CsRAXs negatively regulate leaf size and fruiting ability through auxin glycosylation in cucumber

Leaves are the main photosynthesis organ that directly determines crop yield and biomass.Dissecting the regulatory mechanism of leaf development is crucial for food security and ecosystem turn-over.Here,we identified the novel function of R2R3-MYB transcription factors CsRAXs in regulating cucumber leaf size and fruiting ability.Csrax5 single mutant exhibited enlarged leaf size and stem diameter,and Csrax1/2/5 triple mutant displayed further enlargement phenotype.Overexpression of CsRAX1 or CsRAX5 gave rise to smaller leaf and thinner stem.The fruiting ability of Csrax1/2/5 plants was significantly enhanced,while that of CsRAX5 overexpression lines was greatly weakened.Similarly,cell number and free auxin level were elevated in mutant plants while decreased in overexpression lines.Biochemical data indicated that CsRAX1/5 directly promoted the expression of auxin glucosyltransferase gene CsUGT74E2.Therefore,our data suggested that CsRAXs function as repressors for leaf size development by promoting auxin glycosylation to decrease free auxin level and cell division in cucumber.Our findings provide new gene targets for cucumber breeding with increased leaf size and crop yield.

Intersexual differences in leaf size and shape in dioecious Adriana tomentosa

Aims Leaf size and shape as objects of natural selection can play adaptive roles,and can change with the age of leaves.They can differ between sexes in dioecious species,and in most cases,females have larger leaves.Previous studies showed that sexes of Adriana tomentosa differed in their leaf lobing.In this study,we investigated whether there were other differences between sexes in leaf size,shape and ecophysiology,and if those differences were connected with adaptations and reproductive roles in the sexes of A.tomentosa.Methods Physical and chemical features of young and old leaves originating from female and male A.tomentosa plants growing in two disjunct populations in eastern Australia were measured.We determined leaf area,perimeter length,serration,circularity,aspect ratio(AR),roundness and the ecophysiological factors:specific leaf area,dry matter content,leaf moisture,relative water content,δ^(13)C,δ^(15)N isotope compositions,carbon and nitrogen contents and C:N ratio.Leaf lobing,the degree of lamina damage and the content of photosynthetic pigments were also determined.Important Findings In both populations studied,the sex of plants significantly influenced almost all parameters connected with leaf morphology such as area,perimeter length,circularity,AR and roundness.Contrary to expectations,males from both populations had a greater leaf area that was independent of leaf age.Male leaves were more lobed with a longer perimeter,but they were less elongated and less serrated.Only small differences between female and male leaves were observed for the ecophysiological factors.The degree of leaf damage differed between sexes but also with population.Differences between sexes in leaf area and shape were not compensated by measured ecophysiological factors.However,leaf area may be compensated by other ecophysiological mechanisms related to leaf morphology,because females had greater leaf serration in comparison to males despite the smaller leaf area.

Leaf morphological variation among paper birch (<i>Betula papyrifera</i>Marsh.) genotypes across Canada

Variations in leaf morphological characteristics have been extensively studied at both interand intraspecific levels although not explicitly on paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh). Paper birch populations might have considerable genotypic and leaf morphological variations that have allowed them to inhabit wide environmental gradients. In this study, we analyzed variations in leaf morphological characteristics in 23 paper birch populations collected across Canada and grown in a greenhouse. Furthermore, we examined whether the variations in leaf morphological characteristics observed were related to the climate of the population’s origin. We found significant genotypic differences in all leaf morphological characteristics (p < 0.05) measured among the birch populations. Thus, we expected that the morphological variations in birch might be related to natural diversity in birch populations due to environmental differences at habitat origin. Principal component analysis (PCA) reduced thirteen leaf morphological variables to five principal components (PC) explaining 84.74% of the total variance in the original data. PCs accumulated with specific leaf area, petiole and leaf width were positively related to latitudinal, longitudinal, and elevational gradients at the population’s origin. Unpredictably, these PCs were significantly negatively correlated to precipitation and aridity index at the origin. Thus, we analyzed if correlations within leaf morphological characteristics had supported the birch populations to acclimate and produce unpredictable relations with the environment of origin. Our results showed that the populations originated in limited precipitation (during growing season) had large leaf width and petiole size but low leaf hairs on adaxial surface. Thus, all these leaf morphological features provide a basis for the birch to reduce water loss from leaves and balance water use efficiency in reduced precipitation. Furthermore, the leaf characteristics measured may also include phenotypic plasticity of the birch as an acclimation to the environment as in the greenhouse.

