An Operational Test Method for VSC-HVDC Valves Based on Modular Multi-level Converters

为给基于模块化多电平换流器（modular multi-levelconverter,MMC）的电压源换流器高压直流输电（voltagesourced converter HVDC,VSC-HVDC）换流阀提供有效的检验手段,以验证其设计的正确性及其运行可靠性,对换流阀的运行特性和关键应力进行分析,提出基于原理等效的MMC阀运行试验方法,设计试验电路并阐明其运行机理。搭建的PSCAD电磁暂态仿真模型和实际的试验验证证明了试验方法的正确性和有效性。

Model test of the influence of cyclic water level fluctuations on a landslide

Many landslides in reservoir areas continuously deform under cyclic water level fluctuations due to reservoir operations. In this paper,a landslide model, developed for a typical colluvial landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, is used to study the effect of cyclic water level fluctuations on the landslide. Five cyclic water level fluctuations were implemented in the test, and the fluctuation rate in the last two fluctuations doubled over the first three fluctuations. The pore water pressure and lateral landslide profiles were obtained during the test. A measurement of the landslide soil loss was proposed to quantitatively evaluate the influence of water level fluctuations. The test results show that the first water level rising is most negative to the landslide among the five cycles. The fourth drawdown with a higher drawdown rate caused further large landslide deformation. An increase of the water level drawdown rate is much more unfavorable to the landslide than an increase of the water level rising rate. In addition, the landslide was found to have an adaptive ability to resist subsequent water level fluctuations after undergoing large deformation during a water level fluctuation. The landslide deformation and observations in the field were found to support the test results well.

Random testing for system-level functional verification of system-on-chip

In order to deal with the limitations during the register transfer level verification, a new functional verification method based on the random testing for the system-level of system-on-chip is proposed.The validity of this method is proven theoretically.Specifically, testcases are generated according to many approaches of randomization.Moreover, the testbench for the system-level verification according to the proposed method is designed by using advanced modeling language.Therefore, under the circumstances that the testbench generates testcases quickly, the hardware/software co-simulation and co-verification can be implemented and the hardware/software partitioning planning can be evaluated easily.The comparison method is put to use in the evaluation approach of the testing validity.The evaluation result indicates that the efficiency of the partition testing is better than that of the random testing only when one or more subdomains are covered over with the area of errors, although the efficiency of the random testing is generally better than that of the partition testing.The experimental result indicates that this method has a good performance in the functional coverage and the cost of testing and can discover the functional errors as soon as possible.

RADIOACTIVITY LEVEL OF RESIDENTIAL AREAS AROUND XINJIANG NUCLEAR TESTING SITE AND ESTIMATED POPULATION DOSE

Results are reported on a research for the radioactive level in the investigation region and the control region around the Xinjiang Nuclear Testing Site from 1982 to 1987. There are no significant differences on the land γ radiation level, nor in the radioactive level in the soil, food and water between the two regions. The distribution and transfer of 90Sr, 137Cs and Pu in various kinds of soil are also discussed. It is estimated that the effective dose equivalent of radiation, undergone by the residents around the Testing Site is only 2.9% of that of natural radiation taken yearly by people in normal areas.

Design and development of large-scale in-situ PRACLAY heater test and horizontal high-level radioactive waste disposal gallery seal test in Belgian HADES

In Belgium,the Boom clay was selected as a potential host formation for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste（HLW）.To demonstrate the suitability of Boom clay for bearing thermal load induced by the HLW,a large-scale in-situ heater test,called PRACLAY heater test,will be conducted in the underground research laboratory（URL） in Mol.Owing to the limitations of the test（a short period of time compared with that considered in a real repository,different boundary conditions,etc.）,the test is designed to simulate,in a conservative way,the most critical state and phenomena that could occur in the host rock.The PRACLAY gallery was excavated at the end of 2007;the heating phase will begin in 2010 and will last for at least 10 years.The PRACLAY gallery itself leaves an opportunity to study the possibilities of sealing a disposal drift in Boom clay and testing the feasibility of hydraulic cut-off of any preferential pathway to the main access gallery through the excavation damage zone（EDZ） and the lining with a seal in a horizontal drift（horizontal seal）.Indeed,this is a generic problem for all deep geological disposal facilities for HLW.An annular seal made of compacted swelling bentonite will be installed in the front of the heated part of the PRACLAY gallery for these purposes.This paper provides detailed considerations on the thermo-hydro-mechanical（THM） boundary conditions for the design of the PRACLAY heater test and the seal test with the support of numerical calculations.It is believed that these important items considered in the PRACLAY heater test design also constitute key issues for the repository design.The outcome of the PRACLAY heater test will be an important milestone for the Belgian repository design.

