GST family genes in jujube actively respond to phytoplasma infection

Jujube witches’broom(JWB)caused by phytoplasma has a severely negative effect on multiple metabolisms in jujube.The GST gene family in plants participates in the regulation of a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses.This study aims to identify and reveal the changes in the jujube GST gene family in response to phytoplasma infection.Here,70 ZjGSTs were identified in the jujube genome and divided into 8 classes.Among them,the Tau-class,including 44 genes,was the largest.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Tau-class genes were highly conserved among species,such as Arabidopsis,cotton,chickpea,and rice.Through chromosome location analysis,37.1%of genes were clustered,and 8 of 9 gene clusters were composed of Tau class members.Through RT-PCR,qRT-PCR and enzyme activity detection,the results showed that the expression of half(20/40)of the tested ZjGSTs was inhibited by phytoplasma infection in field and tissue culture conditions,and GST activity was also significantly reduced.In the resistant and susceptible varieties under phytoplasma infection,ZjGSTU49-ZjGSTU54 in the cluster IV showed opposite expression patterns,which may be due to functional divergence during evolution.Some upregulated genes(ZjGSTU45,ZjGSTU49,ZjGSTU59,and ZjGSTU70)might be involved in the process of jujube against JWB.The yeast two-hybrid results showed that all 6 Tauclass proteins tested could form homodimers or heterodimers.Overall,the comprehensive analysis of the jujube GST gene family revealed that ZjGSTs responded actively to phytoplasma infection.Furthermore,some screened genes(ZjGSTU24,ZjGSTU49-52,ZjGSTU70,and ZjDHAR10)will contribute to further functional studies of jujube-phytoplasma interactions.

Oxidation Resistance of Flavonoids in Chinese Jujube Stone

[Objective] The aim was to study on the oxidation resistance of flavonoids in Chinese jujube stone. [Method] The extract of flavonoids from Chinese jujube stone was added to fresh rapeseed oil and lard to explore the oxidation resistance of flavonoids; the removal rates of it to O2-·,DPPH· and ·OH were also studied. [Result] The flavonoids from Chinese jujube stone had good oxidation resistance on rapeseed oil and lard,and the effects showed dose-dependent; citric acid and vitamin C appeared synergistic effects to the flavonoids; in free-radical reaction experiment,the flavonoids from Chinese Jujube stone also showed strong scavenging ability on O2-·,DPPH· and ·OH,in addition,the scavenging ability increased with concentration increasing. [Conclusion] The result of this study had provided theoretical basis for the further development and utilization of Chinese jujube resource.

Genome-wide identification and analysis of the DREB genes and their expression profiles under abiotic stresses in Chinese jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)

CBF/DREB proteins play a critical role in abiotic stress-mediated gene expression and represent attractive regulons for plant breeding programs.However,no study has been conducted for CBF/DREB protein-related genes in jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.).In this study,twenty-five ZjDREB genes were identified and annotated from the jujube(Z.jujuba‘Dongzao’)genome.Detailed analysis,including gene classification,annotation,phylogenetic evaluation,conserved motif determination and expression profiling were performed on all genes.Phylogenetic analysis showed that ZjDREB proteins were divided into five subgroups(A1–A5),but lacking a subgroup A6 corresponding to AtDREBs.The ZjDREB genes were distributed in nine of twelve chromosomes in the genome.Additionally,the expression patterns of the DREB genes under different abiotic stresses were investigated using q RT-PCR.Nineteen ZjDREB genes were down-regulated under low temperature,in contrast six ZjDREB genes(01,03,05,11,23 and 24)were up-regulated.Under drought,salinity and high temperature conditions,expression of ZjDREB03,09,10,14,15,17 and 20 genes were induced and showed similar expression patterns,suggesting that various stress conditions share common elements in the signaling pathway.The results suggest that the family of DREB genes play an important role in abiotic stresses in jujube,and provide a foundation for further functional studies of this important class of transcriptional regulators.

