。

儿童发铅与智商关系的研究

为探讨环境中低浓度铅对儿童智商的影响，选择合肥市某小学学生131名，调查其发铅值、智商和影响智商的因素。结果发现，131名儿童的发铅值水平在0．05－8．35μmol/L（2．571.87μmol/L），智商（IQ）水平在72～135（105．2712．08）。以3．5μmol/L和1．5μmol/L两个发铅值为界线，对智商进行t检验，发现儿童的发铅值在较低浓度（1．5μmol/L）时，仍对智商有影响（P＜0．05）。控制11个对智商有影响的混杂因素，进行多元逐步回归分析，发铅值排在11个影响因素的第二位。

浙江省宁波、海宁部分地区幼儿头发和全血中的微量元素相关性研究

测定了浙江省宁波、海宁部分地区 2 2 3例 3～ 4岁健康幼儿同一个体头发和全血铅和锌含量 ,并研究两类样本两种微量元素的相关性。发现除血锌男女性别间含量差异不明显外 ,发中的锌、铅 ,全血中的铅均有显著的性别差异 ;无论是头发或是全血 ,男性或女性铅和锌均呈负相关且大多数有显著性 ;发铅和血铅男性和女性均呈显著正相关 ,而发锌与血锌女性也呈显著相关。本文还求出发铅与血铅。

双硫腙化学修饰电极溶出伏安法测定人体中痕量铅

我们研制了双硫腙化学修饰电极,并应用于人体中痕量铅的测定。由于该电极电解富集铅具有特效性,因而本法测铅有较高的灵敏度和较好的选择性。检出下限为2.5×10^(-10)mol/L(受空白所限)。实测人体样品,铅的回收率+SD为97.3±5.7％,变异系数CV为5.9％。

微分电位溶出法测定人发中铜铅镉锌的研究

本文报道了０．００２５ｍｏｌ·Ｌ￣（－１）ＨＣｌ－０．２ｍｏｌ·Ｌ￣（－１）ＮＨ＿（４）Ｃｌ底液中连续测定人发中铜、铅、镉、锌的微分电位溶出法。四元素峰电位分别为－０．２０Ｖ，－０．４６Ｖ，－０．６７Ｖ，一１．０２Ｖ（ＳＣＥ），峰形好，灵敏度高，干扰少，测定发样相对标准偏差≤４．３％，回收率为９７．６％～１０４．６％。并对ＨＮＯ＿３－ＨＣｌＯ＿４和ＨＮＯ＿（３）Ｈ＿（２）Ｏ＿２消化发样进行了比较。

成都市幼儿体铅水平与环境铅污染的关系

本文检测了成都市 50 1名 3～ 6岁儿童的发铅和血铅水平。发铅平均含量为 17 2 9± 9 70 μg/ g ,血铅平均浓度为 0 59± 0 33μmol/L( 12 3 81± 68 95μg/L)。 60 3%的儿童血铅浓度≥ 0 4 8μmol/L ( 10 0 μg/L) ;3 0 %的儿童血铅浓度≥ 1 4 4 μmol/L( 30 0 μg/L)。发铅与血铅无直线相关关系。市区儿童的发铅和血铅水平显著高于郊区儿童。大气铅测定显示市区铅污染重于郊区。讨论了铅污染的主要来源和儿童铅中毒的预防对策研究。

探针技术石墨炉原子吸收光谱测定人发中痕量铅

探针技术石墨炉原子吸收光谱测定人发中痕量铅周立群＊蔡火操葛伊莉张必成（湖北大学实验中心武汉４３００６２）（湖北大学化学系武汉）关键词石墨探针，石墨炉原子吸收光谱，痕量铅，人发１９９６－１０－１６收稿，１９９７－０４－２２修回大量研究表明，人体很多疾病...