Environmental licensing of new transmission systems in brazil: framing criteria by environmental agency

The growing demand for electricity in large Brazilian cities and the distance to the region with the largest energy production have encouraged the construction of transmission lines thousands of kilometers long, crossing several states of the federation. Therefore, the heterogeneity of requirements in federal, state and district environmental laws tend to lead to uncertainty for the investor regarding procedures and investments necessary for the completion of the project, as well as the time that the requirements will take to be fulfilled. In the present study, we identify and compare the criteria used by the various environmental licensing agencies for classifying transmission system projects in the different procedures(simplified and ordinary) of environmental licensing. It was possible to expose the differences and demonstrate some inconsistencies in the legislation of some Brazilian states. In particular, we note an absence of proportionality between the licensing requirements and the expected environmental impacts for projects on the physical, biological and social environments. Additionally, it was identified subjectivity in the requirement for social participation through public hearings, demanded by the legislation for the projects classified in the ordinary procedure.

Compulsory Licensing of Pharmaceutical Patents System from the Perspective of Public Interest-Public Health in China

Objective To study the types and acquisition paths of drug data in the administrative act of compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents so as to provide data support for the implementation of compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents from the perspective of public interest-public health in China.Methods Situation of compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents in the context of public interest-public health in China was selected,combined with international conventions and the principle provisions of relevant laws,and cases of compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents in foreign countries were reviewed to extract drug-related data of compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents.Results and Conclusion According to the analysis of China’s compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents theory and legal provisions,the data could be divided into five categories for compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents in China:diseases,drugs,patents,generic drug enterprises,and licensing fees.Although,some data are traceable.There were also problems in obtaining data or inconsistent standards in five levels of compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents in the context of public interest-public health.It was not conducive to the implementation of compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents in China.Thus,it should be further established a unified data support system at the national level,specifying the standard of licensing fee,implementing relevant laws and regulations.

Magazine Review

Incense in China-Cultural Convergence and Ethnic Integration in the Perspective of Incense.Incense has witnessed the thousands of years of civilization of the Chinese nation,accompanied by the fostering of the Chinese cultural spirit and the formation of philosophical thoughts.The cover story is written by Qin Yanchun,a researcher from the Institute of Chinese Culture of the Chinese National Academy of Arts,who tells us the story of various spices such as Liquidambar orientalis from the"Western Regions",and the cultural convergence and ethnic integration of people of different times in the perspective of spices,incense set,incense products and other license materials.

A review on rules for examination of licensing criteria for producing foods for special medical purpose in China

In this paper,the background,principles,and main contents of the rules for the examination of production licenses of foods for special medical purposes are introduced.The contents including general rules,production sites,equipment facilities,equipment layout,technological process,personnel management,management system and supplementary rules are interpreted item by item.This study has important value and historical significance for promoting the development of Chinese enterprises and industries of foods for special medical purposes.

License Plate Recognition for Parking Control System by Mathematical Morphology

Nowadays, license plate recognition for parking systems is a critical task to provide automatic control of customers and payment. This paper introduces a new method for automatic recognition of license plates of vehicles by mathematical morphology. The proposed method can provide the license plate number of the plates in different light conditions, colors, sizes, and inclination （angles）. The algorithm can recognize the license plates of European Union vehicles quickly and correctly. The pattern learning of mathematical skeletons has high efficiency in the process. The performance of the algorithm is demonstrated well by the test in a parking control system.

Adversarial Attacks on License Plate Recognition Systems

The license plate recognition system(LPRS)has been widely adopted in daily life due to its efficiency and high accuracy.Deep neural networks are commonly used in the LPRS to improve the recognition accuracy.However,researchers have found that deep neural networks have their own security problems that may lead to unexpected results.Specifically,they can be easily attacked by the adversarial examples that are generated by adding small perturbations to the original images,resulting in incorrect license plate recognition.There are some classic methods to generate adversarial examples,but they cannot be adopted on LPRS directly.In this paper,we modify some classic methods to generate adversarial examples that could mislead the LPRS.We conduct extensive evaluations on the HyperLPR system and the results show that the system could be easily attacked by such adversarial examples.In addition,we show that the generated images could also attack the black-box systems;we show some examples that the Baidu LPR system also makes incorrect recognitions.We hope this paper could help improve the LPRS by realizing the existence of such adversarial attacks.