Effects of soil fauna on leaf litter decomposition under different land uses in eastern coast of China

Soil fauna decompose litter, whereas land use changes may significantly alter the composition and structure of soil fauna assemblages. However, little is known of the effects of land-use on the contribution of soil fauna to litter decomposition. We studied the impacts of soil fauna on the decomposition of litter from poplar trees under three different land uses （i.e. poplar-crop integrated system, poplar plantation, and cropland）, from December 2013 to December 2014, in a coastal area of Northern Jiangsu Province. We collected litter samples in litterbags with three mesh sizes （5, 1 and 0. 01 mm, respectively） to quantify the contribution of various soil fauna to the decomposition of poplar leaf litter. Litter decomposition rates differed significantly by land use and were highest in the cropland, intermediate in the poplar-crop integrated system, and lowest in the poplar plantation. Soil fauna in the poplar-crop integrated system was characterized by the highest numbers of taxa and individuals, and highest Margalef＇s diversity, which suggested that agro-forestry ecosystems may support a greater quantity, distribution, and biodiversity of soil fauna than can single-species agriculture or plantation forestry. The individuals and groups of soil fauna in the macro-mesh litterbags were higher than in the meso-mesh litterbags underthe same land use types. The average contribution rate of meso- and micro-fauna to litter decomposition was 18.46%, which was higher than the contribution rate of macro-fauna （3.31%）. The percentage of remaining litter mass was inversely related to the density of the soil fauna （P 〈 0.05） in poplar plantations; however, was unrelated in the poplar-crop integrated system and cropland. This may have been the result of anthropogenic interference in poplar-crop integrated systems and croplands. Our study suggested that when land-use change alters vegetation types, it can affect species composition and the structure of soil fauna assemblages, which, in turn, affects litter decomposition.

Physicochemical characteristics of ambient particles settling upon leaf surfaces of urban plants in Beijing

Particulate pollution is a serious health problem throughout the world, exacerbating a wide range of respiratory and vascular illnesses in urban areas. Urban plants play an important role in reducing particulate pollution. Physicochemical characteristics of ambient particles settling upon leaf surfaces of eleven roadside plants at four sites of Beijing were studies. Results showed that density of particles on the leaf surfaces greatly varied with plant species and traffic condition. Fraxinus chiuensis, Sophora japonica Ailanthus altissima, Syringa oblata and Prunus persica, had larger densities of particles among the tall species. Due to resuspension of road dust, the densities of particles of Euonymus japonicns and Parthenocissus quinquefolia with low sampling height were 2-35 times to other taller tree species. For test plant species, micro-roughness of leaf surfaces and density of particles showed a close correlation. In general, the larger micro-roughness of leaf surfaces is, the larger density of particles is. Particles settling upon leaf surfaces were dominantly PM30 （particulate matter less than 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter; 98.4%） and PM2.5 （particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter; 64.2%） which were closely relative to human health. Constant elements of particles were C, O, K, Ca, Si, Al, Mg, Na, Fe, S, Cl and minerals with higher content were SiO2, CaCO3, CaMg（CO3）2, NaCI and 2CASO4. H2O, SiO2. CaCO3 and CaMg（CO3）2 mainly came from resuspension of road dust. 2CaSO4. H2O was produced by the reaction between CaCO3 derived from earth dust or industrial emission and SO2, H2SO4 or sulfate. NaCl was derived from sea salt.

