Global production, processing and utilization of lentil： A review

Lentil is a highly nutritious legume with an ample quantity of carbohydrates and good amount of proteins, minerals, vitamins, phytochemicals and fibres. Although it has been used as staple food since ancient times, its usage has been limited in developed countries, especially due to the lower protein digestibility, presence of anti-nutritional factors, flatulence and poor cooking qualities. Processing of lentils including dehulling and splitting and isolation of major fractions, e.g., proteins and starches are some of the strategies that can be adopted to add value and increase consumption of these legumes. This review paper intends to provide detailed overview of lentil＇s global production, nutritional composition and processing methods of lentil. Methods of isolation/characterization of lentil protein and starch and their subsequent application in foods are also presented.

RNA-Seq analysis and development of SSR and KASP markers in lentil(Lens culinaris Medikus subsp. culinaris)

Lentil(Lens culinaris Medikus subsp.culinaris,2 n=14)is a cool-season legume with high production potential for multiple uses.However,limited molecular research has been conducted in this species owing to its large genome,which impedes the generation of genome sequences and the development of molecular markers.In this study,more than 1.37 billion filtered clean reads were collected by RNA-Seq of six diverse lentil accessions and217,836 transcripts and 161,095 unigenes were de novo assembled,yielding respectively 257.1 and 240.6 million nucleotides.The mean transcript length was 1180 bp and the N50 and N90 lengths were respectively 2075 and 479 bp.The mean length of the unigenes was 1494 bp and their N50 and N90 values were respectively 2203 and 714 bp.The unigenes were annotated against seven databases.The FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)gene homolog in lentil showed high protein sequence similarity to the FT gene homologs of pea and alfalfa.On the basis of the RNA-Seq analysis,26,449 EST-SSR markers were designed in silico,and 276 preliminarily screened markers were selected to evaluate polymorphism in 94 diverse lentil accessions.In total,125(45.29%)of 276 EST-SSR markers were found to be polymorphic.A total of 130,073 SNP loci were detected and 78(61.41%)of 127 SNPs were successfully converted to KASP markers.Population genetic analyses of the lentil accessions with EST-SSR and KASP markers revealed similar genetic structures,suggesting that the RNA-Seq-generated resources and the developed markers are reliable for use in molecular marker-assisted breeding of lentil.

Mineral concentrations of chickpea and lentil cultivars and breeding lines grown in the U.S.Pacific Northwest

Diseases and health complications caused by mineral deficiencies afflict billions of people globally. Developing pulse crops with elevated seed mineral concentrations can contribute to reducing the incidence of these deficiencies. The objectives of this study were to estimate variance components conditioning seed mineral concentrations of chickpea and lentil grown in Washington and Idaho, determine correlations between different mineral concentrations and between mineral concentrations and yield, 100-seed weight, and days to flowering, and compare seed mineral concentrations between chickpeas and lentils grown in adjacent plots. Genotype effects, although significant in chickpea and lentil for all minerals except selenium, tended to be minimal compared to location, year, and their interaction effects. In both chickpeas and lentils high positive correlations were observed between seed concentrations of phosphorus and potassium, phosphorus and zinc, and potassium and zinc. Correlations between mineral concentration and yield, and mineral concentration and days to 50% flowering were similar for chickpeas and lentils across the majority of minerals. These results may reflect similarities between the two crops in physiological processes for mineral uptake and partitioning. Lentils had higher concentrations of iron and zinc than chickpea when the two crops were grown in adjacent plots,whereas chickpeas had higher concentrations of calcium and manganese. Plant genotypes that are more efficient at obtaining minerals from growing environments will be useful as parental materials to develop improved chickpea and lentil cultivars that have good yield potential coupled with high seed mineral concentrations.

Identification,development,and application of cross-species intron-spanning markers in lentil(Lens culinaris Medik.)

