A leap by the rise of solid-state electrolytes for Li-air batteries

Li-air batteries have attracted extensive attention because of their ultrahigh theoretical energy density. However, the potential safety hazard of flammable organic liquid electrolytes hinders their practical applications. Replacing liquid electrolytes with solidstate electrolytes(SSEs) is expected to fundamentally overcome the safety issues. In this work, we focus on the development and challenge of solid-state Li-air batteries(SSLABs). The rise of different types of SSEs, interfacial compatibility and verifiability in SSLABs are presented. The corresponding strategies and prospects of SSLABs are also proposed. In particular, combining machine learning method with experiment and in situ(or operando)techniques is imperative to accelerate the development of SSLABs.

Progress of Non-Aqueous Electrolyte for Li-Air Batteries

Li-air batteries have received much attention in the past several years because of their large theoretical specific energy density, stable output voltage, cost-effective, energy-efficient and pollution free, and have broad application prospects. If it is successfully developed, the battery could be an excellent energy storage device for renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and tidal energy, which brings a prospect for human to solve the problem of environment pollution and energy crisis. But the electrolyte is a crucial component of Li-air battery and the electrochemical performance of the battery is determined by electrolyte to a great extent. Due to the react violently between lithium and water, it is not practical for Li-air battery to use directly an aqueous electrolyte unless the anode can be protected from degradation. In this review, we presented the latest research progress on the non-aqueous electrolyte, i.e. organic electrolyte, ionic liquid and solid electrolyte. We elaborated the influence of solvents, and possible additives, and/or their combination Li-air battery’s performance. Finally, we provided insights into the prospect of non-aqueous electrolyte for Li-air battery.

Li-air batteries:air stability of lithium metal anodes

Aprotic rechargeable lithium-air batteries(LABs)with an ultrahigh theoretical energy density(3,500 Wh kg^(-1))are known as the‘holy grail’of energy storage systems and could replace Li-ion batteries as the next-generation high-capacity batteries if a practical device could be realized.However,only a few researches focus on the battery performance and reactions in the ambient air environment,which is a major obstacle to promote the practical application of LABs.Here,we have summarized the recent research progress on LABs,especially with respect to the Li metal anodes.The chemical and electrochemical deteriorations of the Li metal anode under the ambient air are discussed in detail,and the parasitic reactions involving the cathode and electrolyte during the charge-discharge processes are included.We also provide stability perspectives on protecting the Li metal anodes and propose design principles for realizing high-performance LABs.

Solid-state Li-air batteries:Fundamentals,challenges,and strategies

The landmark Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario requires the revolution of today's energy system for realizing nonenergy-related global economy.Advanced batteries with high energy density and safety are expected to realize the shift of end-use sectors toward renewable and clean sources of electricity.Present Li-ion technologies have dominated the modern energy market but face with looming challenges of limited theoretical specific capacity and high cost.Li-air(O2)battery,characterized by energy-rich redox chemistry of Li stripping/plating and oxygen conversion,emerges as a promising“beyond Li-ion”strategy.In view of the superior stability and inherent safety,a solid-state Li-air battery is regarded as a more practical choice compared to the liquid-state counterpart.However,there remain many challenges that retard the development of solid-state Li-air batteries.In this review,we provide an in-depth understanding of fundamental science from both thermodynamics and kinetics of solid-state Li-air batteries and give a comprehensive assessment of the main challenges.The discussion of effective strategies along with authoritative demonstrations for achieving highperformance solid-state Li-air batteries is presented,including the improvement of cathode kinetics and durability,solid electrolyte design,Li anode optimization and protection,as well as interfacial engineering.

Metal-organic frameworks and their derivatives for Li-air batteries

Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)are a class of outstanding materials in Li-air batteries because of their high surface areas,tailorable pore sizes and diverse catalytic centers.However,MOF-based batteries are facing challenges such as poor electronic conductivity and inferior long-cycle stability that limit their further development.This review first summarizes the progress of pristine MOFs and MOF-derived materials in Li-air batteries in the past 5 years,then provides a perspective for subsequent development of MOFs and their derivatives in this emerging field.