郑州市常绿灌木滞留颗粒物能力及季节差异

选取郑州市12种常见常绿阔叶灌木为研究材料,运用3级滤膜法测定叶片对各粒径颗粒物(TSP、PM_(>10)、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5))的滞留量,并通过超景深显微镜和扫描电镜观察比较12种灌木的叶表面微形态结构,分析灌木叶片的滞尘能力、滞尘粒度特征及季节差异。结果表明:1)不同植物的滞尘能力差异显著(P<0.05),火棘和夹竹桃滞留各粒径颗粒物的能力最强,洒金桃叶珊瑚和南天竹最弱。叶片滞留的颗粒物以PM_(>10)为主,其次为PM_(2.5),PM_(2.5~10)的占比最小,在2.52%~15.36%。2)各植物在滞尘粒度特征和滞尘量方面存在季节差异。植物对不同粒径颗粒物的滞留量总体呈现冬季大于春、夏、秋三季的规律,但对PM_(>10)、PM_(2.5)和PM_(2.5~10)的质量占比分别在冬春季、夏季和春季最高。3)叶表面微结构观察表明,叶尖和叶尾是滞留颗粒物的重要部位,而微结构如沟槽、凸起、绒毛、簇状结构等微形态结构则增强了植物的滞尘能力。电镜观察发现,有些植物叶表面具有菌丝,相关分析发现蜡质含量越多则菌丝越多,滞尘能力越强。滞尘树种的筛选应该综合考虑滞尘量、滞尘粒度及季节更替等因素,火棘和夹竹桃对各粒径颗粒物的滞留能力均较强,可以作为郑州市园林绿化中的首选树种。

果型和抗性基因协同对番茄黄化曲叶病毒带毒量的影响

以12份番茄种质为试材,其具有2类果实大小和3种不同抗性基因,通过检测番茄黄化曲叶病毒病田间抗性和带毒量指标,探索果实大小、抗病基因与田间抗性、带毒量之间的关系。结果显示,在自然传毒情况下,所有番茄材料都能检测到病毒感染。在番茄定植后28 d,小果型番茄M8(I)、M5(I)、M3(I)、M7(I)、M9(I)和M11(HR)带毒量均较低,大果型番茄M6(S)、M10(S)、M4(S)和M2(S)带毒量均较高,且小果型番茄田间发病率明显低于大果型番茄。除了Ty-1/ty-1单基因抗性不受番茄果实大小影响外,携带其他单基因或聚合基因抗性的番茄种质均与果实大小有关。在此节点上,带毒量越高抗性越弱,带毒量越低抗性越强。总体来说,在遭受番茄黄化曲叶病毒侵染时,小果型番茄田间抗性强于大果型番茄。

叶片风振响应空间运动姿态及雾滴沉积效果分析

风送喷雾技术可有效提升雾滴向冠层内部的输送能力,增强雾滴在树冠各处的覆盖均匀性,但气流对单一叶片的动态响应及雾滴沉积的细观作用效果还不清楚。该研究通过风洞内的稳定气流对单一梨树叶片进行风振响应试验,追踪叶片表面代表叶片形态的4个特征点,构建模拟叶片的三维空间运动模型,分析研究特征点的空间运动轨迹及叶面雾滴沉积效果。研究结果表明:低于临界风振响应速度,叶片基本稳定于一定抬升角位置,大于等于临界风振响应速度,叶片的稳定状态才会破坏,出现大幅度的摆动与翻转的复合运动响应,且运动响应具有周期性特征。对应5、7和9 m/s风速下,在一个周期内叶尖的空间运动总行程分别为180.61、1140.77、766.33 mm,叶片总扭转角分别为290.7°、896.8°、716.2°。雾滴沉积试验中,风速低于5m/s,雾滴主要沉积于面向气流方向的叶面,随着气流速度增大,正面雾滴沉积覆盖率由43.2%逐渐减小为10.3%;大于等于风速5m/s时,叶片正反两表面均有雾滴沉积,但雾滴主要沉积亲水性较好的叶片反面上。提出了应用叶片的空间运动瞬时位置的实际坐标构建模拟叶片位姿,可清晰体现叶片的空间位姿及运动过程。研究结果可进一步揭示风送喷雾过程中载雾气流与动态叶片的沉积作用机理。