Lentil(Lens culinaris Medik) is one of the most important food legumes in the world. The use in lentil of molecular marker-assisted breeding is limited, owing to the low availability of polymorphic markers. In the present study, we developed a set of polymorphic intron-spanning markers(ISMs) using a cross-species mapping approach. In this approach, putative unique transcripts(PUTs) of L. culinaris were mapped onto the Medicago truncatula genome, exploiting its closeness with the lentil genome. Spliced alignment of the PUTs resulted in a total of 25,717 alignments, allowing the development of 1703 ISMs. From these, a subset of 105 ISMs were synthesized and validated with a 51% amplification success rate in 32 lentil genotypes. Of these ISMs, 40(74%) were polymorphic and generated 2–11 alleles per locus in a genetically diverse panel of 32 lentil genotypes including wild species.This set of polymorphic ISMs along with their functional annotation data will be useful in lentil breeding.

Effect of Irrigation with Sea Water on Germination and Growth of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medic)

In an attempt to evaluate the efficiency of sea water irrigation on plant growth and germination, five cultivars of lentil ILL4400, 5582, 5845, 5883 and 8006 were grown in sandy soil and irrigated with sea water of different salinity levels (Ec 0.9-12). Percent of germination, seedlings lengths and mean germination time were recorded. The results showed that all cultivars were able to germinate at different salinity levels. The germination percent was increased. The percent of seed germination was significantly higher in cultivars ILL8006 and ILL5883. Sea water of salinities Ec3 and Ec6 was ideal for irrigation without negative impacts on lentil germination and growth. At higher salinity (Ec12) the germination rate was reduced and the mean germination time was greater than that in lentil seeds irrigated with sea water of Ec 0.9-9.

Relative Bile Acid Binding Potential of Extruded Lentil Snacks

Previously we have reported that extrusion significantly improved healthful potential of cereals. It was hypothesized that snacks produced by extrusion would be more healthful than their raw formulations. Bile acid binding has been reported to indicate cholesterol lowering and cancer risk reduction potential of food and fractions. Bile acid binding potential of five lentil snack raw formulations and their extruded snacks were evaluated. The raw formulations were 100% lentils (F01), 69% lentils (F02), 57% lentils + 12% supplement (F03), F03 with 125 μg/100g Chromium (F04), F03 with 536 μg/100g Chromium (F05), and their respective extruded (E) snacks E01, E02, E03, E04 and E05. The in vitro bile acid binding on an equal dry matter basis relative to cholestyramine, was F01 (0.5%), E01 (3.7%), F02 (0.6%), E02 (3.0%), F03 (1.6%), E03 (5.1%), F04 (2.0%), E04 (4.2%), F05 (0.8%) and E05 (3.6%). Replacing 12% lentils with high protein supplements (F02 vs. F03) resulted in significantly higher bile acid binding, suggesting that the supplement appears to have higher bile acid binding capacity than that of lentils. All the extruded lentil snacks had significantly higher bile acid binding compared with their raw formulations. Extruding with added chromium containing yeast resulted in significantly lower bile acid binding in a dose dependent manner. Most healthful lentil snacks were produced with the addition of high protein supplement without added chromium-containing yeast (E03). Data proved the hypothesis that lentil snacks produced by extrusion are significantly more healthful than their raw formulations.

Laboratory-and Field-Phenotyping for Drought Stress Tolerance and Diversity Study in Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)

