Parental Migration’s Effects on the Academic and Non-Academic Performance of Left-Behind Children in Rural China

This study investigates the impact of parental labor migration on the academic achievements and non-academic growth of left-behind children in fourth and seventh grades. Employing survey data collected from rural China in 2014, 2015, and 2016, we examine the effect of parental absence on children's academic achievement using Propensity Score Matching(PSM) and Difference in Difference(DID) methods. The results demonstrate that left-behind children whose parents have migrated for one year have statistically significantly lower academic scores. Academic scores drop lower for fourthgrade students and students from higher-income families. There are also adverse effects on left-behind children's confidence, teacher-student relationships, subjective well-being, and educational expectations if parents migrate for one year. Surprisingly, if parental migration lasts longer(totaling two years), these adverse effects disappear, and student's educational expectations even improve. These results may be because, over time, the adverse effects that occur immediately after parental migration are offset by the positive effects of migration(i.e. higher income). These conclusions can inform migrant parents on ways to utilize their resources to improve the academic performance of their left-behind children.

Preliminary Study on Crime Prevention of Left-behind Children in Rural China

In the process of social and economic development in China,there appears the inevitable problem of crime of left-behind children.Extensive researches and disputes prove that it is,to a greater extent,a social phenomenon resulted from social factors. It is recommended to improve the treatment of migrant workers and solve the problem of school admission for their children,provide effective legal education for those left-behind children whose problem can not be solved in a short term,and supplement the guardianship role to control the crime rate of leftbehind children. Another more effective method is to resume effective control of people's social life through the rural cultural tradition,to fundamentally prevent crime of left-behind children.

Emotional and Behavioral Problems of Left-Behind Children in Impoverished Rural China:A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study of First Grade Junior High School

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems and related factors of left-behind children in impoverished rural China(mainly in thefirst grade of junior high school).Methods:A cross-sectional survey of rural households in 27 poverty-stricken counties in 12 provinces across China was conducted using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire(SDQ).Results:The prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems in left-behind children was 11.7%,and that of non-left-behind children was 8.9%.There was statistical difference between the two groups(P<0.01).There are no differences between the two groups in terms of the various factors of SDQ.The incidence of insomnia in the left-behind group was 58.3%,which was higher than that in the non-left-behind group 50.9%(P<0.01);loneliness(62.1%vs.51.8%,P<0.01);running away from home(23.1%vs.18.8%,P<0.01),and self-injury behavior(16.8%vs.12.2%,P<0.01).Left-behind children are more likely to have negative psychological feelings including insomnia,loneliness,self-injury,and run away from home.They also experienced more bullying including maliciously teased by peers,intentionally excluded or isolated,physically threatened or intimidated.All of these factors are associated with their abnormal emotional and behavioural development.Conclusion:The incidence of emotional and behavioral problems of left-behind children in rural areas in poverty-stricken areas is significantly higher than that of non-left-behind children;Logistic regression analysis showed that bullying behavior and abnormal psychological characteristics are significantly associated with left-behind adolescents abnormal emotional and behavioral development.

Dietary Behaviors and Influencing Factors among Rural Left-behind Children Aged below 7 Years in China

Left-behind children comprise a special population inChinese rural areas. According to the 2007 China Census,the number ofleft-behind children aged≤14 years was estimated at 58 million which suggested that these childrencon stituted a

Psychological Capital Status of Left-Behind Rural Children in China and Its Relationship with Mental Health

Background:The mental health of left-behind rural children of China has become a prominent social problem.At the same time,psychological capital has become a positive psychological resource to promote personal growth.However,the relationship between psychological capital and mental health of left-behind rural children has not been explored.Method:A total of 332 left-behind rural children were investigated using a questionnaire of psychological capital and mental health scale.The psychological capital status of left-behind rural children and its impact on mental health were analyzed.Results:(1)Left-behind rural children were found to have a psychological capital score of was 3.16±0.56;Gender,age,grade,and school style had no significant effect on psychological capital.(2)Left-behind rural children obtained a mental health score of 2.21±0.5 G and gender,age,grade,and school style had no significant effect on mental health.(3)A significant negative correlation is found between psychological capital and mental health scores of left-behind rural children.Regression analysis shows that psychological capital is negatively correlated with mental health scores.Conclusion:The psychological capital of left-behind rural children can positively predict their mental health,and thus developing the former can promote the latter.

