Global shear stress pattern in main seismic active belts

Based on the relationship between body wave magnitued m b and seismic moment M 0 presented by PEI SHAN CHEN (1981), by using the moment tensor and focal mechanism solution in the earthquake reports of EDR, a global shear stress pattern including shear stress values and directions of P and T principal axis was obatained. The distribution of ambient shear stress values in the globe is: the highest in intraplate followed by subduction zone, and the lowest in oceanic ridge. The horizontal directions of the maximum principal stresses we got are coincident very well with the result of Zoback (1989). The detail analysis of the stress state in Tonga region shows that: The subduction slab bends down in shallow by press and bends up in deep because of the resistance from deeper part. Between them, the slab is in an equilibrum state. After analysizing the global stress distribution, we got the result that: the plate is driven by a drag force from under its bottom, the plate motion results in its extensional state in oceanic ridge and compressive state in subduction zone.

Active Faulting Pattern,Present-day Tectonic Stress Field and Block Kinematics in the East Tibetan Plateau

This paper examines major active faults and the present-day tectonic stress field in the East Tibetan Plateau by integrating available data from published literature and proposes a block kinematics model of the region. It shows that the East Tibetan Plateau is dominated by strike-slip and reverse faulting stress regimes and that the maximum horizontal stress is roughly consistent with the contemporary velocity field, except for the west Qinling range where it parallels the striking of the major strike-slip faults. Active tectonics in the East Tibetan Plateau is characterized by three faulting systems. The left-slip Kunlun-Qinling faulting system combines the east Kunlun fault zone, sinistral oblique reverse faults along the Minshan range and two major NEE-striking faults cutting the west Qinling range, which accommodates eastward motion, at 10--14 mm/a, of the Chuan-Qing block. The left-slip Xianshuihe faulting system accommodated clockwise rotation of the Chuan-Dian block. The Longmenshan thrust faulting system forms the eastern margin of the East Tibetan Plateau and has been propagated to the SW of the Sichuan basin. Crustal shortening across the Longmenshan range seems low （2-4 mm/a） and absorbed only a small part of the eastward motion of the Chuan-Qing block. Most of this eastward motion has been transmitted to South China, which is moving SEE-ward at 7-9 mm/a. It is suggested from geophysical data interpretation that the crust and lithosphere of the East Tibetan Plateau is considerably thickened and theologically layered. The upper crust seems to be decoupled from the lower crust through a decollement zone at a depth of 15-20 kin, which involved the Longmenshan fault belt and propagated eastward to the SW of the Sichuan basin. The Wenchuan earthquake was just formed at the bifurcated point of this decollement system. A rheological boundary should exist beneath the Longmenshan fault belt where the lower crust of the East Tibetan Plateau and the lithospheric mantle of the Yangze block are juxtaposed.

Fluid Activity and Tectonic Evolution in the Northern Qilian High-pressure Metamorphic Belt

The Northern Qilian high-pressure metamorphic belt has experienced multipledeformation-metamorphism, which consists of at least four stages. In 550.8-526 Ma, eclogites wereformed. High temperature and pressure caused the escape of a large quantity of gas-liquid fluidsfrom rocks while silicate melt was generated. In the late stage, small amounts of CO_2 and H_2Oinfiltrating along fractures were introduced. In the formation of glaucophane schist (447-362 Ma),devolatilization reactions were dominated during the subduction-uplift stage of the paleoplate. Inthe uplift-exhumation stage (400-380 Ma) the increase of internal space of fractures in the rocksfavoured fluid infiltration and concentration. These fluids participated in hydration reactions inthe retro-metamorphism. The fluids participating in the mineral reactions have the compositions ofCaCl_2-NaCl-H_2O. In subsequent thrusting (<380 Ma), the metamorphic terrain was uplifted to theshallower crust and ductile-shearing deformation took place, which caused mainly dehydrationreactions of minerals. In a near-surface environment the metamorphic terrain experienced brittledeformation, forming many accompanying fractures. Immiscible CO_2 and low-salinity aqueous fluidsoccurred in these secondary microfractures and were trapped and sealed. The thermodynamic conditionsof different deformation-metamorphic stages of the metamorphic terrain were calculated and thecorresponding P-T-t path was deduced, showing that the metamorphic terrain has experienced aclockwise path indicated by T- and P-rising, and T- and P-falling processes. This reveals that thesubduction zone has undergone multiple tectono-dynamic processes, i.e. initial deep burial,subsequent quick uplift and near-surface tectonism.