Drought susceptibility and low genetic variability are the major constraints of lentil(Lens culinaris Medik.)production worldwide.Development of an efficient pre-field drought phenotyping technique and identification of diversified drought tolerant lentil genotype(s)are therefore vital and necessary.Two separate experiments were conducted using thirty diverse lentil genotypes to isolate drought tolerant genotype(s)as well as to assess their diversity.In both of the experiments,significant(p≤0.01)variation in genotype(G),treatment(T)and G X T was observed for most of the studied traits.In experiment I,genotypes were examined for drought tolerance at the seedlings stage under hydroponic conditions by assessing root and shoot traits.Among the 30 genotypes studied,BM-1247,BM-1227 and BM-502 were selected as highly tolerant to drought stress as they showed maximum seedling survivability and minimum reduction in growth parameters under drought stress.In experiment II,the genotypes were assayed for diversity and drought stress tolerance based on morphological traits grown under field condition.Drought stress caused a substantial reduction in yield attributing traits,however,the genotypes BM-1247,BM-981,BM-1227 and BM-502 were categorized as drought tolerant genotypes with less than 20%yield reduction.The field screening result of drought stress tolerance was coincided well with the results of laboratory screening.Genetic divergence study reflected the presence of considerable diversity among the genotypes.Considering laboratory and field screening results,the genotypes,BM-1247,BM-1227,BM-981 and BM-502 were selected as the best drought tolerant genotypes.This information can be exploited for further breeding in developing drought tolerance in lentil.

Gene Action Studies in the Inheritance of Economic Traits in Diallel Cross of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik)

The present study was conducted in 4 × 4 half diallel cross fashion using the genotypes named as NL-2002, NL-2006, Punjab Masoor-2009 and Markaz-2009 for the evaluation of gene action in the inheritance of economic traits of lentil by following the Griffing (1956) Method of analysis. Minirap 13.1 Copyright© 2000, Minitab inc. Method II, Model I was used for the analysis and gene action was computed by variance component analysis using Mixed Model with GLM (general linear model) procedure. The F1 direct crosses along with the parental genotypes were then evaluated by framing the experiment in RCBD in 3 replications. The data were recorded for the characters which are under the study are, plant height (cm), number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, number of pods per plant, number of seed per pod, seed yield per plant, biomass (gram), 100 seeds weight (gram), harvest index (%), yield per plant. The simple ANOVA for all the characters revealed that difference among genotypes was highly significant. As significant differences were present between the genotypes, it permitted subsequent analysis of the data. The Combining Ability (CA) results showed that value of variance for GCA (General Combining Ability) was significantly higher than that of those of the values of variance of SCA (Specific Combining Ability). Hence current results clearly depicted the role of additive type of gene action governing the characters under study.

Comparison of the effect of cinnamon and lentil extract on learning,short-term memory and pain tolerance in rats

Background:Learning,memory disorders,and pain,especially Alzheimer’s,are some of the factors that affect today’s societies and disrupt their lives.On the other hand,the type of diet with hot and cold temperament is associated with memory and pain;therefore,inthis study,the effect of Cinnamon extract(hot temperament)and Lentil extract(cold temperament)on pain and memory was investigated.Methods:Animals were randomly divided into three groups including the control group,a group that received Cinnamon extract,and rats who were treated with lentil extract at a dose of 260 intraperitoneally.Then,24 hours after the last injection,pain and memory tests were performed for each.Results:The results of the Passive avoidance test(PAT)(shuttle box)showed that the latency time in going to the dark chamber in the group that received Lentils compared to cinnamon was significantly reduced(P<0.01).The retention time of animals in the dark chamber was significantly increased in the group that received Lentil extract in comparison with the Cinnamon group(P<0.001).The number of visits to the dark compartment significantly decreased in the group that received Cinnamon extract compared to the Lentil group(P<0.01).Pain test results also showed that the Lentil group had significantly less pain tolerance than the Cinnamon group(P<0.001).Conclusion:In this study,Cinnamon compared to Lentil increased memory and pain tolerance;therefore,it can be said that hot and cold temperament probably affects memory and learning as well as the level of pain tolerance.