A Survey on English Reading Status of Left-behind Children in Rural Areas of Northern China

Taking Suining County in Xuzhou city of Jiangsu province as the survey subject,this paper is to study the current English reading situation of the left-behind children based on a questionnaire survey of 472 respondents from 4 primary and middle schools in rural areas.The result indicated that there are serious problems in the current situation of English reading among left-behind children in rural areas,which are as follows:insufficient reading time and books,few access to having books,increased digital reading,many reading disabilities,poor reading environment,etc.This paper analyzes the reasons and gives corresponding countermeasures for society,school and family,to improve the English reading condition of rural left-behind children and to better promote their reading ability and habits.It also provides the reference for narrowing the disparity gap of reading resources services between urban and rural China.

Research on The Social Assistance of Left-behind Children in Rural Areas under The Policy of Precise Poverty Alleviation

With the development of economy, a large number of surplus labor force in rural areas has been transferred to cities, resulting in the increasing number of left-behind children in rural areas. Left-behind children are in a critical period of ideological enlightenment, accepting obligation education, outlook on life and world outlook, and the absence of parental care and education has a negative impact on their growth. It is an important problem to solve this problem in every aspect of society.

Investigation of children’s habits of smartphone usage and parental awareness of myopia control in underdeveloped areas of China

AIM: To investigate the behaviors of smartphone usage and parental knowledge of vision health among primary students in the rural areas of China. METHODS: In this school-based, cross-sectional study, a total of 52 606 parents of students from 30 primary schools in the Xingguo County were investigated through an online questionnaire from July 2020 to August 2020. The self-designed questionnaire contained three parts: the demographic factors of both children and parents, parental knowledge and attitude toward myopia, and the preventive treatment of myopia.RESULTS: A total of 52 485 appropriately answered questionnaires were received, showing an effective response rate of 95.1%. The average age of the primary students was 10.1±0.98 y and the prevalence of myopia among the primary students was 40.3%. The age of myopia occurrence in elementary students was significantly correlated with the parents’ educational level(95%CI: 0.82-0.98, P=0.013), children’s gender(95%CI: 1.08-1.20, P<0.001), school location(county or countryside)(95%CI: 0.59-0.66, P<0.001), children’s smartphone ownership(95%CI: 1.09-1.26, P<0.001), and the average time spent on smartphone per day(95%CI: 0.78-0.88, P<0.001). School location in the county town, high family income, and high parents’educational level significantly affected both parents’ myopia awareness and children’s vision-threatening behaviors(P<0.01). Left-behind children showed a higher incidence of vision-threatening habits than those who lived with their parents(P<0.01).CONCLUSION: The results reveal the current situation of myopia development among rural primary school students and their parents. This survey will serve as a guidance for designing myopic prevention policies in the rural areas of China.

中国部分农村地区留守儿童看护人抑郁的影响因素分析

目的 分析中国部分农村地区留守儿童看护人抑郁的影响因素。方法 采用多阶段分层抽样的方法获得调查村。通过自编问卷收集调查村内所有3岁以下留守儿童及其主要看护人的资料,通过Zung氏抑郁自评量表(ZSDS)评估留守儿童看护人抑郁情况。采用多因素Logistic回归分析留守儿童看护人抑郁和中重度抑郁的影响因素,采用t检验探讨沟通交流因素与留守儿童看护人抑郁的相关性。结果 本研究显示留守儿童看护人抑郁发生率为41.4%(372/899)。与外出丈夫保持每日联系的留守儿童母亲以及与外出父母在养育方面无分歧的留守儿童祖辈具有较低的抑郁严重程度指数(DSI)。留守女童的看护人抑郁风险较低(OR=0.74,95%CI:0.56~0.98);留守儿童看护人年龄≥60岁(OR=1.80,95%CI:1.15~2.80;OR=1.75,95%CI:1.06~2.88)、具有3种或以上的负面身体因素(OR=2.93,95%CI:1.66~5.19;OR=1.89,95%CI:1.04~3.44)、家庭经济水平较低(OR=1.41,95%CI:1.05~1.90;OR=1.82,95%CI:1.24~2.66)和家庭成员酗酒(OR=3.12,95%CI:1.82~5.33;OR=1.82,95%CI:1.03~3.21)可使其看护人抑郁及中重度抑郁的风险升高。结论 调查地区留守儿童看护人抑郁发生率较高。高年龄、较差的身体状况和家庭环境等是留守儿童看护人抑郁的危险因素,此外留守儿童看护人抑郁也与其跟外出家人沟通交流状况相关。

