The meteorological data of light,temperature and water during 1961-2009 were selected to analyze the trend variation of climatic resources and provide the basis for developing and utilizing local climate resources.The...The meteorological data of light,temperature and water during 1961-2009 were selected to analyze the trend variation of climatic resources and provide the basis for developing and utilizing local climate resources.The results indicated that light resource presented the decreasing tendency in Dongling District,annual radiation reduced by 528 MJ/m2,and annual sunshine duration decreased by 333 h.The heat resource presented the increasing tendency,the average annual temperature increased by 1.04 ℃,and active accumulated temperature increased by 228 ℃.The general trend of annual precipitation declined slightly,precipitation resource during every age changed slightly and would tend to be stable.展开更多
Water can acquire a kinetic activity, which is attributed to the absorption of an environmental force termed KELEA (kinetic energy limiting electrostatic attraction). This activity can lead to increased volatility of ...Water can acquire a kinetic activity, which is attributed to the absorption of an environmental force termed KELEA (kinetic energy limiting electrostatic attraction). This activity can lead to increased volatility of the water that can be measured as the progressive weight loss in closed but not completely sealed containers. It has been proposed that KELEA is a natural force required to prevent the fusion and possible annihilation of electrostatically attracted opposite electrical charges. As such, it may be especially available where there is a convergence of force fields of opposing electrical charges. At least conceptually, this may arise with facing light sources with centrally directed light beams. An oscillating attraction and release of KELEA may be facilitated by repetitively disrupting the light paths using an overhead flashing light source. This paper reports on preliminary studies that are based on this premise. Although not proving the premise, the reported experiments do indicate a simple method for activating water. Moreover, the described procedure should allow for further exploration of the underlying mechanism of water activation. The procedure involves the use of four, diagonally placed regular LED traffic lights, with an overhead strobe light. The volatility of water samples in closed but not completely sealed glass vials placed within the lighted area significantly increases in a manner that persists well beyond the periods of light exposure. The paper further shows that activated water can indirectly lead to the activation of nearby water. The reported observations are of both practical and theoretical importance.展开更多
Objective: To ascertain the influence of light intensity and water content of medium on the total dendrobine of Dendrobium nobile(D. nobile).Method: The principal component analysis combined with total dendrobine accu...Objective: To ascertain the influence of light intensity and water content of medium on the total dendrobine of Dendrobium nobile(D. nobile).Method: The principal component analysis combined with total dendrobine accumulation was conducted to assess the yield and quality of D. nobile in all treatments. In the experiment, D. nobile plants were cultivated in greenhouse as tested materials, and complete test of 9 treatments was adopted with relative light intensities 75.02%, 39.74%,29.93% and relative water content of medium 50%, 65%, 80%. The plants were treated in June and harvested till December. Indexes including agronomic traits, fresh weight and dry weight of stem and leaf, ash content, extract, and dendrobine were measured.Results: Under the light intensity treatments of 75.02% with 50%, 65%, 80% water content of medium, the basal stems of plants were comparatively thicker with more leaves, and the fresh weight and dry weight of stems and leaves were significantly higher than other 6 treatments.Leaves in all treatments contained dendrobine. Under the light intensity treatments of 75.02%with 50%, 65%, 80% water content of medium, dendrobine content of leaves was lower while dendrobine contents of other treatments were more than 0.60%. After comprehensive assessment through the principal component analysis and total dendrobine accumulation, the results showed that 3 treatments with relative light intensity of 75.02% ranked the top three.Conclusions: In brief, the moderately strong light intensity and water content of medium from low to medium can facilitate the growth and yield of D. nobile plants, while light intensity from moderately weak to weak can enhance the dendrobine content.展开更多
Native orchid species of Singapore in their natural conditions experience stress from high irradiance, high temperatures and periods of extended low rainfall, which impact orchid plant physiology and lead to reduced g...Native orchid species of Singapore in their natural conditions experience stress from high irradiance, high temperatures and periods of extended low rainfall, which impact orchid plant physiology and lead to reduced growth and productivity. In this study, it was found that there was a reduction in photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) in 6 native orchid species under high light (HL) and Bulbophyllum membranaceum under low light (LL). There was chronic photoinhibition in these 6 orchid species over a period of 3 months after transplanting onto the tree trunks without watering and fertilization, especially in Coelogynes mayeriana and Bulbophyllum membranaceum under both HL and LL. This chronic photoinhibition caused by sustained period of water deficit in their natural conditions was later reversed by natural re-watering conditions from higher rainfall. These results indicate that water deficit has a greater impact on photosynthetic light utilization efficiency than excess light. The present study also showed that after natural rewatering, relative water content (RWC) of leaves and pseudobulbs generally increased. During the natural re-watering, total leaf area also gradually increased and reached maximum expansion after 7 weeks under both HL and LL, with some exceptions due to leaf abscission or decline in total leaf area, possibly a strategy for water conservation.展开更多