Relationship between crustal magnetic anomalies and strong earthquake activity in the south segment of the China North-South Seismic Belt

The south segment of the China North-South Seismic Belt is located in the southeast margin of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau.This region is characterized by the frequent seismic activity in Chinese mainland.In this paper,the geomagnetic field model NGDC-720 and the data of terrestrial heat flow are used to investigate the distribution of crustal magnetic anomalies,the depth of Curie surface,and the characteristics of the crustal thermal structure in the south segment of the North-South Seismic Belt.The distribution characteristics of the vertical component AZ and the magnetic declination AD in the area with earthquakes over a magnitude of 6 and their aftershocks since 1970 are focused on.The results show that the earthquakes are mainly observed in the area of negative magnetic anomaly or the strong and weak transition zone.It especially shows in the AD.The Curie surface in the study area varies significantly,ranging from 20.8 to 31 km.The uplift area of the Curie surface is consistent with the high-value area of terrestrial heat flow.The high geothermal area corresponds to the strong earthquake activity area.The focal depth of most strong earthquakes is shallower than the depth of the Curie surface.The strong earthquakes mainly occur in the deep-shallow transition zones of the Curie surface.The results can be used as a reference for strong earthquake prediction in this area.

Tectonic implication of geomorphometric analyses along the Saravan Fault: evidence of a difference in tectonic movements between the Sistan Suture Zone and Makran Mountain Belt

In this paper, remote sensing techniques,as well as field studies, have been used to investigate the geomorphological processes and landscape evolution along the Saravan Fault, SE Iran to highlight how topographic features were influenced by active tectonics. Quantitative geomorphic analysis was carried out using mountain-front sinuosity(Smf),valley floor width-valley height ratio(Vf), drainage basin asymmetry factor(Af), Hypsometric integral(Hi), drainage basin shape index(Bs), mean axial slope of channel(MASC), standard deviation of topography(STD) and index of active tectonic(Iat).Remote sensing techniques, as well as field studies revealed that the Saravan Fault have three parts trending N-S, NW-SE, and E-W. Obtained results show that basins with high Iat index are located at where the strike of the Saravan Faults changes and where several strike-slip faults are crossed the Saravan fault.

Response of ecosystem service value to land use/cover change in the northern slope economic belt of the Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, China

Land use/cover change(LUCC)is becoming more and more frequent and extensive as a result of human activities,and is expected to have a major impact on human welfare by altering ecosystem service value(ESV).In this study,we utilized remote sensing images and statistical data to explore the spatial-temporal changes of land use/cover types and ESV in the northern slope economic belt of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China from 1975 to 2018.During the study period,LUCC in the study region varied significantly.Except grassland and unused land,all the other land use/cover types(cultivated land,forestland,waterbody,and construction land)increased in areas.From 1975 to 2018,the spatial-temporal variations in ESV were also pronounced.The total ESV decreased by 4.00×10^(8) CNY,which was primarily due to the reductions in the areas of grassland and unused land.Waterbody had a much higher ESV than the other land use/cover types.Ultimately,understanding the impact of LUCC on ESV and the interactions among ESV of different land use/cover types will help improve existing land use policies and provide scientific basis for developing new conservation strategies for ecologically fragile areas.