Optimal Licensing Policy for an Incumbent Firm with Fixed Cost Advantage

This paper primarily focuses on two problems which aim at improving the results of the recent work of Yi S.S.(Yi S.S., Entry, licensing and research joint ventures, International Journal of Industrial Organization, 1999,17:1 24).Firstyly, two improper viewpoints are pointed out and rectified. Under his model, Yi argued that the potential entrants can be better off or worse off under the incumbent firm's strategic use of ex post licensing policy, but it is shown in this paper that the strategic licensing undoubtedly reduces the entrants'expected payoffs. Yi also noted wrongly that industry profit is a convex function of the number of firms in the product market by the Cournot oligopoly with a linear demand and constant marginal costs. However, in this paper it is demonstrated that industry profit in such a market is a concave convex function of the number of firms. Secondly, a thorough study of the optimal licensing policy for the incumbent is made on the basis of the correction of the second error. Necessary and sufficient conditions under which the incumbent will choose ex post licensing, ex ante licensing of one entrant or ex ante licensing of both extrants are given.

REAL-TIME LICENSING MANAGEMENT OF SECURE MULTIMEDIA CONTENT DELIVE RY

Media Commerce is now becoming a new trend which results fr om faster development of network bandwidth and high availability of multimedia t echnologies, how to protect media content from being used in a right-violated w ay is one of most important issues to take into account. In this paper, a novel and efficient authorization and authentication Digital Rights Management (DRM) s chema is proposed firstly for secure multimedia delivery, then based on the sche ma, a real-time digital signature algorithm built on Elliptic Curve Cryptograph y (ECC) is adopted for fast authentication and verification of licensing managem ent, thus secure multimedia delivery via TCP/RTP can efficiently work with real -time transaction response and high Quality of Service (QoS) . Performance eval uations manifest the proposed schema is secure, available for real-time media s tream authentication and authorization without much effected of QoS. The propose d schema is not only available for Client/Server media service but can be easily extended to P2P and broadcasting network for trusted rights management.

A Trust Scheme Based DRM Model for P2P System

With the maturation of P2P technology, there are more and more challenges to the protection of digital rights. DRM for traditional Client/Server model can not satisfy the requirement of digital right protection of P2P network. With practical application of P2P network technology and new generational DRM technology, the article proposes a DRM model for P2P system based on trust degree. The proposed model shares the secret key to the trusty peers and affords necessary security ensure for digital content delivery based on P2P technology. Mathematic analyses and simulations show that, compared to the current DRM model, the proposed model is more robust toleration of transmit and security.

Multi Criteria Decision Making System for Parking System

System supported smart parking can reduce traffic by making it stress free to locate empty parking spaces,hence lowering the risk of unfocussed driving.In this study,we propose a smart parking system using deep learning and an application-based approach.This system has two modules,one module detects and recognizes a license plate(LP),and the other selects a parking space;both modules use deep learning techniques.We used two modules that work independently to detect and recognize an LP by using an image of the vehicle.To detect parking space,only deep learning techniques were used.The two modules were compared with other state-of-the-art solutions.We utilized the You Only Look Once(YOLO)architecture to detect and recognize an LP because its performance in the context of Saudi Arabian LP numbers was superior to that of other solutions.Compared with existing state-of-the-art solutions,the performance of the proposed solution was more effective.The solution can be further improved for use in the city and large organizations that have priority parking spaces.A dataset of LP-annotated images of vehicles was used.The results of this study have considerable implications for smart parking,particularly in universities;in addition,they can be utilized for smart cities.