The significance of research of water system is demonstrated by the experiments and statistical data. Some physical and chemical properties of water system affected by various factors in the nature are given. It also ...The significance of research of water system is demonstrated by the experiments and statistical data. Some physical and chemical properties of water system affected by various factors in the nature are given. It also points out that further research of the effect on extremely complicated water system caused by electricity, magnetic field, sound and light now becomes an important research subject.展开更多
Investigations about laying hens reactions on artificial light conditions were carried out in a climate chamber equipped with a floor housing system for laying hens. The release of moisture increased during light peri...Investigations about laying hens reactions on artificial light conditions were carried out in a climate chamber equipped with a floor housing system for laying hens. The release of moisture increased during light periods probably due to increased activity which increased respiration rate but also on increased scratching which increased evaporation of moisture from bedding material. The daily average was 6.29 g henl h"l at 4 lux and 5.97 g henl hl, at 93 lux which corresponds to a difference of 5%. The level of light intensity seemed to have little influence on the release of moisture. The total release of heat was slightly higher during light periods compared to dark periods. Explanations can be increased activity but also feed intake increasing the metabolic rate during light periods. The daily average of total heat production was 17.0 W per hen at 4 lux and 14.7 at 93 lux which corresponds to a difference of 16%. The release of carbon dioxide increased during light periods probably due to increased activity and respiration.展开更多
Miniature roses (Rosa sp.) were grown at 100 and 150 μmol m-2·s-1 photon flux densities (PFD) with 16, 20 and 24 h·day-1 lighting periods (LP) in a greenhouse compartment in midwinter at latitude 59° n...Miniature roses (Rosa sp.) were grown at 100 and 150 μmol m-2·s-1 photon flux densities (PFD) with 16, 20 and 24 h·day-1 lighting periods (LP) in a greenhouse compartment in midwinter at latitude 59° north. The study included 10 different treatments and six rose cultivars, altogether 900 plants. The 16 and 20 h LP were applied with or without a dark period of 8 and 4 h·day-1, respectively, by timing the LP in relation to daylight that lasted for 7 - 8 h. Number of days until flowering decreased with an increase in PFD and in LP up to 24 day-1 and was unaffected by the timing of the 16 and 20 h·day-1 LP. Number of flowers and plant dry weight increased 20% to 30% by increasing the PFD. Plant dry weight increased by increasing the LP from 16 to 20 h·day-1 (about 25%), but no effect was found with a further increase to 24 h·day-1. Mean growth rate until flowering increased 30% to 40% by increasing the PFD or by increasing the LP from 16 to 20 h day-1, while little effect was found by a further increase to 24 h·day-1. Increasing the photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) by increasing the LP from 16 to 20 h·day-1 increased the growth rate more than increasing the PFD did. Three of the cultivars were tested for water loss after the detachment of some leaves. Leaves that had developed without a dark period showed a considerably higher water loss than the treatments that included a dark period of 4 or 8 h·day-1. The keeping quality at indoor conditions, however, was unaffected by the treatment due to sufficient watering. Powdery mildew developed significantly more on plants grown with a dark period of 8 h as compared with the other treatments. It was concluded that 20 h·day-1 LP including a dark period of 4 h·day-1 and a PFD of at least 150 μmol·m-2·s-1 should be applied to miniature roses during the winter months in order to effectively produce miniature pot roses with a high quality.展开更多
Integrating the advantages of Bi and Cr elements in the bandgap engineering of metal oxides, a visible-light-responsive photocatalyst Bi1.5Cr0.5WO6 is successfully constructed and initially applied in water decontamin...Integrating the advantages of Bi and Cr elements in the bandgap engineering of metal oxides, a visible-light-responsive photocatalyst Bi1.5Cr0.5WO6 is successfully constructed and initially applied in water decontamination. The combination of UV-vis diffuses reflectance and the Mott-Schottky curve from electrochemical testing can be used to determine the conduction band and valence band of Bi1.5Cr0.5WO6 to be about –1.26 and 1.42 V, respectively. The location of energy band structure indicates that the superoxide free radical can be produced in Bi1.5Cr0.5WO6 photocatalytic system without hydroxyl group. This speculation is also confirmed by ESR experiment and active radical species scavenging experiments. In addition, the best photocatalytic performance of Bi1.5Cr0.5WO6 obtained under 180 ℃ is attributed to the smallest impedance and the strongest electronic migration capability.展开更多
Visible light-induced two-step overall water-splitting was achieved by combining two types of photocatalysts, which were prepared by introducing foreign elements into rutile titanium dioxide (TiO2) and strontium titan...Visible light-induced two-step overall water-splitting was achieved by combining two types of photocatalysts, which were prepared by introducing foreign elements into rutile titanium dioxide (TiO2) and strontium titanate (SrTiO3) with a controlled electronic band structure. Rutile TiO2 and SrTiO3 were doped with chromium and tantalum (Cr,Ta-TiO2) and with rhodium (Rh-SrTiO3), respectively, to introduce visible-light sensitivity. Under irradiation with only visible light from a 420-nm LED lamp, the simultaneous liberation of hydrogen and oxygen with a molar ratio of ~2:1 was achieved with these two types of photocatalysts in the presence of iodate ion/iodide ion as a redox mediator.展开更多