Study on the Characteristics ofSeismic Activity in West China andIts neighboring Regions

The controlling and influencing effects of the joint action of plates surrounding China on strong earthquakes in Chinese mainland are discussed, and the characteristics of seismic activities in the West of China and neighboring regions are further studied. The results show that the seismic activity in the West of China and neighboring regions not only has the characteristics of high tide and low tide alternation but also has the characteristics of rising in one region while falling in another, and the rise and fall of seismicity are in some proportion. The above characteristics are useful for the prediction of main body region of strong earthquakes in Chinese mainland, especially for the judgement of the ending time of the high tide period.

The Characteristics of Seismic Activity Before the Devastating Earthquake with M_W9.0 Off the West Coast of Northern Sumatra

The characteristics of seismic activity in different time-spatial domain before the M_W9.0 earthquake were studied. The results are as follows:The activity of the deep earthquakes in the north boundary zone of the Australian plate had been evidently strengthened since 1994, showing an increased frequency, magnitude and depth, especially in regards to the heterogeneous distribution of the earthquake depth (namely between 500km and 689km). Meanwhile the shallow earthquakes of M≥7.0 in the Sumatra island and its vicinity had been obviously strengthened too, and formed a strengthening area with a length of about 1000 km and width 300 km. ②The time distribution of global strong earthquakes with M≥7.0 shows that the character of anomalous seismic quiescence-activity one year before the M_W9.0 earthquake and during its active period, the strong earthquakes formed a seismic belt striking in NWW direction. At the same time, there is a seismic gap formed by earthquakes of M≥5.0 in the epicenter and its neighboring region. ③Two deep earthquakes of M≥7.0 occurred in the west and in the east of the north boundary zone of the Australian plate half year ago. It is notable that one of them occurred in the Sumatra island where no deep earthquake with M≥6.0 has occurred in the past thirty years. ④The space distribution of moderate shocks occurring three days ago exhibited a NWW-strike seismic belt along the north boundary zone of the Australian plate. ⑤The activity of volcanoes distributed in the north boundary zone of the Australian plate had been strengthened in the past 4 years, especially several months before the occurrence of the M_W9.0 earthquake.

Characteristics of seismic activity before several large Sumatra, Indonesia, earthquakes

Two great earthquakes of MS8.5 and MS8.3 determined by the China Earthquake Networks Center (CENC) occurred successively on September 12 and 13, 2007 in the sea area to the south of Sumatra, which is another group of large earthquakes after MS8.7 event on December 26, 2004 and MS8.5 event on March 29, 2005. The

A Paleogeographic and Depositional Model for the Neogene Fluvial Succession, Pishin Belt, Northwest Pakistan: Effect of Post Collisional Tectonics on Sedimentation in a Peripheral Foreland Setting

Detailed facies analysis of the Neogene successions of the Pishin Belt （Katawaz Basin） has enabled documentation of successive depositional systems and paleogeographic settings of the basin formed by the collision of the northwestern continental margin of the Indian Plate and the Afghan Block. During the Early Miocene, subaerial sedimentation started after the final closure of the Katawaz Remnant Ocean. Based on detailed field data, twelve facies were recognized in Neogene successions exposed in the Pishin Belt. These facies were further organized into four facies associations i.e. channels, crevasse splay, natural levee and floodplain facies associations. Facies associations and variations provided ample evidence to recognize a number of fluvial architectural components in the succession e.g., low-sinuosity sandy braided river, mixed-load meandering, high-sinuosity meandering channels, single-story sandstone and/or conglomerate channels, lateral accretion surfaces （point bars） and alluvial fans. Neogene sedimentation in the Pishin Belt was mainly controlled by active tectonism and thrusting in response to the oblique collision of the Indian Plate with the Afghan Block of the Eurasian Plate along the Chaman-Nushki Fault. Post Miocene deformation of these formations successively caused them to contribute as an additional source terrain for the younger formations.