英国剑桥A Level物理考试对我国高考物理科改革的启示

从考查目标、考试模块形式、成绩等级报告3个方面探讨了英国剑桥A Level物理考试,其特点可以概括为:1)选择性;2)模块式;3)动手操作实验考查;4)报告等级成绩。A Level物理考试对我国高考物理科改革的启示是:1)增设考试等级;2)报告等级成绩;3)设立实验操作考试。

A-level考试改革及其对我国教育考试的启示

英国A-level证书考试是英国高等院校入学考试。A-level考试在考查技能、考试监管及其课程体系等方面均有其独特之处。近年来,A-level考试在考试内容与考试形式等方面进行了多次重大改革。这些改革对英国的中学和大学教育产生了深远的影响。A-level考试体系及其改革进程对我国的教育类考试具有积极的借鉴意义。

基于Testcase Designer的列车运行控制系统测试方法的研究

针对CTCS-3级列控系统的需求规范,结合欧洲列车运行控制系统(ETCS)的测试经验,研究基于Testcase Designer的CTCS-3级列控系统自动测试方法。Testcase Designer主要用于将测试案例模块化,通过优化编写流程,生成符合测试平台需求的测试序列,为测试项目的执行提供必要的关键数据点。同时,Testcase Designer可供存储、导出及发布。其测试案例中的关键输入输出接口(如BTM、TIU、RTM等)配置信息均已通过配置文件形式实现。以列控系统无线闭塞中心(RBC)切换场景为例,采用Testcase Designer编写该场景的测试案例。研究结果表明:Testcase Designer实现了功能特征、参考需求、测试步骤等元素的集成,编写的测试案例是合理的。

英国中文A Level考试的知识基础与能力取向--以培生爱德思为例

为更好适应大学招生需要与雇主用人需求,2015年始,英国教育部对A Level考试大纲进行了改革。特以英国培生爱德思考试局为例,对其改革后于2017年上线的新课程大纲及考试进行分析,发现中文课纲及考试在构建中文语言知识基础之上,重视培养考生理解、回应和互动等实际运用中文的能力,理解文化与社会现实的能力,批判性思维及分析能力,以及独立研究潜能,体现了高级水平证书考试兼具人才选拔和社会教育的功能。A Level考试作为一种比较成熟且在全球都有认可度的标准化考试,对其研究,对我国如何开发标准化的中文考试培养国际中文教育人才具有重要借鉴意义。

英国GCE A-Level物理试题案例研究

本文在梳理、分析2010年以来英国GCE A-Level物理历届考试试题的基础上,对其典型案例进行分析,讨论了相关试题是如何评价学生的,以期对我们的试题命制提供参考。

英国GCE A-Level物理考试试题内容及特点研究——以单元1为例

在统计近年来英国GCE A-Level物理考试单元1试题的基础上,分析该试卷的特点,研究了该单元试题的典型案例,并且讨论了GCE A-Level物理考试单元1试题对我国高考物理考试和评价的参考与借鉴价值。

基于AdmiTest的CTCS-3级列控系统自动测试平台

根据CTCS-3级列控系统的特点,结合欧洲列车运行控制系统(ETCS)测试经验,研发基于通用测试平台AdmiTest的CTCS-3级列控系统自动测试平台CARSTool。CARSTool采用激励-反馈机制实现单系统或多系统的闭环测试,包含测试对象、仿真系统、链路、消息、激励、响应和测试序列等基本元素,具有线路工程数据配置、通信链路配置、站场线路配置、PI Object、仿真系统、列车运行仿真和自动测试序列7个功能模块。以郑西客运专线列控数据为例,采用CARSTool对CTCS-3级列控系统进行仿真测试。测试结果表明:通过规范化语法严格卡控测试步骤,根据CTCS-3级列控系统测试案例库以及激励-反馈信息判断测试项目的执行状态,CARSTool实现了测试计划、执行过程和测试结果的闭环处理;说明CARSTool能够实现CTCS-3级列控系统的自动测试。

Image segmentation by level set evolution with region consistency constraint

Image segmentation is a key and fundamental problem in image processing,computer graphics,and computer vision.Level set based method for image segmentation is used widely for its topology flexibility and proper mathematical formulation.However,poor performance of existing level set models on noisy images and weak boundary limit its application in image segmentation.In this paper,we present a region consistency constraint term to measure the regional consistency on both sides of the boundary,this term defines the boundary of the image within a range,and hence increases the stability of the level set model.The term can make existing level set models significantly improve the efficiency of the algorithms on segmenting images with noise and weak boundary.Furthermore,this constraint term can make edge-based level set model overcome the defect of sensitivity to the initial contour.The experimental results show that our algorithm is efficient for image segmentation and outperform the existing state-of-art methods regarding images with noise and weak boundary.