育苗容器对紫叶紫薇容器苗生长、开花及生理的影响

【目的】探讨育苗容器类型和规格对紫叶紫薇容器苗生长、开花及生理的影响,筛选出培育紫叶紫薇容器苗的适宜育苗容器,为高效培育紫薇容器苗提供理论依据。【方法】以紫叶紫薇优良新品种‘丹红紫叶’2年生苗木为研究材料,选用黑色塑料营养杯(C1)、白色无纺布美植袋(C2)、黑色控根容器(C3)3个类型以及16×16(D1)、21×21(D2)、25×25(D3)3种规格(直径×高,cm),组成9种容器组合处理,测定不同处理容器苗生长、开花及生理指标。【结果】(1)不同育苗容器处理对紫叶紫薇容器苗的生长、开花及生理指标均影响显著,同一容器类型苗木的生长、根系、生物量、花期、花径、花序、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量、相对叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率等指标均随着育苗容器规格的增大而显著增加。(2)地径生长量、总根长、总根表面积、总根体积、根尖数、地上部干质量、地下部干质量、总干质量、花期均以C3D3处理最大,比最小的C1D1处理分别显著提高817.12%、108.12%、94.60%、75.66%、144.14%、135.67%、228.45%、164.65%、34.48%;苗高生长量、冠幅生长量、叶面积、花序长和宽均以C1D3处理最高,比最低的C1D1处理分别显著提高116.05%、81.39%、114.95%、70.44%和65.79%;相对叶绿素含量、水分利用效率均以C3D3处理最大,可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量、净光合速率、气孔导度均以C1D3处理最高;胞间CO_(2)浓度、水分利用效率在各处理之间无显著差异。(3)各处理隶属函数法综合评价得分排序为:C3D3>C1D3>C2D3>C3D2>C2D2>C1D2>C2D1>C3D1>C1D1。【结论】黑色控根容器在地径生长量、根系生长指标、生物量、花期和花径、叶绿素相对含量及净光合速率方面表现最佳;紫叶紫薇2年生苗的最适宜育苗容器是直径25 cm、高25 cm的黑色控根容器。

水稻叶形态的建成及分子机制研究进展

水稻叶片形态是决定理想株型的关键因素。根据“源库”理论,水稻叶片形态通过影响光合效率等“源”流影响水稻产量。其中,叶片大小、卷曲度以及叶倾角是植物整体株型和叶型中决定产量的关键农艺性状。近年来,已有许多控制叶片形态的基因被克隆与鉴定。水稻叶片发育过程可分为3个阶段:水稻叶原基的形成、极性的建立及维持、叶片的扩张。近年来,随着分子生物学技术的快速发展,众多调控水稻叶片形态的关键基因的重要功能已被阐明。譬如,PLA1、PLA2等基因在细胞分裂过程中的协同作用,NAL1、NAL9、NRL1、NRL2等基因在叶脉发育中的协同调控,SLL1、SRL2等基因对厚壁组织细胞结构的精细调控,OsPIN1、OsWOX3A等基因对植物激素的极性运输和分配等,共同构成了水稻叶片形态复杂调控网络的基石,为深入理解作物叶片形态发育的分子机制提供了重要线索。研究影响水稻叶片形态的分子机制,对于利用“源库”理论实现水稻的高产稳产具有重要生物学意义。

不同尺寸片烟游离氨基酸和阿马杜里化合物差异分析

【目的】明确打叶复烤后不同尺寸片烟游离氨基酸和阿马杜里(Amadori)化合物的变化规律,为稳定卷烟质量和调整配方提供理论依据。【方法】以河南中烟工业有限责任公司6个中间香型烤烟多等级配打模块打叶后的片烟为研究对象,经叶片振动分选筛筛分后得到大片、中片、小片、碎片和碎末5种不同尺寸的片烟,分别测定其游离氨基酸和阿马杜里化合物含量,并对其分别进行差异显著性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析。【结果】(1)不同尺寸片烟21种游离氨基酸总量为14 586.82~18 614.04μg/g,其中脯氨酸、天冬酰胺、丙氨酸和天冬氨酸含量较高;不同尺寸片烟17种阿马杜里化合物总量为21 674.68~29 371.17μg/g,其中果糖-脯氨酸(Fru-Pro)、果糖-丙氨酸(Fru-Ala)、果糖-氨基丁酸(Fru-Amb)和果糖-天冬酰胺(Fru-Asn)含量较高;不同尺寸片烟在多个游离氨基酸组分、阿马杜里化合物组分及阿马杜里化合物总量上存在显著差异。(2)主成分分析表明,游离氨基酸前3个主成分的累积方差贡献率为89.89%,表明这3个主成分可以反映21个变量(游离氨基酸成分)的大部分信息;阿马杜里化合物前4个主成分的累积方差贡献率为88.95%,表明这4个主成分能够反映17个变量(阿马杜里化合物)的大部分信息。(3)聚类分析结果表明,根据游离氨基酸主成分综合得分,可将不同尺寸片烟聚为3类,其中大片、中片和小片烟聚为一类;碎片烟和碎末烟各自单独聚为一类;根据阿马杜里化合物主成分综合得分,可将不同尺寸片烟聚为2类,其中大片、中片和小片烟聚为一类;碎片烟和碎末烟聚为一类。【结论】大片片烟和中片片烟具有较好的品质,工业可用性较高;碎片烟和碎末烟品质较差,在打叶复烤时应尽量减少其产出。