健康中国视域下我国农村儿童多维健康贫困测度研究

[目的]了解儿童多维健康贫困的现状、特征,为治理农村儿童健康贫困提供参考。[方法]采取A-F法,基于CFPS 2020年数据,从收入、健康禀赋、健康环境、健康保障4个维度构建指标体系,对健康贫困进行测度及分解。[结果]当K=0.3时,全国多维健康贫困发生率(H)为18.77%;收入维度对健康贫困的贡献率为32.37%;西部地区的多维健康贫困指数(M)、健康贫困发生率(H)、多维健康贫困剥夺强度(A)分别为0.122、23.31%、52.32%;与女童相比,男童M、H、A分别高出0.016、2.04%、2.95%;健康保障及疾病风险冲击对幼儿期儿童的健康贫困贡献率最大,分别为26.77%、3.43%。[结论]我国农村儿童健康贫困较为严峻,收入不足是主要原因;西部地区、男童更容易陷入健康贫困;与其他年龄段相比,低龄儿童更可能因为缺乏医疗保险而发生健康贫困。

Growing Up with Distant Parents:Socialization and Alienation of“Left-Behind”Children in Rural China

An increasing number of left-behind children has emerged in rural China as a result of the large-scale migration of rural farmers to urban cities since the 1990s.With the absence of parent(s)from the family,the left-behind children face crises in socialization and their relationships with their parents are threatened by physical distance.This paper investigates how Chinese left-behind children negotiate the missing roles of parents and how the parent-child relations in such families change over time,through in-depth case studies of two left-behind children with different family backgrounds in rural Henan province.

Effects of Parental Migration on Mental Health of Left-behind Children： Evidence from Northwestern China

China＇s rapid development and urbanization have induced large numbers of rural residents to migrate from their homes in the countryside to urban areas in search of higher wages. It is estimated that there are more than 60 million ＂left-behind children ＂＂ （LBC） remaining in the countryside after their parents migrate, typically living with surrogate caregivers. Extensive research has focused on the impact of parental out- migration on children＇s mental health, but less attention has been paid to the effects of parental return-migration. The present paper examines the changes in mental health before and after the parents of fourth and fifih grade students out-migrate or return-migrate. We draw on a panel dataset collected by the authors of more than 19 000 students from 252 rural primary schools in northwestern China. Using DID and propensity score matching approaches, our results indicate that parental out-migration has a significant negative impact on the mental health of LBC, as they tend to exhibit higher levels of anxiety and lower levels of self-esteem. However, we find that parental return-migration has no significant effect on the mental health of LBC.

Effect of Parental Migration on the Academic Performance of Left-behind Middle School Students in Rural China

China＇s rapid development and urbanization over the past 30 years have caused large numbers of rural residents to migrate to urban areas in search of work. This has created a generation of children who remain behind in rural areas when their parents migrate for work. Previous research has found mixed impacts of parental migration on the educational achievement of left-behind children （LBC）, perhaps because of methodological deficiencies and lack of recognition of the heterogeneity of this population of children. Our study attempts to examine the impact of six types of parental migration on the academic achievement of a rural junior high school sample. Our study uses a panel of 7148junior high school students to implement a difference-in-difference analysis and finds that parental migration has a negative and significant impact on the academic achievement of junior high school students. Our study suggests that the Chinese Government should implement measures to dismantle barriers to the human capital accumulation of LBC to ensure sustainable economic growth and human capital development in China.

Effect of Migration on Children's Self-esteem in Rural China

China＇s rapid economic growth has been facilitated by its large volume of rural to urban migration. China ＇s projected future development, especially increasing urbanization, implies that such migration will further intensify. However, migration does not come without cost. There are concerns about the potential negative impacts of migration on children＇s care, education, and, in particular, the self-esteem of children left behind in villages where one or both parents have out-migrated to cities. In this paper, we employ unique survey data collected from Shaanxi Province, where more than 4700 ninth grade students from 36 rural junior high schools in five counties were surveyed in late 2011. The results show that having both parents migrate into cities significantly reduced children ＂s self-esteem. The effects are also gender sensitive. Girls that had a father or both parents who had out-migrated were inclined to have lower self-esteem than boys. Moreover, our study findings indicate that parental migration decreased children ＂s self-esteem more for individuals with initial low self-esteem.