α-MnO_2 hollow clews for rechargeable Li-air batteries with improved cyclability

Lithium-air(Li-air) batteries have attracted worldwide attention due to their high energy density(11140 Wh kg-1) comparable to gasoline.In this work,we have synthesized the α-MnO2 hollow clews via a simple method and characterized them by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope.Interestingly,cycle performance of Li-air batteries is improved greatly when using the α-MnO2 hollow clews as the catalyst.The first discharge capacity is 596 mAh g-1,and the charge capacity is 590 mAh g-1 at the current density of 0.1 mA cm-2 between 2.0 and 4.2 V using the Vulcan XC-72 as the carbon material.Additionally,by re-assembling new batteries with the used lithium foil,separators and cathode separately,we find that the cathode is the key role to end the Li-air battery life.

Fundamentals,recent developments and prospects of lithium and non-lithium electrochemical rechargeable battery systems

The present and future energy requirements of mankind can be fulfilled with sustained research and development efforts by global scientists.The purpose of this review paper is to provide an overview of the fundamentals,recent advancements on Lithium and non-Lithium electrochemical rechargeable battery systems,and their future prospects.The initial part of this review paper is dedicated to the advancement and challenges faced by the conventional rechargeable batteries,such as lead-acid,Ni-Cd and Ni-MH batteries.The subsequent section of this review focuses on an in-depth analysis of two major categories of rechargeable batteries,namely lithium-based rechargeable battery systems and alternative non-Lithium rechargeable battery systems.The working principle,construction,and a few important research progress on Li-ion,Li-O_(2),Li-CO_(2) and Li-S batteries have been highlighted.The recent progress and challenges of the alternate batteries such as Na-ion,Na-S,Mg-ion,K-ion,Al-ion,Al-air,Zn-ion and Zn-air are also discussed in this review.The large gap between theoretical and practical electrochemical values for the alternate battery system must be filled by adopting a series of design architectures followed by modern instrumentation for developing next-generation batteries in a sustainable and efficient way.

Rechargeable solid-state Li-air batteries： a status report

The theoretical specific energy of lithium-air battery is as high as 3436 Wh.kg^-1, and the possible achieved value may reach 600-700 Wh.kg^-l, which enables this energy storage system as an important propulsion power sources for electric vehicles with the driving range of 500-800 km. Currently, Li-air batteries are facing main challenges at stability, efficiency, applicability and safety. In particular, from a practical view of point, the Li-air batteries should be operated directly in ambient air. Solid-state battery system is the best avenue to eventually solve these main issues. At the heart of the solid state, Li-air technology is the solid-state Li^＋-conducting ceramic material. Developing solid-state lithium-air batteries （SSLAB） can solve the problem of applicability fundamentally and circumvent the safety issues completely, and it is also an important avenue to improve the stability of the battery system. In this paper, we provide a systematical review of the progress in the cell construction, the regulation of the electrode/electrolyte interface, the cell assembly, the electrochemical performance and the mechanism for the SSLAB. In every section, the contributions of the recent research progress in the main challenges and the remained questions will be commented. Based on these reviews, we attempt to propose some alternative approaches for the next stage and suggest a development prospective for the SSLAB.

面向电化学储能的多孔炭材料

多孔炭材料具有质量轻、比表面积大、导电性好和稳定性高的优点,在电化学储能领域得到了广泛的应用。近几十年来,多孔炭材料的结构构筑和功能化设计取得了较大的进步。本文以多孔炭在不同储能器件中的应用发展为导向,结合多孔炭结构设计和功能化发展,综述了其在锂离子电池、锂空气电池、锂硫电池、锂负极保护、钠离子电池、钾离子电池等电化学储能器件中的研究成果和进展,最后总结了多孔炭的结构控制和功能化的策略,并展望了多孔炭材料未来研究的方向和挑战。