茎段和穴盘大小对北方叶用甘薯越冬育苗的影响

为探索北方叶用甘薯越冬穴盘育苗,设置4个茎段大小(4、6、8、10 cm,用D1、D2、D3、D4表示)和5种穴盘规格(32、50、72、105、128孔),搭配14个处理,研究不同搭配对种苗成活率、幼苗长势(茎粗、株高等)和鲜重等指标的影响。结果表明:相同穴盘下,随着茎段增长,幼苗的成活率、叶片数、基部茎粗和株高呈现增加的趋势,进而地上部鲜重和整株鲜重也随之增加,以D4处理最高。相同茎段下,随着穴盘孔数增加,幼苗的叶片数、基部茎粗、株高、地上部鲜重和全株鲜重减少,源于穴盘对地下部的影响,以32孔处理最高。不同茎段和穴盘搭配下,D4-32处理的生长情况最好,3月中旬,对于地上部鲜重而言,D2-72处理(9.79 g)可达到与D4-32处理相同的效果(两者间无显著性差异),其叶片数、基部茎粗和株高等指标满足移栽水平;对于整株鲜重而言,D2-105处理(10.21 g)可达到与D4-32处理相同的效果,且可节省228.1%的育苗面积,参考其重量,1月中旬,D3-72处理下的地上部和整株鲜重接近上述两个处理的水平,可节省125.0%的育苗面积。综合秧苗生长情况与经济效益,3月中旬移栽时,推荐D2-105,即含2个腋芽茎段与105孔穴盘的搭配,如有生产条件在1月中旬移栽,推荐D3-72,即含3个腋芽茎段与72孔穴盘的搭配。

打叶器框栏形状及尺寸对打叶复烤叶片结构的影响

[目的]优化打叶复烤叶片结构,降低大片率,提升中片率。[方法]以会理B3F为供试材料,以打叶器一打四联框栏为研究对象,研究了打叶器框栏形状、尺寸对打叶复烤叶片结构的影响。[结果]处理A_(2)B_(2)综合表现较好,能有效降低大片率,提升中片率,且保持其碎片率、碎末率无显著增加。当采用7.62 cm框栏尺寸时,正六边形框栏较菱形框栏,大片率显著降低6.87百分点,中片率显著提高3.90百分点,但是大中片率会明显下降且碎片率、碎末率较高。当采用8.89 cm框栏尺寸时,正六边形框栏较菱形框栏,大片率显著降低8.10百分点,中片率显著提高5.72百分点,大中片率显著下降,两者的碎片率、碎末率无显著差异。当采用菱形框栏时,8.89 cm框栏尺寸较7.62 cm框栏尺寸,大片率、中片率、大中片率无显著变化,碎片率、碎末率出现一定程度的下降。当采用正六边形框栏时,8.89 cm框栏尺寸较7.62 cm框栏尺寸,大片率无显著变化,中片率提高2.23百分点、大中片率提高1.36百分点,碎片率、碎末率显著下降。[结论]打叶器一打四联打叶框栏采用8.89 cm尺寸、正六边形框栏,能够优化烟叶叶片结构,降低大片率,提高中片率,同时还能保持较低的烟叶造碎。