Effects of IBA on the rooting of branch cuttings of Chinese jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) and changes to nutrients and endogenous hormones

‘Zhongqiusucui’ jujube secondary shoots were treated with 3-indolebutyric acid(IBA) at three concentrations, 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/L. Results show that IBA could significantly enhance rooting and root characteristics of cuttings and were best with IBA at 1500 mg/L. In the rooting process, the formation of adventitious roots was related to the consumption and accumulation of nutrients(soluble sugars and proteins) and the changes in endogenous hormones in phloem, leaf tips and leaf bases. The rooting of cuttings had a positive correlation with the consumption of soluble sugars during the period of callus formation and with the accumulation of soluble sugars during adventitious root formation and growth. Rooting was positively related to the breakdown of soluble proteins in the phloem when the callus formed, and had a positive correlation with its accumulation during adventitious root formation and growth. Leaf tips and leaf bases showed a reverse trend in changes of soluble protein. However, together with the phloem, leaf tips and leaf bases regulated and controlled the formation and development of adventitious roots. The main activities of soluble proteins exist in the leaf tips as this was the main source of soluble proteins. The relation between rooting and IAA(indole-3-acetic acid) content in phloem was positive and thus a high concentration of IAA could benefit the induction and formation of adventitious roots. However, rooting was negatively related with ABA(abscisic acid) and GA(gibberellic acid) and a high concentration of both could inhibit the induction and formation of adventitious roots. Rooting had a positive correlation with phloem IAA/ABA ratios, and higher ratios could improve rooting. Low concentrations of ZR(zeatin riboside) triggered the induction of adventitious roots, while higher concentrations promoted root growth.Endogenous hormones in leaf tips and bases had an impact on rooting. The activities of endogenous hormones mainly existed in leaf tips because they play a major role in the production and consumption of IAA and its ABA content increased during rooting. The ZR in leaf tips influenced the rooting of cuttings, especially in the callus formation and rooting stage. Leaf tips were the main source of GA.

Phenolic compounds and its antioxidant activities in ethanolic extracts from seven cultivars of Chinese jujube

Phenolic compounds and its antioxidant activity of extracts from seven cultivars of Chinese jujubes were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)with standards and different antioxidant evaluation methods,such as phosphomolybdenum assay,superoxide radical scavenging activity(SRSA),hydroxyl radical scavenging activity(HRSA),antihemolytic activity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate,respectively.The results showed the components of the extracts are comprised of total phenols and flavonoids,and its content ranges from 454.3 to 1298.9(GAE mg/100 g dry weight).Phlorizin,catechin,gallic acid,chlorogenic acid,caffeic acid were the predominant phenolic compounds.All the extracts had significant antioxidant activities either in vitro or in vivo.Correlation analysis indicated that the antioxidant capacities of Chinese jujube extracts demonstrated a good positive relationship with some phenolic acids,which was higher in Xiao and Goutou.The results indicated that Xiao and Goutou could be attributed to a potential source of natural antioxidants for food applications.

Effect of Nitric Oxide on Alcoholic Fermentation and Qualities of Chinese Winter Jujube During Storage

This article investigates the effects of nitric oxide （NO） on alcoholic fermentation and the qualities of Chinese Winter Jujube during storage, and explores the action mechanisms of browning and softening of fruits to provide theoretical proofs for using NO in the storage of Chinese Winter Jujube. Chinese Winter Jujube fruits were fumigated with different concentrations of NO gas （0, 10, 20, 30 μL L^-1） under anaerobic conditions and stored at 22±1℃ and 4± 1℃. The changes in appearance qualities, the contents of pyruvate, ethanol, acetaldehyde, and the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase （ADH） and lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） were investigated. The contents of pyruvate, ethanol, and acetaldehyde were significantly reduced, and the peak of pyruvate content was delayed by 20 μL L^-1 NO. The activities of ADH and LDH in 20 μL L^-1 NO treated fruits were also significantly inhibited. However, the alcoholic fermentation and softening of Chinese Winter Jujube fruits were promoted by 30 μL L^-1 NO during storage. The results indicated that 20 μL L^-1 NO could mitigate the injury of ethanol on Chinese Winter Jujube and effectively delay the browning and softening of fruits during storage.