缺陷工程在金属基电池中的研究进展

清洁能源在开发和利用过程中存在间歇性和不稳定性,开发高性能、高效率、环保清洁的新型储能器件可保障稳定的能源输出,实现能源转型.其中,金属基电池(如金属-空气电池,金属-硫电池等)具有低成本,高能量密度的优势,具有较高的应用价值.电池电极材料(催化剂)的合理设计影响着其储能效率,对可再生能源技术的发展具有重要作用.近年来,随着研究人员对电催化反应机理的深入理解,缺陷工程被普遍认为是增加催化活性位点数量,提升电池性能的有效策略.其原因在于缺陷可以提供大量不饱和位点,从而为电化学过程提供更多活性中心,增强电极催化效率,实现电化学动力学的提升.此外,缺陷工程实现了电池电极材料局部原子结构以及配位环境的可控调节,进一步调整电极材料的电子和结构特性,可显著提升电池的电化学动力学.本文系统总结了缺陷工程促进电催化性能的可行性策略和金属基电池电催化剂缺陷工程的最新进展.首先介绍了金属-空气电池和金属-硫电池的反应机理,明确金属基电池的反应机理和反应过程对于开发性能优异、环境适应性强催化剂至关重要.其次,归纳和总结了缺陷的种类(本征缺陷、阴离子空位、阳离子空位、晶格畸变和杂原子掺杂)及其引入的常用方法(如热/化学还原、剥落、化学刻蚀、等离子体技术、球磨等).随后,讨论了用于检测电催化剂中缺陷类型和浓度的相关高端表征手段,揭示了构筑缺陷催化剂是提高电催化剂性能的关键.此外,对电催化电池中缺陷的作用及设计原则进行了总结,讨论了电催化剂中缺陷的作用机理,为未来实现具有高本征活性、长期稳定性和高选择性的电催化剂设计提供了更科学的指导.以典型的金属基电池(锌-空电池、锂氧电池、锂-CO_(2)电池、锂硫电池、钠硫电池等)为例,详细介绍了缺陷工程在提高金属基电池电化学性能中发挥的重要作用及其最新进展.最后,提出了金属基电池目前面临的挑战和发展前景,旨在通过缺陷工程提升催化电极材料活性,促进清洁储能器件的商业化进程.

低气压环境轴向压缩锂离子电池的机械性能

锂离子电池在低气压环境下的安全性能研究对电池安全管理的改进十分重要。将环境压力设定为50 kPa和95 kPa,对荷电状态(SOC)为25%的21700型锂离子电池进行轴向挤压实验,探究两种气压环境下电池的载荷、电压和温度的变化特征,分析电池轴向压缩下的失效过程,研究电池在低气压环境下受到轴向压缩的机械性能。21700型锂离子电池在低气压环境下,失效模量和结构压溃应力高于常压情况,电池发生失效的位移随着气压的降低,增长了0.4 mm。电池失效后所达到的最高温度随着气压的降低,升高了4℃,内部损坏程度也比常压情况大。

低压环境下锂离子电池热失控特性研究进展

理解低压环境下锂离子电池热失控特性,对高原低压环境电池储能系统的安全运行以及航空运输至关重要。对低压环境下锂离子电池单体的热失控特性[包含喷发特性、表面温度、点燃时间、热释放速率(HRR)、质量损失率(MLR)和总产热量(THR)等]以及电池模组热失控蔓延特性进行综述。低压环境下,锂离子电池单体燃爆响应时间变长,HRR、MLR和THR均降低。对今后的研究方向给出建议,为低压环境下锂离子电池的安全设计提供理论支持。

PA/EG耦合风冷电池热管理系统轻量研究

本文提出了一种将复合相变材料(石蜡(PA)混合膨胀石墨(EG))与空冷相耦合的电池热管理方案(简称APE-BTMS),该系统中电池中部采用PA/EG进行冷却,电池的上下端采用空冷(空气流速为1.23 m/s)。APEBTMS的主要目的是,将电池的工作温度冷却到最佳温度范围的同时,减轻整个电池热管理系统的质量。实验结果表明:APE-BTMS-45模型在相同的条件下展现了最佳的冷却性能;同时,基于COMSOL建立APE-BTMS数值模型,进行更加精细地轴向厚度和不同环境温度下对APE-BTMS冷却性能加以对比,经数值模拟结果进一步验证,APEBTMS-45在对比数据中具有最佳的冷却性能,并可最大轻量216.71 kg。本文的研究结果可为基于相变材料的电池热管理系统的设计开发提供参考和数据支撑。

导热界面材料与强制风冷在储能模组内的应用

为探索导热界面材料与强制风冷冷却在锂离子储能电池模组中的应用模式,分析了导热界面材质的特性以及工程应用模式,并通过对比实验验证得到测试结果。研究结果表明:在某些中高倍率应用场景下,可以使用导热界面材料和强制风冷冷却双管齐下的散热方式;利用导热界面材质良好的填充效应可以提升锂离子电池模组的散热能力,可为储能电池模组热管理系统设计提供理论依据。

原位负载Au纳米层在锂空气电池正极中的电催化特性

通过自发交换法使Au与非水性锂空气电池中的泡沫镍集流体发生反应,实现了金纳米层催化剂的原位负载.将其作为非水性锂空气电池正极,研究了不同气氛(纯氧、大气和模拟大气)下电池的电化学性能.结果表明,Au纳米层催化剂对氧还原反应/氧逸出反应起到了双功能催化作用,使得氧气电极在不同气氛下的首次放电容量与电压均显著提升,容量分别提升至9169,1604和1853 m A·h/gcarbon;同时氧气电极在模拟大气下的充电过电位降低,能量效率提高,循环性能得到一定提升.

