NO reduction by CO over TiO_2-γ-Al_2O_3 supported In/Ag catalyst under lean burn conditions

TiO2/γ-Al2O3 supported In/Ag catalysts were prepared by impregnation method,and investigated for NO reduction with CO as the reducing agent under lean burn conditions.The microscopic structure and surface properties of the catalysts were studied by N2 adsorption-desorption,X-ray diffraction,transmission electron microscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy,H2 temperature-programmed reduction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.TiO2/γ-Al2O3 supported In/Ag is a good catalyst for the reduction of NO to N2.It displayed high dispersion,large amounts of surface active components and high NO adsorption capacity,which gave good catalytic performance and stability for the reduction of NO with CO under lean burn conditions.The silver species stabilized and improved the dispersion of the indium species.The introduction of TiO2 into the γ-Al2O3 support promoted NO adsorption and improved the dispersion of the indium species and silver species.

Three-Dimensional Models for Analyzing the Cyclic Variations in a Lean Burn CNG Engine

Three-dimensional models, consisting of the flame kernel formation model, flame kernel development model and natural gas single step reaction model, are used to analyze the contribution of cyclic equivalence ratio variations to cyclic variations in the compressed natural gas （CNG） lean burn spark ignition engine. Computational results including the contributions of equivalence ratio cyclic variations to each combustion stage and effects of engine speed to the extent of combustion variations are discussed. It is concluded that the equivalence ratio variations affect mostly the main stage of combustion and hardly influence initial kernel development stage.

Experimental study of stratified lean burn characteristics on a dual injection gasoline engine

Due to increasingly stringent fuel consumption and emission regulation,improving thermal efficiency and reducing particulate matter emissions are two main issues for next generation gasoline engine.Lean burn mode could greatly reduce pumping loss and decrease the fuel consumption of gasoline engines,although the burning rate is decreased by higher diluted intake air.In this study,dual injection stratified combustion mode is used to accelerate the burning rate of lean burn by increasing the fuel concentration near the spark plug.The effects of engine control parameters such as the excess air coefficient(Lambda),direct injection(DI)ratio,spark interval with DI,and DI timing on combustion,fuel consumption,gaseous emissions,and particulate emissions of a dual injection gasoline engine are studied.It is shown that the lean burn limit can be extended to Lambda=1.8 with a low compression ratio of 10,while the fuel consumption can be obviously improved at Lambda=1.4.There exists a spark window for dual injection stratified lean burn mode,in which the spark timing has a weak effect on combustion.With optimization of the control parameters,the brake specific fuel consumption(BSFC)decreases 9.05%more than that of original stoichiometric combustion with DI as 2 bar brake mean effective pressure(BMEP)at a 2000 r/min engine speed.The NO_(x) emissions before threeway catalyst(TWC)are 71.31%lower than that of the original engine while the particle number(PN)is 81.45%lower than the original engine.The dual injection stratified lean burn has a wide range of applications which can effectively reduce fuel consumption and particulate emissions.The BSFC reduction rate is higher than 5%and the PN reduction rate is more than 50%with the speed lower than 2400 r/min and the load lower than 5 bar.

Numerical and Experimental Investigation on the Performance of Lean Burn Catalytic Combustion for Gas Turbine Application

This manuscript presents our numerical and experimental results regarding the performance characteristics of lean bum catalytic combustion for gas turbine application. The reactant transport was assumed to be controlled by both bulk diffusion as well as surface kinetics, implemented by means of an approximate reaction rate equation and empirical coefficients to incorporate reaction mechanism. Experimental and numerical results were compared to examine the effects of methane mole fraction, inlet temperature, operating pressure, velocity and hydrogen spe- cies on combustion intensity. The results indicate that inlet temperature is the most significant parameter that im- pacts operation of the catalytic combustor and the most effective methods for improving the methane conversion are increasing the inlet temperature and increasing the methane mole fraction. Simulations from ID heterogene- ous plug flow model can capture the trend of catalytic combustion and describe the behavior of the catalytic mo- nolith in detail. The addition of hydrogen will provide heat release by the exothermie combustion reaction so that the reactants reach a temperature at which methane oxidation can light-off.