Study on the Quality Control of Chinese Jujube Wine Fermentation

Fermentation processes were studied, with an aim of improving the quality of Chinesejujube wine. Results showed the quality of the wine made from fresh Chinese jujube anddried Chinese jujube were similar, but wine made from excessively dried Chinese jujubeshowed decreased quality. The reducing sugar content in Chinese jujube juice extractedby pectic enzymes was higher than the reducing sugar content extracted by hot water,however, methanol content in wine extracted by pectic enzymes also increased. Thereforethe hot water extraction method is recommended for fermentation of Chinese jujube wine.Fermentation using vacuum concentrated Chinese jujube juice was more effective than thatusing filtered juice readjusted to 20% soluble solid content (SSC) with sucrose orglucose. The inoculation of 0.3% Saccharomyces ellipsodieus Strain was suitable forfermentation of Chinese jujube wine. Fermentation was carried out at 21-25℃. Theconcentration of SO2 in wine affected fermentation time and the optimum additional amountwas 40 mg L-1. Post fermentation storage in oak barrel improved the quality of Chinesejujube wine, as did 4.5% diatomite filtration.

枣幼胚培养后代新品种晚脆蜜的选育

晚脆蜜是六月鲜枣品种的控制杂交后代经幼胚培养技术选育而成的鲜食枣新品种。该品种树体矮化,树冠紧凑,枣头枝节间短,适宜密植栽培。果实长椭圆形,果型较大,平均单果质量为14.7 g。果实硬度大,肉质致密,耐贮性较强。鲜枣可食率95.20%,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)为28.4%,总糖含量27.5%,酸含量0.383%,维生素C含量3580 mg·kg^(-1)。在山西太谷地区,4月中旬开始萌芽,6月上旬进入盛花期,9月下旬果实成熟,果实生育期110 d左右,属于晚熟类型。早果丰产性能较强,2~3年生枝的枣吊平均结果1.0个,3~5年生树产量6250 kg·hm^(-2)。果实抗裂果能力强,裂果率仅为3.8%。该品种是一个树体矮化、早果丰产、抗裂耐贮、晚熟优质的鲜食品种,具有良好的产业发展前景。

不同水肥条件对枣树生长和结实的影响

【目的】探究枣树生长与结实的适宜水肥条件,以期为太行山区鲜食枣月光和冬枣水肥管理提供参考。【方法】以河北农业大学-阜平现代枣业综合试验站月光和冬枣为材料,2021—2022年调查低水肥处理(每666.7 m^(2)年滴灌水10 t,水溶肥A 15 kg,水溶肥B 15 kg)、中水肥处理(每666.7 m^(2)年滴灌水12 t,水溶肥A 20 kg,水溶肥B 25 kg)、高水肥处理(每666.7 m^(2)年滴灌水14 t,水溶肥A 25 kg,水溶肥B 40 kg)和对照(CK,不施水肥)4种水肥条件对枣枝叶生长、开花和果实品质的影响。【结果】水肥条件对两个品种枣吊长度无显著影响。月光高水肥和冬枣中水肥处理后对新生枣头数、枣头长度、枣头二次枝长、枣吊花序数和枣吊成花数的促进作用最明显。中高水肥处理条件下,月光果实营养物质含量整体较高,而冬枣中水肥处理果实品质最佳。与对照比较,随着水肥量的增多,总体上两个品种叶片中N、P、K、Mg元素含量增多,Ca元素含量随水肥量的增多而减少。【结论】在太行山区月光和冬枣两个鲜食枣品种实施滴灌系统水肥管理中,应分别采用高、中水肥供应。

