Observation on the Clinical Effect of Applying Venetoclax Combined with Demethylation Drug Therapy in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effect of applying venetoclax combined with demethylating drugs in treating patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Methods: Eighty cases of AML patients treated with venetoclax combined with demethylating drugs in our hospital were selected from March 2021 to March 2024, including 40 cases of primary treatment patients and 40 cases of relapsed and refractory patients. The efficacy and safety of the combined drug therapy was analyzed. Results: The primary treatment group was presented with a complete remission (CR) rate of 40.5%, partial remission (PR) rate of 47.50%, no response (NR) rate of 12.50%, and a remission rate of 87.50%. The relapsed- refractory group was presented with a CR rate of 37.50%, PR rate of 42.50%, NR rate of 17.50%, and a remission rate of 87.50%. There was no statistical significance between the groups (P > 0.05). The hematological adverse reactions of the combined treatment for AML were leukopenia and the non-hematological adverse reactions were mainly infections, with an incidence rate of 87.50%. Conclusion: The efficacy of venetoclax combined with demethylating drugs in AML was remarkable and the treatment regimen can be adjusted according to the treatment-resistant response.

Chidamide,Decitabine,Cytarabine,Aclarubicin,and Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factor Therapy for Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia:A Retrospective Study from a Single-Center

Objective Preclinical evidence and clinical trials have suggested synergistic effects of epigenetic modifiers in combination with cytotoxic agents for the treatment of leukemia.However,their efficacy in patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia(R/R AML)remains unclear.Methods Clinical data of R/R AML patients who received a CDCAG regimen(chidamide,decitabine,cytarabine,aclarubicin,and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor)from July 1,2018 to October 31,2021 at our center were retrospectively assessed,and the safety and efficacy of the CDCAG regimen were evaluated.Patients were followed up until November 30,2021,with a median follow-up of 21.6 months(95%CI:10.0–33.2 months).Results A total of 67 patients were enrolled.Two patients died within 3 weeks after the initiation,and therefore only 65 patients underwent the assement for clinical response and survival.It was found that 56.9%patients achieved complete remission with a median overall survival(OS)of 9.6 months.The median OS of responders was 25.9 months,while that of non-responders was 5.0 months(P<0.0001).Patients with gene mutations had a superior overall response rate(ORR)(80.4%vs.45.5%,P=0.043)compared to those without gene mutations.The presence of DNA methyltransferase 3 A(DNMT3A),ten-eleven translocation-2(TET2),and isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2(IDH1/2)mutations did not affect the response rate(88.2%vs.68.9%,P=0.220)and reflected a better OS(not attained vs.9.0 months,P=0.05).The most common non-hematologic adverse events were pulmonary infection(73.1%),followed by febrile neutropenia(23.9%)and sepsis(19.4%).Conclusions The CDCAG regimen was effective and well-tolerated in R/R AML patients,increasing the potential for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.Moreover,patients with DNMT3A,TET2,and IDH1/2 mutations might benefit from this regimen.

Therapy-Related Acute Myeloid Leukemia in A Primary Pulmonary Leiomyosarcoma Patient with Skin Metastasis

Primary pulmonary leiomyosarcoma （LMS） is a very unusual tumor.Although LMS has well-known metastatic potential,cutaneous metastasis is a remarkably uncommon.Exposure to cytotoxic agents could lead to ＂therapy-related myeloid neoplasm＂ （t-MN）.Starting from 2008,the World Health Organization （WHO） has adopted the term to cover the spectrum of malignant diseases previously known as therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia （t-AML）,therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome （t-MDS） and therapy-related myelodysplastic/myelo-proliferative neoplasm （t-MDS/MPN）.We described the onset of t-MDS and progression to t-AML in one case diagnosed as primary pulmonary LMS with cutaneous metastasis.This patient achieved complete remission （CR） after three courses of IA regimen chemotherapy （idarubicin 5 mg/d,d 1-3;cytarabine 100 mg/d,d 1-5） and 1 course of HA chemotherapy regimen （homoharringtonine 3 mg/d,d 1-3;cytarabine 100 mg/d,d 1-7）.This case presents the natural course of therapy-related neoplasm and provides therapeutic experience for t-AML.