Part-load Performance Characteristics of a Lean Burn Catalytic Combustion Gas Turbine System

The purpose of this study is to compare the part-load performance of a lean burn catalytic combustion gas turbine (LBCCGT) system in three different control modes: varying fuel, bleeding off the fuel mixture flow after the compressor and varying rotational speed. The conversions of methane species for chemical process are considered. A 1D heterogeneous plug flow model was utilized to analyze the system performance. The actual turbomachinery components were designed and predicted performance maps were applied to system performance research. The part-load characteristics under three control strategies were numerically investigated. The main results show that: the combustor inlet temperature is a significant factor that can significantly affect the part-load characteristics of the LBCCGT system; the rotational speed control mode can provide the best performance characteristics for part-load operations; the operation range of the bleed off mode is narrower than that of the speed control mode and wider than that of the fuel only mode; with reduced power, methane does not achieve full conversion over the reactor at the fuel only control mode, which will not warrant stable operation of the turbine system; the thermal efficiency of the LBCCGT system at fuel only control strategy is higher than that at bleed off control strategy within the operation range.

Excellent complete conversion activity for methane and CO of Pd/TiO_2-Zr_(0.5)Al_(0.5)O_(1.75) catalyst used in lean-burn natural gas vehicles

Palladium catalysts are supported on TiO2, ZrO2, A12O3, Zro.sAlo.501.75 and TiO2-Zro.sAlo.501.75 prepared by co-precipitation method, re- spectively. Catalytic activities for methane and CO oxidation are evaluated in a gas mixture that simulated the exhaust from lean-burn natural gas vehicles （NGVs）. Pd/TiO2-Zro.sAlo.501.75 performs the best catalytic activity among the tested five catalysts. For CH4, the light-off temperature （Tso） is 254 ℃, and the complete conversion temperature （Tgo） is 280 ℃; for CO, Tso is 84 ℃, and Tgo was 96 ℃. Various techniques, including N2 adsorption-desorption, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, H2-temperature-programmed reduction （H2-TPR）, X-ray photoelec- tron spectroscopy （XPS）, and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） are employed to characterize the effect of supports on the physicochemical properties of prepared catalysts. N2 adsorption-desorption and SEM show that TiO2-Zro.5Al0.501.75 expresses uniform nano-particles and large meso-pore diameters of 26 nm. H2-TPR and XRD indicate that PdO is well dispersed on the supports and strongly interacted with each other. The results of XPS show that the electron density around PdO and the proportion of active oxygen on TiO2-Zro.sAl0.501.75 are maxima among the five supports.

Effect of cobalt oxide on performance of Pd catalysts for lean-burn natural gas vehicles in the presence and absence of water vapor

Pd-based catalysts modified by cobalt were prepared by co-impregnation and sequential impregnation methods,and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction （XRD）,N2 adsorption/desorption （Brunauer-Emmet-Teller method）,CO-chemisorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）.The activity of Pd catalysts was tested in the simulated exhaust gas from lean-burn natural gas vehicles.The effect of Co on the performance of water poisoning resistance for Pd catalysts was estimated in the simulated exhaust gas with and without the presence of water vapor.It was found that the effect of Co significantly depended on the preparation process.PdCo/La-Al2O3 catalyst prepared by co-impregnation exhibited better water-resistant performance.The results of XPS indicated that both CoAl2O4 and Co3O4 were present in the Pd catalysts modified by Co.For the catalyst prepared by sequential impregnation method,the ratio of CoAl2O4/Co3O4 was higher than that of the catalyst prepared by co-impregnation method.It could be concluded that Co3O4 played an important role in improving water-resistant performance.

回流区稳定燃烧的近熄火特性理论分析

基于火焰稳定在回流区剪切层中的假设,建立了预混火焰近贫燃熄火极限特性的理论分析模型.一旦火焰稳定在剪切层中,由于剪切层同时从两侧卷吸流体,所以进入火焰的流体将是自由流与回流区流体的混合物.如果是贫燃火焰,回流区流体由燃烧产物和多余的氧化剂组成而没有燃料,因此进入剪切层火焰的混合物当量比将低于自由流的当量比.如此一来,即使自由来流是可燃的,剪切层中混合物的当量比也可能超出可燃极限.分析表明,对于回流区稳定的贫燃火焰,进入剪切层火焰的混合物有效当量比将低于自由来流的当量比.根据理论分析建立了近贫燃熄火极限的回流区稳定燃烧模式图,其中涉及4个参数:自由来流当量比、剪切层卷吸比、吹熄极限和再点火极限.分析揭示出4种可能的燃烧模式:超稳定火焰、亚稳定火焰、振荡火焰和熄火.特别地,在参数空间发现了一个振荡区,它可能为近吹熄火焰引入一种新的固有不稳定性机制.在这种机制中,剪切层中的当量比振荡实际上是由燃烧过程本身驱动的,因为火焰的位置/振荡影响着进入回流区的流体成分进而影响剪切层中的当量比.因此,当量比振荡与燃烧过程之间的反馈循环由于周期性的火焰吹熄和闪回/再稳定而得以封闭.