Combined application of Artificial Neural Networks and life cycle assessment in lentil farming in Iran

In this study,an Artificial Neural Network(ANN)was applied to model yield and environmental emissions from lentil cultivation in Esfahan province of Iran.Data was gathered from lentil farmers using face to face questionnaire method during 2014–2015 cropping season.Life cycle assessment(LCA)was applied to investigate the environmental impact categories associated with lentil production.Based on the results,total energy input,energy output to input ratio and energy productivity were determined to be 32,970.10 MJ ha
1,0.902 and 0.06 kg MJ
1,respectively.The greatest amount of energy consumption was attributed to chemical fertilizer(42.76%).Environmental analysis indicated that the acidification potential was higher than other environmental impact categories in lentil production system.Also results showed that the production of agricultural machinery was the main hotspot in abiotic depletion,eutrophication,global warming,human toxicity,fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity,marine aquatic ecotoxicity and terrestrial ecotoxicity impact categories,while direct emissions associated with lentil cultivation was the main hotspot in acidification potential and photochemical oxidation potential.In addition,diesel fuel was the main hotspot only in ozone layer depletion.The ANN model with 9-10-6-11 structure was identified as the most appropriate network for predicting yield and related environmental impact categories of lentil cultivation.Overall,the results of sensitivity analysis revealed that farmyard manure had the greatest effect on the most of the environmental impacts,while machinery was the most affecting parameter on the yield of the crop.

响应面法优化凝固型红小扁豆酸奶发酵工艺

该试验以红小扁豆为原料制作凝固型红小扁豆酸奶,以感官评分和酸度作为评价指标,通过单因素和响应面试验对凝固型红小扁豆酸奶的发酵工艺进行优化。结果表明,凝固型红小扁豆酸奶的最佳发酵工艺为低聚果糖添加量13%、发酵剂添加量0.3%、发酵温度38℃、发酵时间8 h。在此优化条件下,凝固型红小扁豆酸奶的感官评分为84.5分,蛋白质含量为7.16 g/100 g,脂肪含量为3.09 g/100 g,酸度为54°T,黏度为4695.7 mPa·s,酵母菌和霉菌活菌数为12 CFU/g,口感和风味均能满足大众要求。

Lentil straw(Lens culinaris): An alternative and nutritious feed resource for kids

The scarcity of feed resources with the continuously increasing cost of usual animal feeds urgently demands searching some alternate feeds for ruminants. In this study, Barberi male kids were divided into4 groups of 5 kids(body weight 17.5 ± 1.8 kg) in each group, and ad libitum fed lentil straw(Lens culinaris;LS), LS based total mixed ration(LSTMR), urea ammoniated LS(ALS) or ALS based total mixed ration(ALSTMR) for a period of 28 days. Results showed LS was a superior feed(CP, 9.2%) for kids, but having quite high crude fibre(CF; 39.6%) and Ca:P ratio(10:1). Urea ammoniation of LS was helpful for increasing the digestible crude protein(DCP)(P < 0.01), nitrogen-free extract(NFE) and total digestible nutrients(TDN) with reduction of CF content. Urea mmoniation also improved the digestibility of neutral and acid detergent fibre(P < 0.01), but its effect on CP digestibility was negative(P < 0.05). Dry matter(DM), DCP and TDN intakes(per kg W0.75) were also improved(P < 0.01) in the kids fed ALS. Negative growth rate and nitrogen(N) balance(-33.8 and -1.4 g/day, respectively) in kids fed LS became positive(46.9 and 2.0 g/day, respectively) when ALS was used in the diets of kids. Feeding of ALS also increased(P < 0.01) the total N and ammonia N content of strained rumen liquor(SRL). Use of straw(LS or ALS) in TMR increased the digestibility of DM, organic matter and NFE(P < 0.01), intake of energy, as well as total volatile fatty acids concentration(P < 0.01) in the SRL. The present study suggested that optimum performance of kids may be achieved using either ALS alone or TMR with LS or ALS.