Targeting leukemia stem cells:The new goal of therapy in adult acute myeloid leukemia

The most popular view of hematopoietic cell lineage organization is that of complex reactive or adaptative systems.Leukemia contains a subpopulation of cells that display characteristics of stem cells.These cells maintain tumor growth.The properties of leukemia stem cells indicate that current conventional chemotherapy, directed against the bulk of the tumor,will not be effective.Leukemia stem cells are quiescent and do not respond to cell cycle-specific cytotoxic agents used to treat leukemia and thus contribute to treatment failure. New strategies are required that specifically target this malignant stem cell population.

Synchronous diagnosis and treatment of acute myeloid leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia:Two case reports

BACKGROUND The concurrence of acute myeloid leukemia(AML)and chronic lymphocytic leukemia(CLL)is rare.Previous reports of such cases have focused mainly on clinical diagnosis and characteristics,so the mechanism remains unclear,and therapy options have been poorly explored.CASE SUMMARY Here,we report two cases of synchronous AML and CLL.Flow cytometry revealed two distinct abnormal cell populations(myeloblasts and lymphoid cells)according to scatter characteristics.CD5-positive B cell lymphoma with myeloid leukemia invasion was observed on lymph node biopsy.Chemotherapy regimens indicated for both AML and CLL were used in our patients,and our patients achieved complete response after chemotherapy.Next-generation sequencing of 88 genes was performed.CONCLUSION We conclude that early mutation and dysregulation at the hematopoietic stem cell stage and the accumulation of multiple rearrangements may cause the concurrence of CLL and AML.The treatment of infection and combination therapy aimed at the CLL component are significant in the management of patients with concurrent CLL and AML.

Identification and targeting leukemia stem cells: The path to the cure for acute myeloid leukemia

Accumulating evidence support the notion that acute myeloid leukemia(AML) is organized in a hierarchical system, originating from a special proportion of leukemia stem cells(LSC). Similar to their normal counterpart, hematopoietic stem cells(HSC), LSC possess selfrenewal capacity and are responsible for the continued growth and proliferation of the bulk of leukemia cells in the blood and bone marrow. It is believed that LSC are also the root cause for the treatment failure and relapse of AML because LSC are often resistant to chemotherapy. In the past decade, we have made significant advancement in identification and understanding the molecular biology of LSC, but it remains a daunting task to specifically targeting LSC, while sparing normalHSC. In this review, we will first provide a historical overview of the discovery of LSC, followed by a summary of identification and separation of LSC by either cell surface markers or functional assays. Next, the review will focus on the current, various strategies for eradicating LSC. Finally, we will highlight future directions and challenges ahead of our ultimate goal for the cure of AML by targeting LSC.

Resistance to FLT3 inhibitors in acute myeloid leukemia: Molecular mechanisms and resensitizing strategies

FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3(FLT3) is classified as a type Ⅲ receptor tyrosine kinase, which exerts a key role in regulation of normal hematopoiesis. FLT3 mutation is the most common genetic mutation in acute myeloid leukemia(AML) and represents an attractive therapeutic target. Targeted therapy with FLT3 inhibitors in AML shows modest promising results in current ongoing clinical trials suggesting the complexity of FLT3 targeting in therapeutics. Importantly, resistance to FLT3 inhibitors may explain the lack of overwhelming response and could obstruct the successful treatment for AML. Here, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of primary resistance and acquired resistance to FLT3 inhibitors and discuss the strategies to circumvent the emergency of drug resistance and to develop novel treatment intervention.

Immune therapy:a new therapy for acute myeloid leukemia

Although complete remission could be achieved in about 60%–70%of acute myeloid leukemia(AML)patients after conventional chemotherapy,relapse and the state of being refractory to treatment remain the main cause of death.In addition,there is a great need for less intensive regimens for all medically frail patients(both due to age/comorbidity and treatment-related).Immune therapy anticipates improved prognosis and reduced toxicities,which may offer novel therapeutic rationales.However,one of the major difficulties in developing immune therapies against AML is that the target antigens are also significantly expressed on healthy hematopoietic stem cells;B-cell malignancies are different because CD20/CD19/healthy B-cells are readily replaceable.Only the anti-CD33 antibody-drug conjugate gemtuzumab-ozogamicin is approved by the FDA for AML.Thus,drug development remains extremely active,although it is still in its infancy.This review summarizes the clinical results of immune therapeutic agents for AML,such as antibody-based drugs,chimeric antigen receptor therapy,checkpoint inhibitors,and vaccines.