蒙古沙冬青功能性状对土壤水分的响应

植物功能性状是资源分配和生存繁殖的重要量化指标,反映了其对环境变化的响应与适应机制。本文通过测定固定沙地、砾质沙地两种生境下蒙古沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)个体形态特征、叶片功能性状以及花数量和花部结构特征,探究其生长发育与繁殖过程中资源分配对不同土壤水分的响应规律。结果显示:(1)由于土壤水分含量的差异,砾质沙地上蒙古沙冬青的基径、冠幅、地上生物量显著大于固定沙地(P<0.05)。(2)不同土壤水分条件下,蒙古沙冬青叶面积、叶体积、叶组织密度具有显著差异性(P<0.05);比叶面积、叶鲜重、叶干重具有极显著差异性(P<0.01)。(3)土壤水分含量低的生境下,植株比叶面积与叶面积、叶体积显著正相关(P<0.05),与叶组织密度极显著负相关(P<0.001);土壤水分充足条件下,叶形指数与叶面积显著负相关(P<0.01)。异质生境下,叶干物质含量均与叶片含水量显著负相关(P<0.05),而与水分饱和亏、叶面积极显著正相关(P<0.001)。(4)土壤水分含量低的生境下,蒙古沙冬青花数量、花瓣长度与花萼大小均减小;异质生境下,花数量均与冠幅、地上生物量极显著正相关(P<0.001)。综上所述,蒙古沙冬青通过降低个体大小,减小叶面积和增加比叶面积、叶组织密度以及减少花数量适应干旱环境,功能性状与植物对资源的获取和利用密切相关,反映了其在异质生境下的生活史适应策略。

烟粉粒径及其分布对稠浆法烟芯薄片性能的影响

利用5组不同粒径的烟粉配制稠浆并制备烟芯薄片,研究单一粒径烟粉、连续级配混合烟粉对稠浆特性及烟芯薄片性能的影响规律,分析烟粉粒径分布对薄片性能的影响作用,优选出适宜的烟粉级配方案。结果表明,随着烟粉粒径的减小,稠浆黏度降低,薄片紧度、抗张强度增加,采用小粒径烟粉制备的薄片强度好但紧度过高,80目至≥200目4种粒径烟粉以0.2的级配系数混合时,制备的薄片各项性能较优,对比具有同等平均粒径、不同粒径分布的烟粉,较宽的粒径分布更利于薄片的强度,综合考虑稠浆及薄片性能,较优的烟粉混合条件为80目至≥200目4种粒径烟粉分别占比32.2%、13.0%、12.8%及42.0%,此时薄片紧度0.72 g/cm^(3),抗张强度可达0.549 kN/m。

毛竹及其2个变种秆箨植硅体的形态差异

毛竹是我国重要的经济竹种,在长期栽培适应过程中产生了丰富的变型。为揭示毛竹与其变型植硅体特征的变化规律,以浙江安吉竹博园内原种毛竹、变型种‘元宝竹’及‘绿槽毛竹’秆箨为研究对象,通过微波消解法进行实验,对植硅体含量、浓度、粒度分析、长鞍形长宽面积形态参数和形态组合等特征进行研究。结果显示:秆箨植硅体含量和浓度均呈现为毛竹>‘元宝竹’>‘绿槽毛竹’的规律;植硅体粒度分布曲线呈现出不一致的规律,其中毛竹粒度分布最高峰值为0~10μm,变型种‘元宝竹’和‘绿槽毛竹’的最高峰值为10~20μm,平均粒度大小呈现为毛竹>‘绿槽毛竹’>‘元宝竹’的规律。长鞍形植硅体的长度、宽度和面积参数均为毛竹>‘元宝竹’>‘绿槽毛竹’;从植硅体形态看,其中毛竹和‘绿槽毛竹’的圆台形植硅体最多,‘元宝竹’的鞍形植硅体最多。总体而讲:毛竹与变异型态的‘元宝竹’及‘绿槽毛竹’间的秆箨植硅体存在明显差异。

蒙古栎群落叶型的分析

Leaf-size classes of 337 vascular plants in Quercus mongolica community in northeast, China were analyzed according to Raunkiaer system. The dominant type was microphyll which percentage is 45.4%,followed by compound leaf (23.1%),mesophyll ( 22.6%),nanophyll (6.8%),macrophyll (0.9%),aphyllous (0.9%),leptophyll ( 0.3%).The leaves edges of 337 plants were investigated and the percentage of entire leaves plants is 22.3%.Leaf-size classes spectra of trees,shrubs and herbs were figured out.The mesophyll ratio in trees was higher than that in shrubs and herbs.The mesophyll ratio in shrubs was the lowest.Different sites had different leaf-size classes spectra.Microphyll also was the dominant type in every site.No significant relationships were found between leaf-size classes spectra and latitude and altitued.