Seismic Inventory Simulation and Conformance Test Based on the Monte Carlo Method——A Case Study of the Fenhe-Weihe Belt

Artificial earthquake catalogue simulation is one of the ways to effectively improve the incompleteness of the existing earthquake catalogue,the scarcity of large earthquake records and the improvement of seismological research. Based on the Poisson distribution model of seismic activity and the Gutenberg-Richter magnitude-frequency relationship,the Monte Carlo method which can describe the characteristics of the stochastic nature and the physical experiment process is used. This paper simulates the future seismic catalogues of the Fenhe-Weihe seismic belt of different durations and conducts statistical tests on them.The analysis shows that the simulation catalogue meets the set seismic activity parameters and meets the Poisson distribution hypothesis,which can obtain a better simulated earthquake catalogues that meets the seismic activity characteristics. According to the simulated earthquake catalogues,future earthquake trends in this region are analyzed to provide reference for seismic hazard analysis.

From the Iron Curtain to the European Green Belt Creating a Vision for a 2^nd Transformation to a Life-Sustaining Europe/World

The European Green Belt developed from the wasteland of the former death strip along the iron curtain over decades to a green life line of biodiversity. It is an ecological network with a unique natural and cultural heritage, an emotional human and political history, meaning and transformative power. Due to the former border situation, it is a transnational green infrastructure with biodiversity hotspots in a more and more fragmented, intensively used and degraded European landscape and connects people from 24 European countries and valuable landscapes. But now, nearly 30 years after the peaceful transition in 1989, the gaps in the European Green Belt cover already 50%. These gaps are not protected and are subject to adverse effects, like ongoing landscape fragmentation and ongoing chemo-industrial agriculture. Alarming signals of a new death zone are not only the gaps within the European Green Belt, but generally and closely related the mass extinction of species, climate change, resource depletion, financial and economic crisis, demographic change, emigration, unemployment and/or precarious work worldwide. To save the European Green Belt and life on earth there is a great need ofa 2^nd transformation to a life-sustaining world.

Research on the Distribution Features of the Benioff Strain Ratio in the North-South Seismic Belt after the Two Yutian M_S7.3 Earthquakes

In view of the correlation between tectonic activity and seismicity,the strong earthquake risk in the North-South Seismic Belt aroused wide concern after the 2014 Yutian M_S7.3 earthquake. Using the seismic catalog of the China Earthquake Networks Center,the Benioff strain ratio in the North-South Seismic Belt is calculated in 30 days before and after the March 21,2008 and February 12,2014 Yutian M_S7.3 earthquakes. Results show that in a year after the 2008 Yutian M_S7.3 earthquake,M > 5. 0 earthquakes all occurred near the high strain ratio area or the junction between the low and high strain ratio areas,the activity of strong earthquakes obviously coincides with the high strain ratio area,which indicates that these areas have a higher stress level. The Yutian earthquakes promoted the release of small earthquakes in the high stress areas. This research is of certain indicating significance to the study of subsequent strong earthquakes of this region.

辽东硼成矿带研究进展

辽东地区是我国重要的硼矿资源产地,赋存硼矿的胶-辽-吉带古元古时期处于活动陆缘环境。辽东硼矿成因为沉积变质再造矿床,硼物质源于蚀变洋壳、俯冲沉积物、蛇纹石化地幔楔等俯冲洋壳系统的富硼地体,在洋壳向克拉通俯冲过程中,硼质在弧前释放进入岛弧火山系统参与热液循环,通过海底热泉等热液方式汇集于火山盆地形成含水硼酸盐初始矿层并被随后的火山沉积覆盖保存。在区域变质变形过程中,含水硼酸盐脱水重结晶并就位于变形构造形成的有利部位富集成矿。辽东硼同位素组成特征反应了对源区储库重硼的继承性,因此,用于探讨矿床成矿地质环境更具意义,而非用于海相和非海相沉积简单的对比。同产于含硼岩系中的含铜硫铁矿矿床沉积时间稍晚于硼矿床,两者空间上呈错位产出,据此可辅助找矿预测工作。区域上虎皮峪-红石砬子-清河复式背斜是辽河旋回多幕变形作用叠加形成的,宏观上控制含硼岩系硼矿床的空间分布。通过总结以往工作,建立了辽东硼矿床成矿模式和找矿模型,分析了找矿方向,特别指出的是,部分盖县岩组地层出露地区,深部具有寻找隐伏硼矿的探索空间,未来找矿前景可期。