稀燃条件下掺烧乙醇重整气对直喷汽油机燃烧及碳烟排放影响的仿真研究

为解决直喷汽油机稀薄气体的燃烧及排放问题,采用掺烧乙醇重整气改善直喷汽油机的性能,并利用CONVERGE三维仿真技术从微观角度解释发动机的性能表现。结果表明,引入乙醇重整气可以改善缸内当量比分布,促进H基、OH基的生成,有助于燃烧的良好进行;随重整气掺混比的升高,HO_(2)和H_(2)O_(2)分布范围更广、浓度更高,在燃烧室内分层现象更加明显;随着重整气掺混比增加到20%,缸内碳烟的生成质量和数量密度峰值分别降低了90%和56.25%,直喷汽油机碳烟排放得到有效改善。

预燃室点火式汽油机稀薄燃烧特性试验研究

基于测试试验台架对被动预燃室增压直喷汽油机在不同工况下的效率特性、燃烧特性、燃油经济性以及排放特性进行了研究。采用3次喷射策略形成稀薄燃烧环境(过量空气系数为1.3),发动机转速为2800 r/min,2000 r/min。结果表明:同一转速条件下,增压预燃室发动机在负荷增加时,有效热效率和有效机械效率呈上升趋势,但超过一定范围,有效热效率下降;CA10,CA50,CA75,CA90和最大爆震指数随负荷增大呈上升趋势,同时燃烧循环变动率也可以控制在0.35%以下;发动机转速为2800 r/min,较小负荷时的燃油消耗率最低可达242.1 g/(kW·h);NO_(x),HC和CO排放与发动机运行工况密切相关,随负荷增加呈现减少趋势,Soot排放可控制在0.13 mg/m^(3)。

发动机进气温度对稀薄燃烧稳定性影响的可视化研究

稀薄燃烧稳定性是先进天然气发动机稳定高效清洁燃烧的重要指标.为了进一步探索改善天然气发动机稀薄燃烧性能的方法,本文基于一台高压缩比单缸光学发动机,采用高速摄影和瞬态压力同步测量方法,研究了进气温度对天然气发动机稀薄燃烧特性的影响,量化了火焰发展演变与发动机性能之间的关联性.研究表明:提高进气温度可以提升缸内压力和放热率峰值,进气温度从25℃到75℃,峰值压力从3.71 MPa提升至4.49 MPa,峰值放热率从57.17 J/(°CA)提升至64.36 J/(°CA),并且放热过程更为集中,同时结合发动机点火时刻,可进一步实现燃烧相位优化,降低传热损失;可视化燃烧图像显示,高进气温度条件下着火延迟期缩短,初始火焰尺寸增大,后期火焰传播更快,最大火焰传播速度提升至约10.6 m/s,同时火焰前锋趋于向四周传播,火焰形态对称性更好.此外,本文创新性地提出了一种基于可视化图像来量化的已燃质量分数的经验准则来评价初期火焰发展特性,发现提升进气温度主要影响早期火焰发展规律,高进气温度下早期火焰循环变化系数从18.12%降低至7.86%,并且该持续期平均值从13.03°CA降低到了9.25°CA,从而减小了后期燃烧过程的差异,这是天然气发动机稀薄燃烧稳定性改善的主要原因.