湿热改性扁豆淀粉对其结构及理化性质的影响

实验采用湿热处理方式对扁豆淀粉进行改性,研究湿热改性扁豆淀粉的最佳工艺以及湿热处理对淀粉结构及理化特性的影响。以淀粉水分含量、反应温度、反应时间作为影响因素,以抗性淀粉含量为评价指标,通过单因素实验和响应面实验得到最佳改性条件。采用傅里叶红外光谱、X-射线衍射、扫描电镜、快速黏度分析仪等对湿热改性前后的淀粉结构及理化性质进行测定。湿热处理后扁豆淀粉的晶型保持原有的A型、结晶度升高,颗粒形貌无显著改变,仍维持颗粒态,糊化温度、溶解度、吸水率升高,抗老化性、冻融稳定性增强,透光率、黏度、膨胀力、吸油率下降。该研究结果可为扁豆淀粉及其相关调味品的开发奠定理论基础。

白扁豆药用食用考略及药食两用关系探析

白扁豆作为具有健脾化湿、和中消暑功效的常用药食同源之品,其发展历史源远流长。文中通过查阅本草、方书、养生食疗及地方志等著作中相关记载,梳理白扁豆的历史,发现其药用功效丰富,除健脾化湿、和中消暑功效外,还有行风气、解诸毒、暖脾胃、止吐泻、理任督、善种子、下气安胎等。而作为食用,历代对白扁豆食材的选用、采收与做法亦有所讲究,如选肥沃土地所出的白而有光、饱满多子、囊不硬者,且常在秋冬采收晒干以备用,可作蔬菜、糕点、粮食等食用,加工方法有蒸、煮、熬粥、炒等。此外,通过探讨白扁豆作药用时的禁忌和服用方法,对作食物用时也具有借鉴意义。了解白扁豆的历史,有助于在此基础上继承与发扬,以便使得其所、物尽其用。

酶解烘烤处理对小米小扁豆混合粉理化特性的影响

【目的】为探讨烘烤后酶解处理对小米-小扁豆混合粉理化特性与结构的影响。【方法】以小米-小扁豆粉为原料,设置了原粮、烘烤、烘烤后酶解3种处理,并对3种处理混合粉的主要成分、微观形态、淀粉晶型、蛋白二级结构等进行了研究。【结果】与原粮相比,烘烤处理的水分、淀粉含量减少,但烘烤酶解处理后的混合粉的蛋白质、粗脂肪、WSI、WAI、糊化焓值均显著增加(P<0.05);烘烤处理后混合粉的表面粗糙、有孔隙且D[4,3]增加,烘烤酶解处理后混合粉呈无规则碎片状,D[4,3]减小;烘烤处理L^(*)值降低,但a^(*)、b^(*)值增加,而烘烤酶解后仅a^(*)值增加;烘烤后淀粉短程有序度增加,淀粉晶型没变;酶解后淀粉短程有序度减小,淀粉晶型被破坏;烘烤后α-螺旋、β-转角含量增加;酶解后的α-螺旋、无规则卷曲降低。烘烤与烘烤后酶解的悬浮液均属于假塑性流体性,损耗角tanδ值均降低。【结论】烘烤与烘烤后酶解均使小米扁豆混合粉流动性减弱。研究结果可以为小米小扁豆冲调粉类产品的加工提供参考。

小扁豆种质资源形态标记遗传多样性分析

选取国家种质库保存的481份小扁豆种质资源进行形态标记遗传多样性分析,表明14个形态性状的平均变异类型达8.79个,平均遗传多样性指数(I)为1.8149。16个不同地理来源群体间显示出显著的形态标记遗传多样性差异,国外群体的遗传多样性水平略高于国内群体。国内山西小扁豆种质资源的I值(1.573)仅次于I值最高的国外ICARDA群体(1.683)。研究结果显示,西北部省份是我国小扁豆资源遗传多样性最丰富的地区,应加强该区域小扁豆资源的进一步搜集、保护和研究。Structure群体遗传结构分析将481份参试资源划分为6大组群,各组群特征表现各异,变化丰富。