枣树novel-miR16靶基因ZjTCP4鉴定及生物信息学分析

TCPs转录因子主要通过调节细胞增殖和植物激素途径来调控植物器官发生和形态构型,探究枣树ZjTCP4转录因子的序列特征及其表达特性,以期为TCP转录因子响应干旱胁迫的机理研究提供参考,也可以为后续对枣树分子育种奠定基础。novel-miR16的二级结构具有miRNA典型的发夹结构,为枣树miR319家族成员;靶基因ZjTCP4的降解位点多数都在novel-miR16结合位点的第10和11个核苷酸的位置;生物信息学分析表明,ZjTCP4基因的全长cDNA序列为1386 bp,预测编码452个氨基酸的多肽,预测编码蛋白的等电点(pI)为6.51,分子量为49091.55 u;应该是一个膜内或膜外蛋白,为非分泌性蛋白,为亲水性蛋白质,定位于细胞核;枣树ZjTCP4基因编码的氨基酸序列与拟南芥AtTCP4最为相似,与拟南芥AtTCP17,AtTCP 18和AtTCP 12的相似性也较高;枣树novel-miR16在响应干旱胁迫的过程中上调表达,而其靶基因ZjTCP4在干旱胁迫下下调表达。枣树novel-miR16通过靶向调控ZjTCP4转录因子响应干旱胁迫,干旱胁迫下枣树novel-miR16的上调表达导致靶基因ZjTCP4(CCG006181)下调表达来提高枣树的耐旱性。

分析百合地黄汤结合酸枣仁汤加味疗法对老年失眠患者的应用效果

目的:分析百合地黄汤结合酸枣仁汤加味疗法对老年失眠患者的应用效果。方法:选取2022年1月至2023年6月饶河县中医医院中医科收治的老年失眠患者100例作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组50例。对照组给予艾司唑仑片治疗,观察组在对照组基础上给予百合地黄汤结合酸枣仁汤加味疗法干预。采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)比较2组患者睡眠质量的差异,采用中医症候积分比较2组患者中医症状的改善效果,并比较2组患者不良反应状况。结果:干预后,观察组PSQI评分显著低于对照组,观察组中医症候积分显著低于对照组,观察组不良反应发生率显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论:百合地黄汤结合酸枣仁汤加味疗法对老年失眠患者的治疗效果确切,能使其临床症状和睡眠质量得到明显改善,且有较高的安全性,值得临床推广使用。

枣CML基因的分子特征及其抗寒性表达模式分析

【目的】探究枣类钙调蛋白(ZjCML)在抗寒性中的重要作用,旨在挖掘关键抗寒ZjCML基因,为进一步利用其进行枣抗寒育种提供理论参考。【方法】本研究利用生物信息学技术,全面分析了枣CML基因家族成员的数目及相关结构特征,并利用RNA-seq和实时荧光定量PCR技术分析其响应低温胁迫时的表达模式,为筛选关键抗寒基因奠定基础。【结果】在枣基因组数据中共鉴定到23个ZjCML基因,不均匀地分布在12条染色体上。与拟南芥CMLs蛋白构建进化树分析发现ZjCMLs可被分为12个类群。蛋白网络互作预测发现16个ZjCMLs存在于该网络中,且具有一定的互作关系。RNA-seq结果表明ZjCML13和ZjCML6基因表达模式在‘冬枣’及其同源四倍体响应低温胁迫中具有显著差异,其中ZjCML13在‘冬枣’响应低温胁迫6和24 h时极显著上调表达,而在‘冬枣’同源四倍体中表达差异不显著。外源Ca Cl2和褪黑素处理后,ZjCML13在‘冬枣’同源四倍体响应低温胁迫6和24 h时极显著上调表达,说明其可能通过诱导ZjCML13表达调控‘冬枣’同源四倍体抗寒性。【结论】枣CML基因家族具有特定的结构特征及响应低温胁迫,ZjCML13可能在调控‘冬枣’及其同源四倍体抗寒性差异中发挥重要作用。