稀燃条件下甲烷-空气预混射流的着火特性

基于可控热氛围燃烧试验系统,探究射流当量比、射流速率和协流速率对甲烷-空气预混射流着火特性的影响。根据试验规律对天然气发动机稀薄燃烧的控制策略提出优化建议,以减少失火现象的发生。结果表明:随着协流温度的升高,甲烷-空气预混射流的稀燃极限降低而富燃极限升高,符合大多数碳氢燃料预混合气的着火界限分布规律。不同的射流速率和协流速率下均存在临界当量比,当低于临界当量比时,着火温度随射流当量比的升高而显著降低,当高于临界当量比时,着火温度趋于稳定。在较低的射流当量比工况(0.20~0.62)下,提高射流速率可以降低着火温度从而优化着火性能。

主动预燃室燃料控制参数对汽油机稀燃特性的影响

预燃室点火系统可促进稀薄混合气燃烧,从而显著提高热效率。本文基于自行开发的主动预燃室及其燃料供给系统,在压缩比为16的发动机上分别测试了预混气体喷射压力和燃料占比对发动机稀燃边界下燃烧特性的影响。试验结果表明:0.19、0.14和0.09 MPa 3种预混气体喷射压力中,在0.09 MPa的喷射压力下可获得最高的平均指示压力和最短的着火延迟期和燃烧持续期,燃烧最稳定;当预混气体燃料占比从0.54%逐步增加到2.69%时,发动机的平均指示压力先增加后减少,并在占比1.61%处取得最大值,此时的燃烧最为稳定,着火延迟期和燃烧持续期均最短。主动预燃室可实现λ=1.8的稳定燃烧,指示热效率相比普通火花塞点火的32.9%提高到39.4%,相对提升了19.8%。

定容燃烧弹内闪沸燃烧研究

闪沸喷雾作为一种相变喷雾形式,在替代燃料和零碳燃料的燃烧方面具有重要意义。然而当前的研究大部分集中在喷雾形态研究上,对燃烧机理的研究较少。故本文使用定容燃烧弹对稀薄条件下的闪沸喷雾雾化和燃烧过程进行分析,重点研究闪沸喷雾特性、混合气着火特性、火焰传播特性和燃烧放热特性。结果表明,闪沸喷雾能有效降低着火延迟,提升火焰传播速度,从而有利于能量转换,实现更高的放热率和更高的放热量。并且闪沸喷雾火焰前端形状更加规则,表明更加稳定的火焰传播,有助于提升发动机的热效率和稀燃条件下的燃烧稳定性。

淬熄高度和空气分配比例对RQL燃烧室燃烧特性的影响

基于富油/淬熄/贫油(RQL)技术原理,设计一种燃气轮机低排放燃烧室.在保持燃烧室进口参数不变的前提下,研究不同淬熄结构高度及空气流量分配比例对燃烧室内流场、温度场及污染物生成特性的影响.结果表明:淬熄结构高度和空气分配比例是影响燃烧室燃烧性能的重要参数,随着淬熄结构高度的降低,燃烧室出口氮氧化物NO_(x)的排放量增加;随着富油区主燃孔与淬熄空气质量流量的空气分配比例降低,燃烧室出口NO_(x)的排放量先降低后增加,存在一个最佳的空气分配比例使NO_(x)排放量最低;热力型NO_(x)的生成量与温度高于1900 K的区域大小和最高燃气温度存在直接关系.基于此设计的燃烧室在所研究的工况下,最低NO_(x)排放量可低于35 mg/m^(3),达到了低污染燃烧室排放标准.

米勒循环汽油机燃用氢气燃烧及排放特性分析

基于一台高压直喷米勒循环汽油机加装氢气喷射系统,试验研究了发动机燃用汽油与氢气时燃烧与排放的差异。结合电子增压器,通过增大过量空气系数,探索氢气发动机超稀薄燃烧模式热效率潜力,分析了汽油机三效催化转化器对氮氧化物转化效率和NH3的影响规律。结果表明:大负荷工况下氢气发动机对爆震较为敏感,采用稀薄燃烧方式可进一步提升氢气发动机有效热效率水平。2500 r/min转速条件下,缸内平均有效压力(Brake mean effective pressure,BMEP,记为PBME)=0.8 MPa时,过量空气系数由1.0增大至3.0时,热效率值增幅可达30%,NO_(x) 排放降幅可达约98%,且当负荷进一步提升至PBME=1.1 MPa时,热效率突破43.0%。传统汽油机TWC对氢发动机NO_(x) 转化效率在偏浓工况下相对较高,且在偏浓工况下,TWC后会产生大量氨气,当混合气进一步稀释后NH3生成量显著降低。

