Chongqing to Add 10 International Air Routes

Chongqing Municipality in southwestern China plans to launch 10 new international air routes this year, announced Mayor Tang Liangzhi in a government work report published on January 27.

Liangzhi and the Interpretative Obfuscation Regarding Knowledge

This article aims to argue that interpreting liangzhi 良知 as innate, original, or cognitive knowledge is likely to fall into ＂interpretative obfuscation regarding knowledge.＂ First, for Wang, what is inherent in mankind is moral agency rather than innate or original knowledge. Therefore, the focus ofzhizhi 致知 and gewu 格物 is instead on moral practice and actualization of virtue rather than on either ＂the extension of knowledge＂ or ＂the investigation of things.＂ Apart from that, drawing support from cognitive knowledge to explicate liangzhi also leads to three related but distinct misconceptions： liangzhi as perfect knowledge, the identity of knowledge and action, and liangzhi as recognition or acknowledgement. By clarifying the above misinterpretations, the meaning and implication of liangzhi will, in turn, also become clearer.

中晚唐两制草诏格局的形成及演变

中晚唐两制草诏的区别较鲜明地体现在用纸材质上,从学士院成立之初翰林学士张垍用黄麻写诏,到代宗大历年间以内制白麻任命李栖筠为御史大夫,是翰林学士院草诏制度的一大变化。在早期的白麻内制中,命相制书是最早且较稳定地归属学士院起草的文书类型。至德宗贞元时期,涉及节度使的除命以及赦文德音、招讨宣慰等重要政务处分的诏令起草,开始较为稳定地归属学士院。宪宗元和时期及其以后,通过对元稹、白居易文集等集部文献中所收诏敕予以归类,可大体展现此期两制分工的整体面貌,其中外制黄敕在各品级官僚群体的除授上皆有行用,而内制白麻的行用则大体被限定在常参官以及五品以上外官的除授范围之内。