A novel mesenchymal stem cell-based regimen for acute myeloid leukemia differentiation therapy

Currently the main treatment of acute myeloid leukemia(AML)is chemotherapy combining hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.However,the unbearable side effect of chemotherapy and the high risk of life-threatening infections and disease relapse following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation restrict its application in clinical practice.Thus,there is an urgent need to develop alternative therapeutic tactics with significant efficacy and attenuated adverse effects.Here,we revealed that umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells(UC-MSC)efficiently induced AML cell differentiation by shuttling the neutrophil elastase(NE)-packaged extracellular vesicles(EVs)into AML cells.Interestingly,the generation and release of NE-packaged EVs could be dramatically increased by vitamin D receptor(VDR)activation in UC-MSC.Chemical activation of VDR by using its agonist 1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 efficiently enhanced the pro-differentiation capacity of UC-MSC and then alleviated malignant burden in AML mouse model.Based on these discoveries,to evade the risk of hypercalcemia,we synthetized and identified sw-22,a novel non-steroidal VDR agonist,which exerted a synergistic prodifferentiation function with UC-MSC on mitigating the progress of AML.Collectively,our findings provided a non-gene editing MSC-based therapeutic regimen to overcome the differentiation blockade in AML.

The percentage of peripheral blood blasts on day 7 of induction chemotherapy predicts response to therapy and survival in patients with acute myeloid leukemia

Background Rapid clearance of peripheral blood blasts （PBBs） predicts complete remission （CR） and survival in patients with acute myeloid leukemia （AML）.We aimed to explore the correlation between induction therapy response,outcome,and the PBB percentage.Methods Forty-six consecutive patients with de novo AML （excluding acute promyelocytic leukemia） were enrolled in this study.Flow cytometry was performed to identify cells with a leukemia-associated aberrant immunophenotype in the initial bone marrow aspirate and in peripheral blood on day 7 of induction therapy.Results The PBB percentage on day 7 （D7PBBP） was significantly lower in patients who achieved CR （0.03% （0.0%,0.45%）） than in those who did not （10.85% （1.13%,19.38%）; u =-3.92,P 〈0.001）.The CR rate was significantly higher among patients with a D7PBBP of 〈0.945% （84.62%,22/26） than among those with a D7PBBP of 〉0.945% （25.0%,5/20;Х^2 =16.571,P 〈0.001）.D7PBBP was significantly correlated with overall survival （OS; r=-0.437,P=0.003） and relapsefree survival （RFS; r=-0.388,P=0.007）.OS and RFS were significantly higher in patients with a D7PBBP of 〈0.43% than in those with a D7PBBP of 〉0.43% （P 〈0.001 and P=0.039,respectively）.D7PBBP was also found to be an independent prognostic indicator in multivariate analysis for both OS （P=-0.036） and RFS （P=0.035）.Conclusion D7PBBP may be an important risk factor for the achievement of complete remission,for overall survival,and for relapse-free survival.

Synergism between Carnosic Acid and Arsenic Trioxide on Induction of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cell Apoptosis Is Associated with Modulation of PTEN/Akt Signaling Pathway

Objective： To investigate the synergistic effects of carnosic acid （CA） with arsenic trioxide （As203） on proliferation and apoptosis in HL-60 human myeloid leukemia cells, and the major cellular signaling pathway involved in these effects. Methods： HL-60 cellular proliferation was measured by 3-（4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl）- 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide （MTF） analysis. Cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were monitored by flow cytometry. The activation of casepase-9, Bcl-2-associated agonist of cell death （BAD）, p-BAD, p27, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten （PTEN）, Akt, p-Akt was assessed by Western blot analysis. The expression of PTEN mRNA was tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） analysis. Results： CA reduced HL-60 cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and induced G1 arrest and apoptosis. Moreover, CA upregulated PTEN expression, blocked the Akt signaling pathway, subsequently inhibited phosphorylation of BAD, reactivated caspase-9, and elevated levels of p27. CA also augmented these effects of As203. Conclusion： CA might be a novel candidate of the combination therapy for leukemia treatment; these effects were apparently associated with the modulation of PTEN/Akt signaling pathway.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia： Advancements in Diagnosis and Treatment

