THEORY AND APPLICATION OF FRACTIONAL STEP CHARACTERISTIC FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD IN NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SECOND ORDER ENHANCED OIL PRODUCTION

A kind of second-order implicit fractional step characteristic finite difference method is presented in this paper for the numerically simulation coupled system of enhanced （chemical） oil production in porous media. Some techniques, such as the calculus of variations, energy analysis method, commutativity of the products of difference operators, decomposition of high-order difference operators and the theory of a priori estimates are introduced and an optimal order error estimates in l^2 norm is derived. This method has been applied successfully to the numerical simulation of enhanced oil production in actual oilfields, and the simulation results ate quite interesting and satisfactory.

Early application of percutaneous neuromuscular electric stimulation in interfering motor function of limbs and difference in temperature of axilla of patients with ischemic stroke

BACKGROUND： Temperature of axilla could be affected due to motor dysfunction of limbs and neural changes of vessel after ischemic stroke. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effect of percutaneous neuromuscular electric stimulation （PNES） on difference in temperature of axilla and analyze the relationship between function of limbs and difference in temperature of axilla. DESIGN： Randomized grouping and controlled observation SETTING： Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command of Chinese PLA PARTICIPANTS： Sixty patients with ischemic stroke were selected from Neurological Department of General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command of Chinese PLA from January to June 2003. All cases were diagnosed with clinical diagnosis criteria of ischemic stroke established by the Fourth Chinese Classification of Cerebrovasular Disease and CT examination and received neuromuscular electric stimulation （NES）. Patients were randomly divided into control group and treatment group with 30 in each group. METHODS： Control group： Patients received routinely neurological therapy. Treatment group： Except routine therapy, patients suffered from NES at 48 hours after hospitalization. NMT-91 NES equipment was used to stimulated injured limbs with low frequency once 30 minutes a day in total of 10 times a course, especially extensor muscle of upper limb and flexor muscle of lower limb. Prescription of hemiplegia was internally decided by equipment with the output frequency of 200 Hz. Intensity of electric output could cause muscle contraction. The therapy needed two or three courses. Temperature of bilateral axilla was measured every day to calculate the difference with the formula of （temperature of axilla on the injured side - temperature of axilla on the healthy side）. Motor function of limbs was measured with FugI-Meyer Motor Assessment （FMA） during hospitalization and at 2 and 4 hours after hospitalization. Among 90 points, upper and lower limb function was 54, equilibrium function 10, sensory function 10, and motion of joint 16. The higher the scores were, the better the function was. Correlation of data was dealt with linear correlation analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ： Assessment and correlation between difference in temperature of axilla and motor function of injured limbs during hospitalization and at 2 and 4 weeks after hospitalization. RESULTS： All 60 patients with ischemic stroke were involved in the final analysis. ① Difference in temperature： Difference of 2 and 4 weeks after hospitalization was lower than that in control group and at just hospitalization [treatment group： （0.056±0.000）, （0.024±0.003） ℃; control group： （0.250±0.001）, （0.131 ±0.001）℃; hospitalization; （0.513±0.001） ℃, P 〈 0.05-0,01]. ② FMA scores： Scores of 2 and 4 weeks after hospitalization were higher than those in control group and at just hospitalization [treatment group; （43.50±15.09）, （67.97 ±18.21） points; control group： （33.33 ±13.54）, （40.87±19.34） points; hospitalization： （26.43 ±11.87） points, P 〈 0.05-0.01]. ③ Correlation： Difference in temperature of axilla was negative correlation with FMA scores （c=- -0.255 1, P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： ① PNES can accelerate recovery of limb function and decrease temperature of axilla of patients with ischemic stroke. ② The lower the difference in temperature is, the better the functional recovery is.

Securing offshore resources development:A mathematical investigation into gas leakage in long-distance flexible pipes

Gas flexible pipes are critical multi-layered equipment for offshore oil and gas development.Under high pressure conditions,small molecular components of natural gas dissolve into the polymer inner liner of the flexible pipes and further diffuse into the annular space,incurring annular pressure build-up and/or production of acidic environment,which poses serious challenges to the structure and integrity of the flexible pipes.Gas permeation in pipes is a complex phenomenon governed by various factors such as internal pressure and temperature,annular structure,external temperature.In a long-distance gas flexible pipe,moreover,gas permeation exhibits non-uniform features,and the gas permeated into the annular space flows along the metal gap.To assess the complex gas transport behavior in long-distance gas flexible pipes,a mathematical model is established in this paper considering the multiphase flow phenomena inside the flexible pipes,the diffusion of gas in the inner liner,and the gas seepage in the annular space under varying permeable properties of the annulus.In addition,the effect of a variable temperature is accounted.A numerical calculation method is accordingly constructed to solve the coupling mathematical equations.The annular permeability was shown to significantly influence the distribution of annular pressure.As permeability increases,the annular pressure tends to become more uniform,and the annular pressure at the wellhead rises more rapidly.After annular pressure relief followed by shut-in,the pressure increase follows a convex function.By simulating the pressure recovery pattern after pressure relief and comparing it with test results,we deduce that the annular permeability lies between 123 and 512 m D.The results help shed light upon assessing the annular pressure in long distance gas flexible pipes and thus ensure the security of gas transport in the emerging development of offshore resources.