枣JMS2×交城5号F_(1)代果实性状遗传分析与优系筛选

【目的】探究杂交F_(1)代果实性状的分离特点和遗传变异,为枣杂交育种和品种选育提供理论依据。【方法】以枣JMS2×交城5号的F_(1)代140个单株及亲本为试材,对果实成熟期、果实外观和内在品质等26个描述型和数值型性状进行调查测定,并进行遗传变异分析和相关性分析,利用灰色关联度法进行果实品质综合评价。【结果】F_(1)代果实的成熟期表现出分离,36.26%的F_(1)株系成熟期多数在9月下旬。F_(1)代13个果实的描述型性状均出现不同的性状分离,其中果实形状出现了6个变异类型,子代果形倾向父本的倒卵圆形占比最高为35.85%,子代果形倾向母本的卵圆形占比为17.92%;果实质地出现4个变异类型,其中46.23%表现出果肉致密。果肩形状和柱头状态,分离比例依次为3∶1、1∶2∶1,符合孟德尔遗传分离规律。F_(1)代果实大小和果实内在品质指标等13个性状均呈现连续变异,且符合正态分布或偏正态分布,具有多基因控制的数量性状特征。果实大小、果核大小以及可食率等性状的变异系数在0.85%~32.27%之间,其中单果质量变异系数最大;果实内在品质性状变异系数在11.29%~24.44%之间,其中有机酸含量的变异系数最大。可溶性固形物含量和单核质量2个数值型性状表现趋高遗传,单果质量、果实纵径、果实横径等11个数值型性状均表现趋低遗传。果实大小与果核大小性状间存在极显著正相关;可食率与果实大小性状呈极显著正相关,与果核大小呈极显著负相关;可溶性糖与有机酸含量呈显著正相关,与可溶性固形物含量呈极显著正相关。【结论】杂交F_(1)代果实成熟期倾向父本遗传,且果实形状、果实颜色、果实质地等8个描述型性状倾向父本遗传,果肩形状和柱头状态两性状均可能是受一对和少数几对基因控制的质量性状,果实大小、果核大小、可食率及内在品质指标等13个数值型性状为多基因控制的数量性状,初步筛选出5个综合品质表现优良的株系。

枣愈伤组织培养及其应用研究进展

愈伤组织是进行植物离体培养与生物技术研究的常用材料。近年来,枣愈伤组织培养及其应用研究取得了重要进展。对枣茎段、叶片、花药和胚等不同组织的愈伤诱导培养体系及其在植株离体再生、多倍体诱导、遗传转化、悬浮细胞系建立、原生质体培养等领域的应用研究进展进行了综述,对今后的相关研究工作进行了展望,以期为枣愈伤组织培养的技术优化和科学利用提供借鉴和参考。

干燥方式对红枣片动力学及挥发性成分的影响

采用热风干燥(HAD)、真空冷冻干燥(VFD)和微波真空干燥(MVD)对红枣片进行干燥处理,结合顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(HS-SPME-GC-MS)和电子鼻对红枣片挥发性成分进行了分析,并对比了3种干燥方式对红枣片色泽、动力学和挥发性成分的影响。结果表明,HAD和MVD对红枣片色泽影响较大,VFD能够更好地保持原始色泽;Page模型为预测红枣片3种干燥方式干燥特性最适合的数学模型;干燥对红枣片挥发性成分种类及相对含量影响显著,其中干燥前后相同的挥发性成分有20种。挥发性物质主要有酸类、酯类、醇类、醛类、酮类、烃类、杂环类和其他类化合物,干燥过后红枣片中酸类和烃类挥发性成分相对含量显著增加,醛类和杂环类物质相对含量显著降低。干燥后红枣片香气特征与新鲜红枣片有较大的区别,HAD样品和MVD样品香味特征较为接近,MVD样品的焦甜香特征更为明显。MVD干燥效率较高、能耗较低、周期较短,更适于制备干燥红枣片。