Objective： Leukemia is the most common pediatric malignancy and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Among all subtypes, a lack of consensus exists regarding the diagnosis and treatment of acute myeloid leukemia （AML）. Patient survival rates have remained modest for the past three decades in AML. Recently, targeted therapy has emerged as a promising treatment. Data Sources： We searched the PubMed database for recently published research papers on diagnostic development, target therapy, and other novel therapies of AML. Clinical trial information was obtained from ClinicalTrials.gov. For the major purpose of this review that is to outline the latest therapeutic development of AML, we only listed the ongoing clinical trials lbr reference. However, the published results of complete clinical trials were also mentioned. Study Selection： This article reviewed the latest developments related to the diagnosis and treatment of AML In the first portion, we provided some novel insights on the molecular basis of AML, as well as provided an update on the classification of AML In the second portion, we summarized the results of research on potential molecular therapeutic agents including monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine kinase/Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 （FLT3） inhibitors, epigenetic/demethylating agents, and cellular therapeutic agents. We will also highlight ongoing research and clinical trials in pediatric AML. Results： We described clonal evolution and how it changes our view on leukemogenesis, treatment responses, and disease relapse. Pediatric-specific genomic mapping was discussed with a novel diagnostic method highlighted. In the later portion of this review, we summarized the researches on potential molecular therapeutic agents including monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine kinase/FLT3 inhibitors, epigenetic/demethylating agents, and cellular therapeutic agents. Conclusion： Gene sequencing techniques should set the basis for next-generation diagnostic methods of AML, and target therapy should be the focus of future clinical research in the exploration of therapeutic possibilities.

Optimized therapeutic strategy for patients with refractory or relapsed acutemyeloid leukemia:long-term clinical outcomes and health-related quality of life assessment

Background:Patients with refractory or relapsed acute myeloid leukemia(AML)have poor survival,necessitating the exploration of optimized therapeutic strategy.Here,we aimed to investigate clinical outcomes and health-related quality of life(HR-QoL)after total therapy,which included allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(allo-HSCT),and prophylactic donor lymphocyte infusion(DLI)in the early phase after transplantation,followed bymultiplemeasurable residual disease(MRD)and graft-versus-host disease(GvHD)-guided DLIs.Methods:Consecutive patients who had refractory or relapsed AML and had received non-T-cell-depleted allo-HSCT at Peking University Institute of Hematology were included in the study.If the patients achieved complete remission at 30 days after transplantation and had no evidence of relapse,severe infection,organ failure,and active GvHD at the time of planned DLI,prophylactic DLI was administered at 30 days after transplantation for human leukocyte antigen(HLA)-matched related HSCT or at 45-60 days after transplantation for haploidentical or unrelated HSCT.Subsequently,multiple DLIs were administered based on MRD results and whether they developed GvHD after transplantation.Results:A total of 105 patients were eligible.Eighty-seven patients received prophylactic DLI(group B),while 18 did not receive prophylactic DLI(group A).Among 105 patients,the cumulative incidence of grade 2-4 acute GvHD and chronic GvHDwas 40.6%(95%confidence interval[CI]=30.6%-50.6%)and 73.3%(95%CI=67.4%-79.2%),respectively.The cumulative incidence of relapse(CIR),transplant-related mortality(TRM),and leukemia-free survival(LFS)at 5 years after transplantation were 31.5%(95%CI=21.9%-41.1%),22.1%(95%CI=11.3%-32.9%),and 46.4%(95%CI=36.8%-56.0%),respectively.In group B,the CIR,TRM,and LFS at 5 years after transplantation were 27.6%(95%CI=17.6%-37.6%),21.6%(95%CI=11.2%-32.0%),and 50.8%(95%CI=40.0%-61.6%),respectively.At the end of follow-up,48 patients survived,and more than 90%of survivors had satisfactory recoveries of HR-QoL.Conclusions:Our study indicated that total therapy is not only associated with decreased CIR,comparable TRM,and better long-term LFS,but also with satisfactoryHR-QoL for refractory or relapsed AML,compared with those of standard of care therapy reported previously.Therefore,total therapymay be an optimized therapeutic strategy for refractory or relapsed AML.

Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms - what have we learned so far?

Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms are neoplastic processes arising as a result of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these modalities given for a primary condition. The disease biology varies based on the etiology and treatment modalities patients receive for their primary condition. Topoisomerase Ⅱ inhibitor therapy results in balanced translocations. Alkylating agents, characteristically, give rise to more complex karyotypes and mutations in p53. Other etiologies include radiation therapy, high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation and telomere dysfunction. Poor-risk cytogenetic abnormalities are more prevalent than they are in de novo leukemias and the prognosis of these patients is uniformly dismal. Outcome varies according to cytogenetic risk group. Treatment recommendations should be based on performance status and karyotype. An in-depth understanding of risk factors that lead to the development of therapyrelated myeloid neoplasms would help developing riskadapted treatment protocols and monitoring patients after treatment for the primary condition, translating into reduced incidence, early detection and timely treatment.

Characteristics of leukemic stem cells in acute leukemia and potential targeted therapies for their specific eradication

In acute myeloid leukemia(AML),a small cell population that contains stem cell features such as lack of differentiation,self-renewal potential,and drug resistance,can be identified.These so-called leukemic stem cells(LSCs)are thought to be responsible for relapse initiation after initial treatment leading to successful eradication of the bulk AML cell population.Since many studies have aimed to characterize and eliminate LSCs to prevent relapse and increase survival rates of patients,LSCs are one of the best characterized cancer stem cells.The specific elimination of LSCs,while sparing the healthy normal hematopoietic stem cells(HSCs),is one of the major challenges in the treatment of leukemia.This review focuses on several surface markers and intracellular transcription factors that can distinguish AML LSCs from HSCs and,therefore,specifically eliminate these stem cell-like leukemic cells.Moreover,previous and ongoing clinical trials of acute leukemia patients treated with therapies targeting these markers are discussed.In contrast to knowledge on LSCs in AML,insight into LSCs in acute lymphoid leukemia(ALL)is limited.This review therefore also addresses the latest insight into LSCs in ALL.

Bone marrow microenvironment: The guardian of leukemia stem cells

Bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) is the main sanctuary of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) and protects these cells against conventional therapies. However, it may open up an opportunity to target LSCs by breaking the close connection between LSCs and the BMM. The elimination of LSCs is of high importance, since they follow cancer stem cell theory as a part of this population. Based on cancer stem cell theory, a cell with stem cell-like features stands at the apex of the hierarchy and produces a heterogeneous population and governs the disease. Secretion of cytokines, chemokines, and extracellular vesicles, whether through autocrine or paracrine mechanisms by activation of downstream signaling pathways in LSCs, favors their persistence and makes the BMM less hospitable for normal stem cells. While all details about the interactions of the BMM and LSCs remain to be elucidated, some clinical trials have been designed to limit these reciprocal interactions to cure leukemia more effectively. In this review, we focus on chronic myeloid leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia LSCs and their milieu in the bone marrow, how to segregate them from the normal compartment, and finally the possible ways to eliminate these cells.

血清CysC、β_(2)-MG与急性髓系白血病患者去甲基化治疗效果的关系

目的:分析血清胱抑素C(Cys C)、β_(2)-微球蛋白(β_(2)-MG)与急性髓系白血病(AML)患者去甲基化治疗效果的关系。方法:使用前瞻性队列研究方法,纳入2019年2月-2022年1月内蒙古医科大学附属医院收治的98例AML患者进行研究,全部患者均接受地西他滨(DAC)+HAG方案治疗,以28 d为1个疗程,治疗3-4疗程。每个疗程结束时评估患者的治疗效果,达到完全缓解(CR)的患者进入巩固治疗,全部疗程结束未达到CR的患者视为治疗失败。治疗前检查项目包括血常规参数、血清Cys C、β_(2)-MG,并统计患者一般临床资料。根据统计结果,使用logistic回归分析血清Cys C、β_(2)-MG与AML患者去甲基化治疗效果的关系;绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,以曲线下面积(AUC)评估血清Cys C、β_(2)-MG对AML患者去甲基化治疗效果的预测效能。结果:入组98例AML患者,治疗期间5例被剔除,最终93例患者完成化疗疗程,其中23例初次诱导化疗(1-2疗程)达到CR,再诱导化疗(3-4疗程)后11例达到CR,治疗成功率为36.56%(34/93)。去甲基化治疗失败患者预后不良、预后中等占比高于治疗成功患者,血小板(PLT)、血红蛋白(Hb)水平低于治疗成功患者,血清Cys C、β_(2)-MG表达水平高于治疗成功患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。logistic回归分析显示,血清Cys C、β_(2)-MG高表达及预后不良是AML患者去甲基化治疗失败的独立危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05)。ROC曲线显示,血清Cys C、β_(2)-MG单独及联合预测AML患者去甲基化治疗效果的AUC值分别为0.788、0.785、0.834。结论:AML患者去甲基化治疗失败与血清Cys C、β_(2)-MG高表达有关,治疗前检测血清Cys C、β_(2)-MG能够预测AML患者去甲基化治疗失败风险。