地震灾害视角下四川省地震带区域城市韧性评价

城市系统是一个复杂巨系统,对其进行地震灾害视角下的韧性评价是评估城市系统防震减灾能力及城镇可持续化发展的关键。根据城市系统在地震灾害发生全过程中的不同表现,从抵抗能力、应对能力、恢复能力以及适应能力四方面构建地震灾害视角下城市韧性评价指标体系。为解决评价指标赋权过程中的主观性及评价指标体系存在的复杂性等问题,引入投影寻踪法对评价指标数据结构进行分析,寻找出最佳投影方向,以确定评价指标权重,结合物元可拓模型,计算各指标关联度及各城市综合关联度,根据最大关联度原则确定地震灾害视角下城市韧性的评价等级。以四川省活动地震带区域7个城市3个州为例,验证该方法的合理性与可行性。结果表明:自贡市、雅安市、凉山彝族自治州为一般韧性城市;德阳市、绵阳市为较高韧性城市;泸州市、内江市、宜宾市为基本韧性城市;阿坝藏族羌族自治州、甘孜藏族自治州为较低韧性城市。研究结果可为城市抗震韧性评价研究提供参考,为城乡规划建设的可持续发展提供思路。

日喀则—吉隆铁路活动断裂特征及其工程影响

日喀则—吉隆铁路位于藏南地区板块碰撞的构造边界带上,跨越定结、岗嘎和佩枯错三条大的第四纪活动裂谷,各裂谷内分布的活动断层对铁路的选线及工程设计具有重要影响。通过对日喀则—吉隆铁路沿线各裂谷内共25条断裂的现场调查测试,查明工程共穿越晚更新世活动断裂10条,其中有全新世活动断裂4条,分别为定结裂谷中的定结、郭家、登么错断裂和佩枯错裂谷中的岗彭庆断裂。对于定结、郭家断裂,可选择其活动性相对较弱的南段以简易工程通过,而对全线全新世活动性最强的登么错断裂,建议以路基形式通过。岗彭庆断裂带因未来地震危险性高,应避免隧道工程穿越该断裂带。

“一带一路”倡议的社会稳定效应研究

恐怖活动是危害社会稳定的重要因素,而“一带一路”倡议的实施可以为抑制沿线国家恐怖活动的发生,维护沿线国家社会稳定发挥关键作用。基于2011—2020年168个国家的面板数据,运用双重差分模型评估了“一带一路”倡议的社会稳定效应,即“一带一路”倡议的实施对沿线国家恐怖活动发生的影响。结果显示:“一带一路”倡议的实施显著降低了沿线国家恐怖活动的发生次数,表明“一带一路”倡议具有社会稳定效应。机制检验发现,“一带一路”倡议的实施通过降低失业率与增加公共医疗供给抑制恐怖活动的发生,促进沿线国家的社会稳定。差异化分析的结果表明,一方面,在人口密度或老龄化程度较高的国家以及“21世纪海上丝绸之路”沿线国家,“一带一路”倡议对恐怖活动发生的抑制效应更明显;另一方面,“一带一路”倡议对以私人与财产、政府为袭击目标的恐怖活动发生的抑制效应更明显。研究结论证实了“一带一路”倡议为世界和平稳定注入新动能。