无人机喷雾参数对雾滴在红枣花期冠层沉积分布的影响

【目的】探究极飞Xp20电动四旋翼植保无人机喷雾对主干型红枣花期冠层沉积分布的影响。【方法】设置三因素三水平的正交试验,通过方差分析研究飞行高度、单位面积喷液量、飞行速度对枣树冠层雾滴沉积密度、雾滴均匀性、雾滴覆盖率的影响程度,并通过极差分析研究影响无人机在红枣花期冠层沉积分布的主次因素。【结果】四旋翼电动植保无人机的作业参数设置为处理6时雾滴沉积密度均匀性和覆盖率表现较好,即飞行高度1.5 m、喷液量37.5 L/hm^(2)和飞行速度2 m/s。【结论】综合分析极差结果,影响雾滴沉积密度的主要因素依次是飞行速度、飞行高度、单位面积喷液量。

红枣枸杞饼干的研制及品质分析

为制得一款营养丰富的红枣枸杞饼干,首先开展单因素试验,探究红枣粉、枸杞粉、核桃油、红糖和牛奶添加量对饼干品质的影响;然后以感官评分为评价指标,采用正交试验法优化红枣枸杞饼干的工艺配方。研究结果表明:红枣枸杞饼干的最佳配方为每100 g低筋面粉添加红枣粉15 g、枸杞粉7 g、核桃油25 g、红糖20 g、牛奶25 g、鸡蛋25 g。按照该配方制作的红枣枸杞饼干色泽均匀,品质佳,具有红枣和枸杞特有的风味,无异味,口感酥松,不粘牙,膳食纤维质量分数达3.9%。

数据挖掘视角下的大枣临床经验用药探讨

目的基于中医传承计算平台(V3.0),探索岳仁宋教授处方中使用大枣的临床用药规律及其配伍规律。方法收集整理了岳仁宋教授门诊在专科疾病治疗中使用了大枣药物的有效病案5239个,包含处方5239首,规范录入中医传承计算平台(V3.0)后,构建含大枣的复方数据库,将大枣分为低剂量(≤30 g)、中剂量(30 g<剂量≤60 g)和高剂量(>60 g),据此对复方进行分类,对大枣不同剂量下的复方用药规律进行挖掘和整理。结果共纳入含大枣的复方5239首,中药448味。大枣低剂量时,多合用和解剂。大枣中、高剂量时,多联合使用苦寒清热药黄连。所有剂量情况下,除大枣本身的温性、甘味频次最多外,四气中均以寒性最多,五味中均以苦味最多,归经中频次前3分别为脾、肺和胃(低剂量)与脾、胃和肺(中剂量)以及脾、胃和肺(高剂量)。药物功效统计中,所有剂量下除补虚类最多外,其次为清热类。设定置信度为0.9,支持度为30%,选出了排名前6的核心组合,药物关联规则及聚类分析得到了不同的核心药物组合。结论岳仁宋教授在治疗中大枣剂量使用灵活,在大枣低剂量时处方善用和法,中、高剂量时处方治本以助脾散精,治标用于抑制食欲亢进,使用中、高剂量大枣多同时配伍苦寒清热药物,与患者多出现火热亢盛症状、需标本兼治有关。

君药及十枣汤君药刍议

十枣汤出自《伤寒杂病论》,历来对十枣汤的君药争论不休。根据十四五规划教材中定义的君药是针对主病或主证起主要治疗作用的药物,是方中不可或缺,且药力居首,通过分析十枣汤发现其中最不可缺少的药是大枣。故,十枣汤中大枣为君。通过考证古代及当代学者对君臣佐使的认识,认为应将君药定义为:君药首先是指针对主病或主证起主要治疗作用的药物,其在方中不可或缺;其次,君药在方中的药味较少,不论何药在作为君药时的用量比其作为臣、佐、使药应用时要大,这样对解释十枣汤中何者为君是有益的。

枣采后果肉软化的生化和细胞超微结构变化

枣采后在软化过程中，果肉淀粉含量下降，淀粉酶活性上升，原果胶含量减少，可溶性果胶含量增加，多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（ＰＧ）活性下降；果肉薄壁细胞内含物减少乃至降解成丝状，细胞壁中胶层降解，相邻细胞分离，细胞壁保留。半红期采收的鲜枣采后果皮能够继续转红，果肉的软化发生在果实全红之后，果肉颜色的变化可指示果肉软化的程度。