Licensing to Market with Logit Demand Functions

This paper studies the licensing of a brand innovation to a monopoly in an uncovered market characterized by a logit demand framework. The innovator is an outsider to the market and sells the license via fixed-fee, royalty or their combinations. It is shown that the license occurs irrespective of whether the utility of the new brand is improved or not, and that the optimal licensing policy for the innovator is fixed-fee only. Ultimately, the monopoly produces both the old and the new brand products, even in the case of utility-improving brand innovation. In addition, the incentive for the innovator was examined.

Technology Spillover and Licensing Strategy of Patentee

The optimal license proportions with and without technology spillover are analyzed with a game-theoretical approach when a patent-holding firm licensed non-drastic process innovation to his incumbent rivals by means of a first price sealed bid auction. The optimal strategy is obtained through solving the game by backward induction. It is found that the range of optimal license proportion is narrower when there is spillover compared to the no spillover case.

Introduction of Education Systems for Clinical Engineers in Japan

Japanese clinical engineer(CE) is a significant and unique profession compared with other nations with its dual clinical and technology focus and national licensing. The CE system of licensing was established in May 1987 under the Clinical Engineers Act. CEs are required to complete 3 to 4 years in designated schools and pass a national examination. It is a professional medical position responsible for the operation and maintenance of life-support and non-life-support medical device systems under the direction of physicians. Currently approximately 70 educational institutes- including technical colleges and universities- provide diverse and wide-ranging curricula from engineering to various clinical disciplines to produce CEs. Since clinical practice training is mandatory as a part of institute work, an important approach for CEs is gained by working in hospitals. The comprehensive curricula and the licensing system in Japan together serve to keep the appropriate quantity and quality of CEs. The Japan Association for Clinical Engineers(JACE) was established in February 1990; one of its aims is to support improvement of CEs throughout their careers through various lectures, seminars, on-the-job trainings, workshops, and an annual member meeting. New CEs can now take advantage of video e-learning. For junior CEs, there are seminars for hyperbaric oxygen therapy, blood purification, heart-lung bypass, respiratory therapy, operating room, intensive care unit, arrhythmia and aphaeresis related devices, as well as healthcare technology management(HTM). Also, the institutes provide a leadership seminar alongside this clinical practice training. Besides the licensing process, a proper certification system for CEs is a critical element in the clinical field. This enhances the ability of CEs to engage in more extensive duties and develop specialties, as well as to provide better healthcare. Associated societies provide certification with technology qualifications in dialysis, extracorporeal circulation, respiratory therapy, clinical medical devices, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and aphaeresis treatment. JACE also launched a unique certification system in 2010, with specializations in blood purification, arrhythmia, respiratory, and hyperbaric oxygen care. What is the difference between certification by the associated societies and that offered by JACE? Certification by the associated societies provides basic knowledge to pass specialty examinations. Certifications by JACE promote deeper knowledge to enhance clinical decisionmaking and to encourage wider experience. JACE also continues to investigate other certifications. In summary, Japan has introduced a national licensing system for keeping an intake of constant quality and quantity of CEs. Additionally, ongoing workshops and seminars stimulate in-depth knowledge and a higher level of medical care for patients. Together, a system of lifelong education for CEs has been built.

Integration of GIS in the Development of an Environmental Cadastre Administrative System for the Environment Protection Agency Sierra Leone