Caloric restriction-mimetics for the reduction of heart failure risk in aging heart: with consideration of gender-related differences

The literature is full of claims regarding the consumption of polyphenol or polyamine-rich foods that offer some protection from developing cardiovascular disease(CVD). This is achieved by preventing cardiac hypertrophy and protecting blood vessels through improving the function of endothelium. However, do these interventions work in the aged human hearts? Cardiac aging is accompanied by an increase in left ventricular hypertrophy, along with diastolic and systolic dysfunction. It also confers significant cardiovascular risks for both sexes. The incidence and prevalence of CVD increase sharply at an earlier age in men than women. Furthermore, the patterns of heart failure differ between sexes, as do the lifetime risk factors. Do caloric restriction(CR)-mimetics, rich in polyphenol or polyamine, delay or reverse cardiac aging equally in both men and women? This review will discuss three areas:(1) mechanisms underlying age-related cardiac remodeling;(2) gender-related differences and potential mechanisms underlying diminished cardiac response in older men and women;(3) we select a few polyphenol or polyamine rich compounds as the CRmimetics, such as resveratrol, quercetin, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate and spermidine, due to their capability to extend health-span and induce autophagy. We outline their abilities and issues on retarding aging in animal hearts and preventing CVD in humans. We discuss the confounding factors that should be considered for developing therapeutic strategies against cardiac aging in humans.

Evaluation of the Air Leakage Flowrate in Sintering Processes

Iron ore sintering is a pre-treatment technology by which orefines are converted into porous and permeable sin-ters,which are the used in blast furnaces.This process can be adversely affected by air leakage phenomena of various types.As experimental measurements are relatively difficult and often scarcely reliable,here a theoretical model based on typicalfluid-dynamic concepts and relationships is elaborated.Through the analysis of two extreme cases,namely,those in which leakage is due to a small hole or a full rupture,a generalized hole-bed mod-el is introduced,which for thefirst time also includes a complete bed permeability equation and can deal with different leakage position conditions.The results show that the model can evaluate the influence of leakage on the system at one time and be used to calculate theflowrate and pressure drop.Notably,the obtained results are within a 15%deviation with respect to available experiment values,used for comparison.

Study on leakage recharge mechanism of confined fresh water aquifer with semi-permeable membrane in Tianjin plain area

The Group Ⅱ fresh groundwater bearing aquifers in the eastern plain of Tianjin underwent long term exploitation. This study shows that the area with greater water-level declining is associated with more rapid stratigraphic compaction and consolidation. In the study area, the salty groundwater in the un-exploited overlying aquifers have the same dynamic characteristic of synchronization but different amplitude with the Group Ⅱ aquifers, showing that they have a close relationship. Cross-sectional study indicated that surface water, salty groundwater and underlying fresh groundwater belong to an integral water resources system. The compacted clay layers have the feature of semi-permeable membrane under alkaline condition. The infiltration of surface water is driven by the differences of osmotic pressure of salty water in each layer. When the water level difference between the Group Ⅱ aquifers and overlying salty aquifers is greater than osmotic water pressure difference, the salt water layer will desalinate downward and eventually, decreasing the water level of the upper aquifers, turning phreatic water amount supposed to evaporate to leakage recharge. Therefore, stopping mining groundwater in the Group Ⅱ aquifer will lead to other new environmental geology disaster.