我国农村留守儿童生存和发展基本状况——基于第六次人口普查数据的分析

农村留守儿童问题受到政府和社会的高度关注。文章利用2010年第六次全国人口普查数据估算全国农村留守儿童的规模、结构、地域分布等基本情况,并重点分析农村留守儿童的受教育状况、家庭照料状况等。所得研究结论全国农村留守儿童生存与发展的研究提供了重要信息。

中国留守儿童研究述评

留守儿童是指农村地区因父母双方或单方长期在外打工而被交由父母或长辈、他人来抚养、教育和管理的儿童。通过对留守儿童产生背景,概念界定,心理健康、自我意识、情绪与社会支持、社会行为、人格、学业与校园关系,家庭与生活等方面研究的系统总结,概括了已有研究中在多个学术领域宏观呈现与微观分析的"22N"模式及其存在的问题,提出了在目前干预措施实施不利的情况下,以保护性因素作为突破的新进展。最后从理论研究和实践干预方面提出:留守儿童并不一定是问题儿童,留守儿童之间存在个体差异,他们自身具有发展与成长的心理资源,而且留守儿童研究的纵深趋势与切实可行的干预模式必须是以社会的发展与需求为背景。

西部农村留守儿童身心健康可持续发展模式研究——以重庆留守儿童为例

运用田野调查和数理统计等研究方法,对西部农村留守儿童身心问题进行调研。结果表明,农村留守儿童平均BMI指数为15.5;(外)祖父母和父母其中一方是其主要照顾者,且1/4的农村留守儿童具有良好的体育生活方式特征;60%的农村留守儿童存在心理问题。统计分析显示,农村留守儿童的体育生活方式与心理健康有密切的相关性,有体育生活方式的留守儿童比没有体育生活方式的人际交友更好,更能主动地适应社会,拥有更多的积极幸福感,情绪障碍和心理烦恼也少于没有体育生活方式的。体育专业教师缺乏、场地器材不足和体育活动环境滞后是制约农村留守儿童体育生活方式养成的主要原因。据此,提出以"体育生活方式为核心,留守儿童为主体,政府层为主导,学校层为主阵地,社会层为支持,家庭层为配合"的西部农村留守儿童身心健康可持续发展"1+5"模式。

父母外出务工与留守儿童健康--来自中国农村的证据

文章根据2004、2006和2009年中国健康与营养调查的截面数据,以身体质量指数和近期疾病症状作为衡量健康状况的长期和短期指标,构建儿童健康模型,分析了父母外出对农村留守儿童健康状况的影响。结果显示,父亲外出在长期对农村留守儿童健康有促进作用;母亲外出在长期与农村留守儿童健康存在一定负相关性,但统计显著性不高;母亲外出在短期内也会产生消极影响,特别是对学龄前儿童。因此,为改善农村儿童健康状况,要引导地方产业为女性提供更多就业机会,提高农村女性劳动力在当地就业的机会;要整合公共资源,降低儿童照料替代品的成本。

2005年中国西部34县农村婴幼儿辅食添加状况分析

[目的]了解中国西部9省市34县农村3岁以下儿童辅食添加的状况。[方法]采用横断面调查设计和人口比例抽样法,2005年调查34县获得10655对母与子,通过母亲回顾调查了儿童的辅食添加情况,并与2001年相同的34县的调查结果进行比较。[结果]2005年儿童平均从6个月开始添加辅食。2005、2001年4个月以前添加任何辅食的比例分别是29．7％、42．6％,到6月龄时未添加任何辅食的比例分别是9．0％、17．1％。4-6个月开始添加下列辅食的比例分别是谷类59．2％、蛋类54.8％、鲜奶类11．7％、豆制品24．0％、肉类34．1％和蔬菜水果类45．4％。到9 个月时,未添加下列各种辅食的儿童的比例分别是谷类10．1％、蛋类23．2％、鲜奶类71．3％、豆制品49．5％、肉类34．1％和蔬菜水果类24．8％。2005年辅食添加的时间、比例和频率明显优于2001年。[结论]谷类和蛋类是西部农村儿童普遍添加的辅食,其次为蔬菜水果类、肉类和豆制品;鲜奶类不是儿童普遍添加的辅食。可通过发展经济、营养健康教育, 提高母亲的文化水平以及住院分娩来提高适时辅食添加率。适时足量添加豆制品和动物性食品可有效降低儿童营养不良患病率。

农村留守儿童家庭教育的现状、问题与对策——以重庆市双竹镇三所小学为例

在农民工流动不可逆转的大背景下,大量滞留在农村的留守儿童家庭教育问题突出。主要表现为:亲子教育缺位、教育期望出现偏差、临时监护人监护责任浅层化、教育能力低下、教育方法简单粗暴、教育内容片面等。因此,家庭、学校、政府、社会均应采取相应对策,合力解决农村留守儿童家庭教育中存在的问题。