维奈克拉联合阿扎胞苷治疗不耐受强化疗的初治老年急性髓系白血病的临床疗效

目的:总结35例不耐受强化疗的初治老年急性髓系白血病(acute myeloid leukemia,AML)的临床特点,评估维奈克拉(venetoclax,VEN)联合阿扎胞苷(azacytidine,AZA)的疗效及安全性。方法:纳入本院2021年2月至2022年3月间诊断的35例不耐受强化疗的初治老年AML患者,接受VEN+AZA诱导治疗,回顾性分析其临床特征、VEN+AZA诱导的缓解情况及治疗安全性。结果:患者中位年龄68岁,继发AML 9例。所有患者均完成骨髓细胞遗传学及分子生物学评估,其中低危患者10例,中危12例,高危13例。常见的基因突变为DNA甲基转移酶3A(DNA methyltransferase 3A,DNMT3A)(11例)、异柠檬酸脱氢酶1/2(isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2,IDH1/2)(11例)、TET癌基因家族成员2(ten⁃eleven translocation 2,TET2)(9例)、核仁磷酸蛋白1(nucleophosmin 1,NPM1)(8例)、Fms⁃样酪氨酸激酶3⁃内部串联重复(Fms⁃related tyrosine kinase 3⁃internal tandem duplication,FLT3⁃ITD)(6例)。总完全缓解(complete remission,CR)率65.7%(23例),NPM1、FLT3⁃ITD、IDH1/2突变患者CR率分别为87.5%、66.7%、72.7%。CR患者中总微小残留病变(minimal residual disease,MRD)阴性率73.9%。中位随访时间10.1个月,中位无事件生存(event⁃free survival,EFS)期11.3个月。缓解患者中,相比于MRD阳性患者,MRD阴性患者EFS及总生存(overall survival,OS)期更长(P<0.05)。早期死亡率5.7%,治疗过程中最常见的不良反应为血液学毒性(3~4级中性粒细胞减少31.4%、3~4级血小板减少25.7%、中性粒细胞减少性发热48.6%)及肺部感染(17.1%)。结论:VEN+AZA在不耐受强化疗的初治老年AML中治疗的总缓解率较高。NPM1突变可能提示更高缓解率。MRD转阴患者EFS期及OS期较MRD阳性患者延长,死亡风险下降。VEN+AZA是目前不能耐受强化疗的初治老年AML重要的治疗选择之一。

去甲基化药物联合维奈克拉在急性髓系白血病造血干细胞移植中的应用进展

移植后复发是导致急性白血病异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)失败的主要原因,复发患者的挽救性治疗效果有限,预后往往很差,很少有患者能够长期存活。去甲基化药物(hypomethylating agents, HMAs)联合维奈克拉(Venetoclax, VEN)的治疗已经成为指南推荐的对于≥60岁尤其是不适合强化疗的初治急性髓系白血病(acute myeloid leukemia, AML)患者的新标准治疗方案。但关于allo-HSCT过程中HMAs+VEN的联合治疗,目前临床应用较少。本文就二者联合应用于桥接allo-HSCT、移植后复发预防及挽救治疗中的作用作一综述,以阐明其治疗AML移植患者的整体疗效,进一步指导其在allo-HSCT中的临床应用。

急性髓系白血病维持治疗的研究进展

急性髓系白血病(AML)是成人最常见的急性白血病,通常预后不良。经过强化巩固治疗和造血干细胞移植后,复发仍然是导致治疗失败和死亡最常见的原因,也是治疗面临的最大挑战。已有研究证实包括去甲基化药物、靶向药物及免疫治疗等方案在内的维持治疗能够延长AML患者的缓解期,并改善生存。本文对当前具有代表性的维持治疗方案进行综述,并讨论目前存在的局限性与不足,以期为未来的研究及治疗提供思路。