固态锂空气电池研究进展

锂空气电池的理论能量密度高达3505 W·h/kg,能够实现的能量密度预计可达到600 W·h/kg,是实现续航里程达到500~800 km的电动汽车的重要动力电源体系。锂空气电池面临稳定性、效率、实用性和安全性等挑战,特别是需要具备在空气环境下工作的能力。发展固态锂空气电池能够从根本上解决实用性问题,有效解决安全性问题,同时也是提高锂空气电池稳定性的重要途径。本文对固态锂空气电池在电池结构、电极/电解液界面调控、电池成型方法以及电池性能与机理等方面的研究进展进行总结,在每一部分都围绕其对于解决锂空气电池目前所面临的SEAS主要问题的贡献和仍然存在的问题进行评述,并试图提出下一阶段的研究思路,明确固态锂空气电池的发展前景。

Li-LSX沸石中阳离子分布与空分性能的研究

利用静态交换与动态柱交换的方法对低硅KNaX沸石进行Li+交换 .用XRD ,ICP测定样品的晶相及化学组成 ,并用红外光谱对LSX在Li+交换中的骨架振动进行了研究 .结果表明 :在Li+交换过程中 ,谱峰的位移与钠钾比不仅与金属离子本身性质有关 ,而且与LSX骨架中的离子位置有关 .还探讨了在高交换度的Li

掺杂碳材料在锂空气电池中的应用研究进展

锂空气电池具有理论能量密度高、成本低廉、环境友好等优点,受到学者们的广泛关注。本文首先介绍了锂空气电池的分类,并阐述了非水系锂空气电池的工作原理,回顾了传统碳材料和新型碳材料作为催化剂在锂空气电池中的应用,指出了纯碳材料的优势和不足,综述了杂元素(N、P、S等)的引入对碳材料催化性能的优化。重点讨论了N元素掺杂对氧还原反应的促进作用,强调了金属或金属氧化物的负载有利于氧析出反应,从而构建具有双功能的阴极催化剂。并简要介绍了具有金属-有机骨架等空间结构的新型材料在锂空气电池中的应用,就锂空气电池的发展前景进行了展望。

低气压下开关柜空气间隙雷电冲击放电特性

以空气为绝缘介质的开关柜,其电气安全距离受海拔、电极形状等影响明显,但低气压下开关柜空气间隙的选择目前尚无相关标准可供参考。为此以40.5 kV开关柜内存在的4种空气间隙和典型棒–板间隙为研究对象,在人工气候实验室展开了低气压下空气间隙正极性雷电冲击放电特性试验,并分析了电极形状、气压p、相对湿度h、间隙距离对其放电特性的影响。结果表明:开关柜空气间隙放电特性与棒–板差别较大,不同间隙类型放电特性差异明显;低气压下空气间隙雷电冲击电压U50与零海拔、标准大气压p0下冲击电压U50,0满足U50=U50,0(p/p0+ch)n关系,其气压影响特征指数n和湿度附加影响指数c与电极形状有关;间隙雷电冲击放电电压在不同湿度下有一定分散性,且间隙放电电压与间隙距离(<400mm)之间不呈线性关系。研究结果可为高海拔地区开关柜电气安全距离的选择提供指导。

热空气处理对延长梨枣果实冷藏保鲜期的机理研究

为了研究热空气处理提高梨枣贮藏效果的机理,该文以半红期梨枣果实为试材,在已有研究的基础上,研究了42℃热空气处理1h对在(5±1)℃贮藏条件下枣果的生理生化和细胞超微结构变化的影响。结果表明,梨枣采后贮前短时间热处理能有效地降低早期淀粉酶和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性,抑制淀粉水解,延缓果胶降解,降低乙烯释放量,延缓果肉硬度下降速度,后期能延缓果肉细胞中胶层和初生壁分解,阻止细胞内含物外渗,保护细胞的结构,从而延长了贮藏保鲜期。但热处理对枣果呼吸强度影响不大。