Effect of Long-Term Application of K Fertilizer and Wheat Straw to Soil on Crop Yield and Soil K Under Different Planting Systems

Effect of application of K fertilizer and wheat straw to soil on crop yield and status of soil K in the plough layer under different planting systems was studied. The experiments on long-term application of K fertilizer and wheat straw to soil in Hebei fluvo aquic soil and Shanxi brown soil in northern China were begun in 1992. The results showed that K fertilizer and straw could improve the yields of wheat and maize with the order of NPK ＋ St 〉 NPK 〉 NP ＋ St 〉 NP, and treatment of K fertilizer made a significant difference to NP, and the efficiency of K fertilizer in maize was higher than in wheat under rotation system of Hebei. In contrast with Shanxi, the wastage of soil potassium was a more serious issue in the rotation system in Hebei, only treatment of NPK ＋ St showed a surplus of potassium and the others showed a wane. K fertilizer and straw could improve the content of water-soluble K, nonspecifically adsorbed K, non-exchangeable K, mineral K, and total K in contrast to NP; however, K fertilizer and straw reduce the proportion of mineral K and improve proportion of other forms of potassium in the two locating sites. Compared with the beginning of orientation, temporal variability character of soil K content and proportion showed a difference between the two soil types; furthermore, there was a decrease in the content of mineral K and total K simultaneously in the two locating sites. As a whole, the effect of K fertilizer applied to soil directly excelled to wheat straw to soil. Wheat straw to soil was an effective measure to complement potassium to increase crop yield and retard the decrease of soil K.

On the Application of Dramatic Monologue in English Poetry

The diachronic method is applied to analyze the works of the representative writers of the corresponding period.By comparing the features of poems,a conclusion can be drawn that the authors tried to reveal the social truth.It attempts to carry forward the characteristics of dramatic monologue and also hopes it will enrich the expressions of English poetry so that poetry presents a qualitative leap.

Hanning self-convolution window and its application to harmonic analysis

The Hanning self-convolution window (HSCW) is proposed in this paper. And the phase difference correction algorithm based on the discrete spectrum and the HSCW is given. The HSCW has a low peak side lobe level, a high side lobe roll-off rate, and a simple spectrum representation. Hence, leakage errors and harmonic interferences can be considerably reduced by weighting samples with the HSCW, the parameter estimation by the HSCW-based phase difference correction algorithm is free of solving high order equations, and the overall method can be easily implemented in embedded systems. Simulation and application results show that the HSCW-based phase difference correction algorithm can suppress the impacts of fundamental frequency fluctuation and white noise on harmonic parameter estimation, and the HSCW is advantageous over existing combined cosine windows in terms of harmonic analysis performance.

钻井过程中井漏特征精细识别方法研究与应用

井漏是钻井工程中普遍存在的井下复杂问题,严重影响着钻井施工安全与钻井周期,井漏特征精细识别是高效治理井漏的关键。首先,综合测井、钻井、录井及地质等资料,结合漏层力学性质与物理机理分析,利用加权系数法,建立了基于“井漏综合指数”的井漏层位识别新方法。然后,研究了漏失通道类型及尺寸、漏失压差、漏失速度等井漏特征参数的定量分析方法,并给出计算模型,形成了多信息融合的井漏特征精细识别方法。该方法在X区块进行了实例分析,分析结果表明,X区块实际井资料的处理结果与现场实际漏失地层的层位、漏失类型及漏失速度等井漏特征基本吻合。井漏特征精细识别方法综合考虑了井漏的主要影响因素,利用其可以准确识别漏层的特征,为防漏堵漏技术优化及施工提供科学依据。

An Effective Density Based Approach to Detect Complex Data Clusters Using Notion of Neighborhood Difference

The density based notion for clustering approach is used widely due to its easy implementation and ability to detect arbitrary shaped clusters in the presence of noisy data points without requiring prior knowledge of the number of clusters to be identified. Density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise （DBSCAN） is the first algorithm proposed in the literature that uses density based notion for cluster detection. Since most of the real data set, today contains feature space of adjacent nested clusters, clearly DBSCAN is not suitable to detect variable adjacent density clusters due to the use of global density parameter neighborhood radius Y,.ad and minimum number of points in neighborhood Np~,. So the efficiency of DBSCAN depends on these initial parameter settings, for DBSCAN to work properly, the neighborhood radius must be less than the distance between two clusters otherwise algorithm merges two clusters and detects them as a single cluster. Through this paper： 1） We have proposed improved version of DBSCAN algorithm to detect clusters of varying density adjacent clusters by using the concept of neighborhood difference and using the notion of density based approach without introducing much additional computational complexity to original DBSCAN algorithm. 2） We validated our experimental results using one of our authors recently proposed space density indexing （SDI） internal cluster measure to demonstrate the quality of proposed clustering method. Also our experimental results suggested that proposed method is effective in detecting variable density adjacent nested clusters.