中亚造山带南蒙古地区石炭纪--二叠纪岩浆活动及其构造意义

中亚造山带作为显生宙以来全球最大的增生型造山带,记录了古亚洲洋俯冲、增生、闭合的全过程。南蒙古地区位于中亚造山带南缘中段,其晚古生代先后发育弧岩浆活动以及与伸展活动相关的岩石组合,是研究陆壳增生和改造的热点区域。笔者结合区域地质特征及前人研究对南蒙古地区石炭纪--二叠纪这一关键时期的岩石组合做出系统梳理和总结,研究区石炭纪--二叠纪岩浆活动大致可以分为早石炭世(350~325 Ma),晚石炭世(320~305 Ma)和早二叠世(300~280Ma)3个阶段。早石炭世(350~325Ma)发育典型的弧岩浆岩且具有向南变年轻的趋势。此外,全岩Nd和锆石Hf同位素显示其主体具有显著的地幔贡献。综合前人认识,笔者认为这是古亚洲洋主洋盆以北多个次生的弧后洋盆俯冲后撤的结果。晚石炭世(320~305Ma)以高硅花岗岩为主,尤其315~310Ma的碱长花岗岩、碱长正长岩等是年轻弧地体重熔的产物,是俯冲大洋板片显著消耗的结束。早二叠世(300~280Ma)发育伸展相关的岩石组合(如A型花岗岩、双峰式火山岩和基性岩墙),这些岩浆活动显示高温特征,且具有显著的地幔物质贡献。结合前人工作,特别是笔者的前期工作,上述岩浆活动是由石炭纪板片后撤之后高角度俯冲诱发的俯冲板片断离所造成,且前人研究成果表明南蒙古东西两侧均有类似的岩石、构造和沉积记录。因此,笔者提出,古亚洲洋主洋盆泥盆纪--二叠纪多期次的俯冲后撤导致了其北侧一系列次生的弧后洋盆的开启、俯冲至闭合,上述过程伴随了中亚造山带南缘最后一次大规模侧向增生及其结束后板片断离诱发的垂向地壳增生。

永磁直驱带式输送机模糊自抗扰偏差耦合多电机控制策略

针对煤矿井下带式输送机传统异步电机驱动系统存在的传动效率低、耗电量高、重载启动性能差以及多电机运行不同步等问题,提出了基于模糊自抗扰偏差耦合控制策略的多电机永磁直驱带式输送机。在此基础上开展了模糊自抗扰偏差耦合控制策略仿真试验与井下运输顺槽带式输送机现场工业性试验,结果表明:相较于传统主从控制,基于模糊PI自抗扰偏差耦合控制策略的带式输送机多电机永磁直驱系统,在额定负载下多台电机之间的最大转速不同步度最小仅为0.04%,同步性能最大可提高99.7%;而在现场动态落煤工况试验中,最大转速不同步度仅为2%,能够满足长距离重载带式输送机的零速重载启动要求,可显著提高带式输送机多电机驱动系统的同步性能与抗干扰能力。

Expulsion of geopressured hydrothermal system along active faults and its relation to the occurrence of earthquakes in the Shinanogawa seismic belt, Japan

The 1995 Northern Niigata Earthquake (M 6.0) occurred at a shallow depth in the Niigata seismic gap. The anomaly areas in temperature, electrical conductivity and Cl- concentration of groundwater trend northeast as linear distribution in the epicentral area and are approximately coincident with the area of the seismic intensity 6 (JMA scale). The distributions of seismic intensity 6 and groundwater anomalies convincingly imaged the presence of a buried active fault beneath the epicentral area. The occurrence of this earthquake and the anomalies of groundwater were related to the expulsion of geopressured hydrothermal system (GHS). All epicenters of the destructive earthquakes along the Shinanogawa seismic belt are actually located in the buried active fault zones characterized by the areas of temperature and geochemical anomalies of groundwater. These earthquakes might have been triggered by the activity of GHS. The expulsion of GHS along an active fault in combination with the thermal softening of fault zone attributed to high rock temperature may reduce fracture strength of the rock, and trigger earthquake occurrence. The dimension of the anomaly area of groundwater temperature at the epicentral area reflected the scale of the earthquake fault. The linear anomaly areas of groundwater resulting from the expulsion of GHS and having no historical destructive earthquake are of the predicated areas of future destructive earthquakes. Monitoring of groundwater conditions in these areas may provide useful information regarding the future occurrence of earthquakes.