水稻剑叶部分形态生理特性QTL分析以及它们与产量、产量性状的关系(英文)

光合产物是水稻产量的主要来源,因此对水稻后期功能叶片尤其是剑叶形态生理性状的遗传分析对水稻高产育种很重要。利用来源于籼/粳交后代的重组自交系群体为材料对水稻剑叶形态(叶片长、宽、面积)和生理性状(叶绿度、持绿性)进行了 QTL定位,并对这些性状与产量、产量性状的相关性进行了分析。两年分别定位了17、6和14个与剑叶形态性状、叶绿度和持绿性有关的QTL,其中10个QTL在两年中共同检测到。相关分析表明,较大的剑叶可以增加穗粒数并显著增加产量,然而叶绿度和持绿性与产量、产量性状无关或呈显著负相关。叶绿度与剑叶大小呈显著负相关以及籼/粳交群体后代半不育是叶绿度和持绿性与产量、产量性状无关或呈显著负相关的可能原因。染色体 4 上的 RM255-RM349区域同时控制 3 个剑叶形态性状并且解释的变异也较大,该区域可用于遗传改良以提高水稻产量。染色体 3 上的 RM422-RM565 区域重叠了 3 个与持绿性有关的 QTL,它们对产量的贡献有待于通过构建近等基因系进行深入研究。

基于光度立体视觉的蔬菜秧苗叶片形态测量方法

为了实现蔬菜秧苗长势智能化在线评估,设计了基于光度立体视觉的蔬菜秧苗叶片曲面形态测量方法和装置,用于对叶片倾角、长度和面积进行精确测量。以15~30 d苗龄辣椒秧苗为测量对象,构建了针对其冠层叶片形态测量的试验装置。根据4组光源在标定球表面成像的反射关系组合方程,标定其对秧苗叶片的照射向量;以D65白色标准板为参考,采用图像RGB分量线性矫正的方法,对不同方位光源辐射强度差异进行补偿,克服光源强度波动对叶片图像明暗信息的影响。根据叶片在不同方位光源照射下图像的明暗特征,基于光度立体视觉获取主叶脉区域离散梯度信息,在此基础上采用最小二乘方法拟合叶片空间平面,以恢复叶片空间倾斜信息,进一步结合叶片图像尺寸测算其实际长度和面积。试验结果表明,视觉系统对秧苗倾角、叶片长度和面积的测量结果与人工测量结果相比平均偏差分别为6.29°、3.82 mm、56.53 mm2,叶片长度和面积与人工测量结果的决定系数R2分别为0.936 3、0.866 4,且对于叶片伸展充分、无遮挡的幼龄秧苗测量精度较高,可为进一步开发温室苗床秧苗长势在线监测设备提供重要技术支撑。

不同移栽期对烤烟叶片大小·产质量·化学成分的影响

烟草的生长发育受到多种因素的影响,为探究移栽期对烟叶产量和品质的影响及寻找江西抚州烟区烟草的最佳栽植期,本研究对不同移栽期的烟叶大小、产质量及化学品质进行检测。结果表明,随着烤烟移栽期的推迟,叶片逐渐变宽,下部叶尤为明显;烟叶的产量逐渐增加,上等烟的比例是先上升后下降;均价和单位面积产值都以T3期的最高;烟叶的总糖含量、钾含量随移栽期推迟逐渐增大,总氮含量、烟碱含量逐渐减小;烟叶的糖碱比、氮碱比等化学成分也以T3期的最协调。比T3期(3月9日移栽)提前或推迟10 d(T1期或T5期)移栽对生产优质烟叶有不利影响。抚州地区3月14日移栽(T3期)较为适宜。