Real-time State Monitoring During Switching Mode Transitions in High Power Three-level Inverters

大功率多电平逆变器近年来在实际工业生产中得到越来越广泛的应用。多电平逆变器由于结构复杂,采用元器件较多,因此在设计和实验中,实现各个工作状态下运行参数的同步监测和分析较为困难。本文针对大功率三电平逆变器,实现开关动态特性的在线测试,在此基础上,进一步研究三电平逆变器在开关状态变化时理论与实际负载运行工况下电路拓扑的转换变化规律。通过全电路电气参数和元器件状态的实时监测,发现在三电平逆变器非正常运行状态下开关转换时额外电应力,同时,深入研究在实际工况运行条件非正常状态下该额外电应力出现的机理和原因,为三电平逆变器的故障诊断提供了参考,对于设计高可靠性的多电平逆变器系统有一定的理论和现实意义。

The Research of the Equation Model on the System-level Fault Diagnosis

In this paper we propose an equation model of system-level fault diagnoses, and construct corresponding theory and algorithms. People can turn any PMC model on ex-test into an equivalent equation (or a system of equations), and find all consistent fault patterns based on the equation model. We can also find all fault patterns, in which the fault node numbers are less than or equal to t without supposing t-diagnosable. It is not impossible for all graphic models.

全程曲线拟合法和Aquifertest水文地质求参

抽水试验是获取含水层水文地质参数的主要方法,求参结果直接影响对调查区水文地质条件的认识和地下水开发利用。传统求参方法存在主观影响大、求参时间长、易受外界影响和抽水阶段数据的不足等问题。通过全程曲线拟合法和Aquifertest软件分别从配线法和水位恢复法两个角度进行求参,并结合全程曲线拟合法确定最终取值。结果表明,采用Aquifertest软件求参便捷、准确,与水位恢复法求参结果的差异相对较小,全程曲线拟合法求参值具有唯一性和可靠性,多种方法结合求参能更真实反映水文地质情况。

Empirical Approach for Planning and Designing Constant Stress Accelerated Life Tests

Accelerated life testing(ALT)has been widely used to obtain information about the product's life characteristics at normal conditions in a relatively short period of time.Two key issues with ALT are test design and data analysis.The test design of constant stress ALT was studied in this paper.The test design usually combines engineering experiences with optimization models.Such approaches are hard to be implemented by practitioners.A"pure"empirical approach was presented to address this issue.With the proposed approach,some of the decision variables are determined based on the results from the literature,some of the other variables are determined based on engineering analysis and /or judgment,and the remaining variables are determined based on the empirical relations developed in this paper.A real-world example is included to illustrate the appropriateness of the proposed approach.

Research of Board-Level BIT Technology Based on Boundary-Scan Architecture

The boundary scan architecture and its basic principle of board level built in test(BIT) technology are presented. A design for board level built in test and the method to implement test tool are brought forward.

Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control for the Vehicle Height and Leveling Adjustment System of an Electronic Air Suspension

The accurate control for the vehicle height and leveling adjustment system of an electronic air suspension(EAS) still is a challenging problem that has not been effectively solved in prior researches. This paper proposes a new adaptive controller to control the vehicle height and to adjust the roll and pitch angles of the vehicle body(leveling control) during the vehicle height adjustment procedures by an EAS system. A nonlinear mechanism model of the full?car vehicle height adjustment system is established to reflect the system dynamic behaviors and to derive the system optimal control law. To deal with the nonlinear characters in the vehicle height and leveling adjustment processes, the nonlinear system model is globally linearized through the state feedback method. On this basis, a fuzzy sliding mode controller(FSMC) is designed to improve the control accuracy of the vehicle height adjustment and to reduce the peak values of the roll and pitch angles of the vehicle body. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed control method more accurately, the full?car EAS system model programmed using AMESim is also given. Then, the co?simulation study of the FSMC performance can be conducted. Finally, actual vehicle tests are performed with a city bus, and the test results illustrate that the vehicle height adjustment performance is effectively guaranteed by the FSMC, and the peak values of the roll and pitch angles of the vehicle body during the vehicle height adjustment procedures are also reduced significantly. This research proposes an effective control methodology for the vehicle height and leveling adjustment system of an EAS, which provides a favorable control performance for the system.

A Comprehensive Guide for Selecting Appropriate Statistical Tests: Understanding When to Use Parametric and Nonparametric Tests

Choosing appropriate statistical tests is crucial but deciding which tests to use can be challenging. Different tests suit different types of data and research questions, so it is important to choose the right one. Knowing how to select an appropriate test can lead to more accurate results. Invalid results and misleading conclusions may be drawn from a study if an incorrect statistical test is used. Therefore, to avoid these it is essential to understand the nature of the data, the research question, and the assumptions of the tests before selecting one. This is because there are a wide variety of tests available. This paper provides a step-by-step approach to selecting the right statistical test for any study, with an explanation of when it is appropriate to use it and relevant examples of each statistical test. Furthermore, this guide provides a comprehensive overview of the assumptions of each test and what to do if these assumptions are violated.