稀燃缸内直喷氢内燃机NH_(3)-SCR后处理系统工作特性研究

氢内燃机具有零碳排放的特点,是实现低成本碳中和的重要手段。但是缸内燃烧的高温环境会生成大量的氮氧化物(NO_(x))排放,在日益严苛的排放法规要求下,利用选择性催化还原(SCR)NO_(x)的后处理技术是拓展氢内燃机大规模应用、不断提升其动力性和经济性的必要手段。首先通过试验验证了Cu基分子筛的NH_(3)-SCR后处理系统是一种高效的针对直喷氢内燃机的NO_(x)净化方案,接着使用简化反应机理对NH_(3)-SCR反应过程进行了建模仿真,并研究了反应温度、空速和氨氮比对氢内燃机边界下NH_(3)-SCR还原NO_(x)的影响。研究结果表明:在稀燃缸内直喷氢内燃机边界下,NH_(3)-SCR低温活性仍保持良好,后处理系统起燃温度(T_(50))为110℃,活性窗口(T_(90))范围为150~425℃;在空速大于25000 h^(-1)时,NO_(x)转化效率都大于95%;当控制氨氮比为0.5,并保持反应温度在350~400℃时可保证最高的NO_(x)转化效率,实现直喷氢内燃机的近零NO_(x)排放。

预燃室结构参数对汽油机稀薄燃烧的影响

基于研究型热力学单缸机研究了压缩比(CR)对预燃室射流点火汽油机超稀薄燃烧热效率的影响,探索了预燃室结构参数对发动机燃烧及排放的作用规律.试验中选取发动机常见最低燃油消耗率工况(转速为2750 r/min、平均指示压力(IMEP)为1.05 MPa),通过调节进气量及循环喷油量改变过量空气系数(φa),结果表明:压缩比由12.48增大至16.40,相同过量空气系数对应的指示热效率(ITE)呈递增趋势,同时最佳指示热效率点对应的φa有所升高.当压缩比为12.48时,指示热效率峰值点对应的φa为1.8,指示热效率为47.1%;CR提升至16.40时,指示热效率峰值点对应的φa提升至2.8,对应的指示热效率提升至50.1%.此外,对比预燃室结构参数对燃烧过程影响可知,采用射流锥角为120°、喷孔面积为6.8 mm^(2)的直孔结构设计能更有效地提高缸内燃烧速率,有利于抑制爆震,在超稀薄模式下燃烧稳定性较优,并有利于降低未燃碳氢(UHC)、CO和NO_(x)排放.

高热效率稀燃发动机的产品开发

混合动力汽车是降低整车CO_(2)排放和污染物排放的有效解决方案。提升混动发动机最高热效率,并扩大常用工况高热效率区可以有效降低整车燃油消耗。根据混动技术平台需求,开发了一款2.0T高效稀燃混动发动机。该发动机采用高压缩比,大程径比和深度米勒循环,使用高滚流气道设计实现了过量空气系数1.8的超稀薄燃烧。凭借先进的燃烧系统和降摩擦设计,该发动机实现了44%的有效热效率。同时,41%以上热效率区域覆盖了转速从1000到4000 r/min发动机混动常用工况点,确保了出色的整车燃油经济性。此外,高效稀燃发动机还实现了115 kW的最大功率和240 N•m的转矩平台,保证了混动系统的动力性需求。

裂解气对稀燃甲醇发动机性能影响的仿真研究

基于甲醇发动机三维模型,通过CONVERGE仿真软件计算分析了EGR稀释和空气稀释下进气道喷射裂解气对甲醇发动机燃烧特性和排放特性的影响。结果表明:掺烧甲醇裂解气后,缸内混合气分布趋于均匀;同一稀释比下,甲醇裂解气掺烧对空气稀释下燃烧速率的提高要大于EGR稀释;相同裂解气掺烧比下,EGR稀释的CO排放和HC排放明显高于空气稀释,NOx排放明显低于空气稀释,甲醇裂解气掺烧在空气稀释下对CO和NOx排放的降低相对于EGR稀释更为明显,HC排放则相反;随着甲醇裂解气掺烧比的增大,EGR稀释下的最高综合指示热效率逐渐逼近空气稀释,在裂解气掺烧比达到30%时,两种稀释方式的最高综合指示热效率只相差2.6%。