高精度管道漏风量测试仪的设计及实验研究

现有的国产漏风量测试仪普遍存在测量精度低、自动化水平低的问题,为此,基于漏风量测试仪的原理,开展了漏风量测试仪的结构设计、系统设计及整机实验研究。首先,对漏风量的测量过程、喷嘴流量测量原理进行了研究,推导了喷嘴流量测量公式,并根据相关标准设计了角接取压方式的喷嘴结构,基于仪器操作便捷性要求,对整机结构进行了设计;其次,采用空气密度补偿公式完成了高精度流量自适应测量,设计了基于自锁式电磁阀的换向调零电路,采用换向调零法对压差传感器零点漂移进行了补偿,使用小波阈值去噪算法消除了信号噪声,提高了流量的测量精度;采用抗积分饱和比例积分微分(PID)算法对流量进行了闭环控制;最后,研制了管道漏风量测试仪样机,开展了压差与流量测量精度与重复性实验。实验及研究结果表明:该高精度漏风量测试仪工作状态稳定,压差测量精度为±0.4%,流量测量精度为±2%;该漏风量测试仪的测量精度优于国内同类仪器,符合国家标准要求,具有良好的市场前景。

基于声学多普勒频差法的自动测流设备应用

实现流量在线监测是提高水文测报现代化水平的重要前提,目前水文自动测流技术研究中多普勒频差原理广泛应用,自动测流设备适用程度较高,能够实现自动化监测,但不同设备又都有其局限性与应用范围,具体自动测流方案的选择要充分考虑测流断面的特性,同时必须根据历史数据与资料进行充分论证和精准分析。结合石梁河水文站测流断面,从技术方面对垂直式声学多普勒流速剖面仪和侧扫雷达设备进行充分论证和精准分析。

大语言模型安全现状与挑战

大语言模型因其出色的文本理解和生成能力,被广泛应用于自然语言处理领域并取得了显著成果,为社会各界带来了巨大的便利。然而,大语言模型自身仍存在明显的安全问题,严重影响其应用的可信性与可靠性,是安全学者需广泛关注的问题。文中针对大语言模型自身的安全问题,首先从基于大语言模型的恶意应用问题切入,阐述提示注入攻击及其相应的防御方法;其次,介绍大语言模型幻觉带来的可信问题,对幻觉问题的量化评估、幻觉来源和缓解技术是当前研究的重点;然后,大语言模型隐私安全问题强调了个人及企业数据的保护问题,一旦在进行人机交互时泄露商业秘密和个人敏感信息,将可能引发严重的安全风险,当前研究主要通过可信执行环境和隐私计算技术来进行风险规避;最后,提示泄露问题关注攻击者如何窃取有价值的提示词进行获利或通过个性化提示词泄露个人隐私。提升大语言模型的安全性需要综合考虑模型隐私保护、可解释性研究以及模型分布的稳定性与鲁棒性等问题。

鱼类行为生态水力学模型研究现状与发展趋势

水利工程运行与鱼类资源保护如何协同发展,是我国水电开发与水生态环境保护需要重点开展的研究,其中基于鱼类行为学、生态水力学及计算机科学等多学科交叉融合的鱼类行为生态水力学模型为水电开发背景下鱼类行为响应及其生境质量演变提供了研究技术及评估新方法。鱼类运动模型的基本原理为以水动力环境为基础,通过融合鱼类行为规律实现鱼类运动过程的模拟。本研究系统调研和梳理总结了近20年来国内外鱼类行为生态水力学模型的相关研究,重点聚焦模型如何准确构建及合理运用。首先介绍了模型的基本结构及主要组成要素,重点阐述了不同生境尺度中鱼类行为规则设置时考虑的因素,包括过鱼设施微生境、坝区水环境及河流生态系统;然后详细剖析了鱼类运动模型科学构建及运用过程中的难点,包括鱼类行为规则的复杂多样性、行为模型与水动力模型的融合以及模型的有效和合理运用;最后从人工智能算法、多尺度与多维度信息融合以及模型对生境要素的预测运用3个方面对未来运动模型研究进行展望,为开展符合我国坝情、水情及鱼情的鱼类行为生态水力学模型研究工作提供一定的科学依据。