小扁豆种质资源SSR标记遗传多样性及群体结构分析

从145对SSR引物中筛选到14对多态性引物,对选取国家种质库的440份小扁豆种质资源进行SSR标记遗传多样性分析,共检测出87个等位变异,平均每个SSR位点6.2143个;平均Shannon-Weaver指数(I)为1.1869。16个不同地理来源群体间表现出显著的遗传多样性差异,国外群体的遗传多样性水平(0.9837)远高于国内群体(0.3485)。PCA、UPGMA法聚类分析和Structure群体结构分析结果相互间完全吻合。440份参试材料从遗传结构上可划分为8个组群,揭示国外群体遗传分化大,群体间的亲缘关系较远;国内群体与之相反。研究结果显示,山西、宁夏和甘肃省是我国小扁豆资源遗传多样性最丰富、遗传关系较复杂的地区,应对该区域小扁豆资源进一步搜集、保护和研究;同时,应继续加强小扁豆资源的国外引种与交流,做进一步系统研究和开发利用。

利用植物-根际菌协同作用修复石油污染土壤

通过盆栽试验,初步探究根际微生物和植物协同作用对石油污染土壤的生物修复效果的影响。选择根瘤菌、石油烃降解菌、根际促生菌并与豆科植物扁豆的不同组合为调控因子,通过盆栽试验,进行了土壤石油污染物生物降解的初步研究。结果表明:在修复过程中扁豆与根际微生物均能提高土壤石油降解率并存在一定的协同作用。处理前,石油土壤的污染水平为8.75%,经过56 d的修复试验,对照组的土壤石油污染降解率为27.08%;种植扁豆裸土组的土壤石油污染降解率为44.81%,比对照组提升了17.73%;添加微生物裸土组的土壤石油污染降解率最大为70.57%;种植扁豆并添加微生物组的土壤石油污染降解率为83.05%。种植植物对土壤石油污染修复有较好的作用,同时合理添加各种微生物,利用协同作用能明显提高修复的效果。

甲胎蛋白异质体在原发性肝癌临床诊断中的应用

目的通过临床大样本数据回顾性分析血清甲胎蛋白(AFP)和甲胎蛋白异质体(AFP-L3)诊断原发性肝癌(PLC)的价值。方法 2015年1月~2015年12月东方肝胆外科医院诊治的PLC患者7097例,同期诊治的肝硬化(LC)患者122例。采用化学发光法检测血清AFP水平,采用凝集素捕获微量离心柱法检测AFP-L3,将AFP-L3/AFP比值大于10%定义为AFP-L3阳性。结果 7097例PLC患者血清AFP水平为61.7(5.4,1226.0)μg/L,显著高于122例LC患者的3.6(2.5,10.95)μg/L(P<0.05),AFP-L3阳性率为8.2(-,26.1)%,而在肝硬化患者未检出AFP-L3阳性(P<0.05);以血清AFP≥20μg/L或/和AFP-L3≥10%任一阳性为截断点,诊断PLC的准确度为63.1%,优于AFP(60.3%)和AFP-L3(47.9%)单独诊断的结果;AFP-L3阳性率随着AFP水平的升高而升高;血清AFP阴性的PLC和AFP阳性的LC患者AFP-L3阳性率分别为39.6%和7.7%,显著低于血清AFP阳性PLC患者的73.7%(P<0.05);在2103例具有病理学诊断的PLC患者,1976例肝细胞癌(HCC)患者血清AFP水平为50.8(4.8,1015.0)μg/L,6例混合型肝癌患者血清AFP水平为74.9(4.55,39248.3)μg/L,AFP-L3阳性率分别为5.3(-,24.6)%和8.4(-,18.8)%,均显著高于121例肝内胆管细胞癌患者【2.8(2.2,5.15)μg/L,P<0.05】和【-(-,-)%,P<0.05】。结论大样本的结果显示PLC患者血清AFP和AFP-L3存在较高的阳性率,其诊断效能较好。