The Environment Protection Agency Sierra Leone (EPA) is mandated by law to issue Environmental Impact Assessment license. Currently the agency achieves this mandate by issuing environmental licenses manually which always encountered lot of problems of accountability and transparency of the management of environmental licenses and assessment documentation. Client’s information and documentation is usually mixed up while carrying files from one point to the other or from one staff to another. Data on client are stored in a way which makes it difficult for the management to retrieve useful information on time. This paper explores these challenges faced by the manual system of issuing environmental licenses and infer solutions to the current challenges by integrating a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to develop an Environmental Cadastre administrative System (ECAS) which establishes a web-based information repository database developed with open sources software (Java, PHP, MySQL, QGIS) that published revenues online and made the data available to stakeholders and/or the public to complete the cycle of accountability and transparency. The information is presented and downloadable in a comprehensible and user-friendly manner, which in turn improves monitoring and reporting, and increases effectiveness and accountability of the management of environmental licenses and assessment documentation. The findings show these challenges facing the manual system, the back and forth between EPA and the client in the EIA process, the difficulty in the searching a client record, the mixing up of Client’s information and documentation by carrying files from one point to the other, and the storage of data on client in a way which makes it difficult for the management to retrieve useful information on time, and lack of back up when data or information is lost. Problems encountered in the time-consuming nature of the manual retrieval of files and preparation of prompt and accurate reports make it become a difficult task to accomplish as data and information are difficult to retrieve or collect from various files. Based on these findings, this paper provides the possible solution to the above problems. An online Environmental Cadastre administrative System (ECAS) which establishes a web-based information repository database was designed to capture the full lifecycle of environmental licenses including all stages of monitoring, licenses and payments and seamlessly manage the environmental impact assessment (EIA) licenses.

Chinese Licensing Trade Going to the World

In late spring this year, Ren Jianxin, President of the Supreme People’s Court in China. welcomed the convening of the 1994 international meeting of the Licensing Executives Society (LES) held in Beijing. It was sponsored by the China Licensing Executives Society and was attended by 400 lawyers and academics from over 30 countries including the USA, Britain, France, Japan, Germany and South Korea. Science and technology is

China Licensed Merchandise Growing Rapidly——China Licensing Industry Report Released

As the fifth largest licensing market in the world,China’s Licensing market has great potential to grow.The market is so big that it is always difficult to see into the details.To understand the rapidly growing licensing industry in China,China Toy and Juvenile Products Association(CTJPA)conducted a professional survey and issued the China Licensing Industry Report2018earlier this year.

China's Booming Licensing Market

No one can ignore the Chinese market,and that is no different for the licensing market.According to data from LIMA(International Licensing Industry Merchandisers’Association),in 2015,China was ranked as the fifth largest licensing market in the world,with a market size of USD 7,61 billion.

Regulations of Business Licensing for Route of Foreign Air Transport Enterprises

Regulations of Busi- ness Licensing for Route of Foreign Air Transport Enterprises(CCAR- 287),which were passed at the executive meeting of Civil Aviation Ad- ministration of China on May 19,2008,were hereby promulgated and became effective as of July 11,2008.

Quali-Quantitative Analysis of Brazilian Environmental Licensing of Hydropower Plants

The use of the extraordinary hydroelectric potential of the Amazon Basin originated an increase in the offer of renewable energy in Brazil, which, in its turn, leads to conflicts and a lack of consensus among different players owing to the potential negative impacts related to the construction and operation of large hydroelectric power plants in relatively well preserved areas. In this context, environmental licensing is one of the national environmental policy’s main instruments for making decisions regarding the use of the hydroelectric potential, especially the rivers of the Amazon Basin. Nevertheless, this significant instrument has its limitations and requires adjustments in order to better aid the decision making process regarding the use of water resources and land with the goal of increasing the offer of electric energy.

Air Quality Monitoring and Its Implication on the Environmental Licensing Process in Brazil

In the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, public policies regarding the air quality aimed at the welfare of the population are strongly dependent on monitoring conducted by the Sao Paulo State Environmental Company (CETESB), which can be influenced by faulty monitors and equipment support and cuts in power supply, among others. A research conducted from 1998 to 2008 indicated that a significant portion of the air quality automatic stations in the state of Sao Paulo did not meet the criterion of representativeness of measurements of PM10, NO2, O3, CO and SO2 concentrations which resulted in the classification of some municipalities as the nonattainment area, a situation evidenced for PM10 and O3 parameters. The network unavailability for each parameter was estimated and compared with the monitoring networks operated in Canada and the UK. This paper discusses the implications of the lack of representativeness of measurements in the environmental licensing process of pollution sources from 2008, when by the effect of state law, municipalities have been qualified according to their air quality nonattainment level.