不同大小脂肪颗粒分层注射手术在面部年轻化中的应用研究

目的探讨不同大小脂肪颗粒分层注射手术在面部年轻化中的应用效果。方法选取2021年1月至2024年1月在郑州东方整形美容医院进行脂肪颗粒分层注射手术的女性患者70例,按照治疗方法的不同分为试验组(n=35)和对照组(n=35),对照组予以常规小颗粒自体脂肪移植,试验组根据患者的面部解剖及老化特点选择不同的注射层次。比较两组的临床效果、治疗前后皮肤生理指标(水合度值、黑色素值、红色素值)水平、VISIA检测(毛孔、斑点、纹理、皱纹、棕色斑分值)结果,比较两组的满意率和不良反应发生率。结果试验组患者总有效率为94.29%,对照组患者总有效率为77.14%,试验组患者高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组患者的水合度值升高,黑色素值、红色素值降低(P<0.05);治疗后,试验组患者的水合度值高于对照组,黑色素值、红色素值低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组的纹理、皱纹、棕色斑分值均降低,且试验组低于对照组(P<0.05)。试验组患者的满意率为91.43%,对照组患者的满意率为71.43%,试验组患者的满意率高于对照组(P<0.05)。试验组患者的不良反应总发生率为5.71%,对照组患者的不良反应总发生率为22.86%,试验组患者低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论不同大小脂肪颗粒分层注射手术在面部年轻化中疗效显著,患者满意度高,能够有效改善患者的皮肤生理状态和皮肤特征,且不良反应较少。

不同锌源叶面喷施对冬小麦和夏玉米产量及籽粒营养品质的影响

为探明不同锌源叶面肥喷施对小麦和玉米产量、籽粒矿质元素含量及锌、铁生物有效性的影响,对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系开展不同叶面肥喷施试验。小麦季设置去离子水(CK1)、尿素(CK2)、尿素+纳米氧化锌(U+ZnO)、尿素+壳聚糖纳米锌(U+ZnCNP)、尿素+普通七水硫酸锌(U+Zn)5种叶面肥处理;玉米季增加尿素与锌铁硒多元混合喷施处理(U+Zn/Fe/Se)。结果表明:各叶面肥喷施处理对小麦和玉米籽粒产量均无显著影响,但对籽粒微量元素含量有显著影响。不同锌源与尿素混合叶面肥对小麦籽粒锌含量强化效果由弱到强依次为U+ZnCNP<U+ZnO<U+Zn。与CK2处理相比,处理U+Zn使小麦籽粒锌含量显著提高77.7%(从22.80 mg·kg^(-1)增加至40.52 mg·kg^(-1))、籽粒植酸与锌(PA/Zn)摩尔比显著下降42.1%,使籽粒锌生物有效性(TAZ)显著提高74.5%。对于玉米,与CK2处理相比,处理U+Zn/Fe/Se使籽粒锌含量提高32.3%(从14.93 mg·kg^(-1)增加至19.60 mg·kg^(-1))、硒含量显著提高12.7倍(从17.66μg·kg^(-1)增加至242.04μg·kg^(-1))、籽粒PA/Zn摩尔比显著下降27.0%,使籽粒TAZ显著提高36.9%,使整个植株或玉米秸秆磷与锌(P/Zn)和磷与铁(P/Fe)摩尔比降低。研究表明,叶面喷施普通七水硫酸锌是提高小麦、玉米籽粒锌含量和生物有效性的最佳形式,其强化小麦籽粒锌效果优于玉米。叶面喷施尿素与锌铁硒混合溶液可同时提高玉米籽粒锌、硒含量及锌、铁生物有效性(籽粒、全株、秸秆),是解决人体或动物微量元素营养缺乏的有效农艺强化措施。

不同施氮量对皂荚幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

以长势一致的2年生皂荚嫁接苗为试验材料,研究不同施氮量对2年生皂荚幼苗生长、光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数的影响,以期找出适合2年生皂荚嫁接苗快速生长的最适施氮量。结果表明:(1)施氮肥显著提高了皂荚树幼苗株高、地径、刺长及刺茎的净增长量,并且均在N3(纯氮90 g/株)处理下达到最大值,试验结束后,与CK相比,株高和地径增长量分别提高了59.71%和50.10%;(2)N3处理下可以较大幅度的促进皂荚叶片叶绿素的合成,增大叶片净光合速率和气孔导度等,进而提高皂荚幼苗的光合能力。(3)随着施肥量的增加,皂荚叶片最大荧光(F_(m))和PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_(v)/F_(m))随施氮肥量的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,而初始荧光(F_(o))与二者变化趋势相反,并且均在N3处理下达到极值。(4)在PSⅡ反应中心活性方面,合理施氮肥可以使得单位反映中心吸收的光能(ABS/RC)、捕获的光能(TRo/RC)和用于传递电子的能量(ETo/RC)上升,降低用于热耗散的能量(DIo/RC)。综合各参数来看,适宜2年生皂荚嫁接苗生长的最适施氮量为60~90 g/株。

防渗漏施工技术在建筑工程中存在问题及对策

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