An immobilized Cu2O/g-C3N4 heterojunction film was successfully made on an FTO substrate by electrophoretic deposition of g-C3N4 on a Cu2O thin film.The photoelectrochemical(PEC) performance for water splitting by t...An immobilized Cu2O/g-C3N4 heterojunction film was successfully made on an FTO substrate by electrophoretic deposition of g-C3N4 on a Cu2O thin film.The photoelectrochemical(PEC) performance for water splitting by the Cu2O/g-C3N4 film was better than pure g-C3N4 and pure Cu2O film.Under-0.4 V external bias and visible light irradiation,the photocurrent density and PEC hydrogen evolution efficiency of the optimized Cu2O/g-C3N4 film was-1.38 mA/cm^2 and 0.48 mL h^-1 cm^-2,respectively.The enhanced PEC performance of Cu2O/g-C3N4 was attributed to the synergistic effect of light coupling and a matching energy band structure between g-C3N4 and Cu2O as well as the external bias.展开更多
The reasons for low output power of AlGalnP Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) have been analysed. LEDs with AlGaInP material have high internal but low external quantum efficiency and much heat generated inside especiall...The reasons for low output power of AlGalnP Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) have been analysed. LEDs with AlGaInP material have high internal but low external quantum efficiency and much heat generated inside especially at a large injected current which would reduce both the internal and external quantum efficiencies. Two kinds of LEDs with the same active region but different window layers have been fabricated. The new window layer composed of textured 0.5 μm GaP and thin Indium-Tin-Oxide film has shown that low external quantum efficiency (EQE) has serious impaction on the internal quantum efficiency (IQE), because the carrier distribution will change with the body temperature increasing due to the heat inside, and the test results have shown the evidence of LEDs with lower output power and bigger wavelength red shift.展开更多
In this paper, based on the basic equations of water flow and heat transfer, the hydrothermal coupling model is established.The numerical model was realized in COMSOL Multiphysics software, and simulation results are ...In this paper, based on the basic equations of water flow and heat transfer, the hydrothermal coupling model is established.The numerical model was realized in COMSOL Multiphysics software, and simulation results are compared with the experimental results of Watanabe and Wake(2008) to verify the effectiveness of the model. Through the calculation, we can obtain the dynamic changes of heat and water fluxes, thermal and hydrological properties, matric potential and temperature gradient in unsaturated freezing soil; and these variables are unmeasurable in practice.展开更多
Graphene (GR)-CdS nanocomposites with different weight addition ratios of GR have been assembled by a facile solvothermal treatment. The GR-CdS nanocomposite photocatalyst with an appropriate ratio of GR exhibits en...Graphene (GR)-CdS nanocomposites with different weight addition ratios of GR have been assembled by a facile solvothermal treatment. The GR-CdS nanocomposite photocatalyst with an appropriate ratio of GR exhibits enhanced photoactivity for selective reduction of aromatic nitro compounds to the corresponding aromatic amines in water under visible light irradiation as compared with blank-CdS. The characterization of GR-CdS nanocomposite photocatalysts by a collection of techniques discloses that: i) GR can tune the microscopic morphology of CdS nanoparticles and improve light absorption intensity in the visible light region; ii) GR scaffolds act as an electron reservoir to trap and shuttle the electrons photogenerated from CdS semiconductor under the visible light illumination; iii) the introduction of GR enhances the adsorption capacity of GR-CdS nanocomposites toward the substrates, aromatic nitro compounds. The synergistic effect of these factors should account for the photoactivity advancement of GR-CdS nanocomposites toward the probe reactions. Furthermore, because the photogenerated holes in the system are trapped by the quenching agent ammonium oxalate, the as-obtained GR-CdS photocataiyst is stable during the photocatalytic reduction reactions. A reasonable model has also been proposed to illustrate the reaction mechanism.展开更多
This paper presents the test of a ship model for the design of a backward-bent duct oscillating water column type wave energy conversion system, to supply electric power for a light ship. This system suggests a new wa...This paper presents the test of a ship model for the design of a backward-bent duct oscillating water column type wave energy conversion system, to supply electric power for a light ship. This system suggests a new way to produce electric power automatically for large light ships.展开更多
Layered Aurivillius compound Bi_(5)Ti_(3)CrO_(15) has been synthesized by a hydrothermal method for the application as a photocatalyst to liberate hydrogen from water. Bi_(5)Ti_(3)CrO_(15) owns a narrow band gap (Eg ~...Layered Aurivillius compound Bi_(5)Ti_(3)CrO_(15) has been synthesized by a hydrothermal method for the application as a photocatalyst to liberate hydrogen from water. Bi_(5)Ti_(3)CrO_(15) owns a narrow band gap (Eg ~2.46 eV) and shows stable photocatalytic activity under both full range (λ ≥250 nm) and visible light illumination (λ ≥420 nm). A short hydrothermal reaction time is critical to achieve high photocatalytic activity as defects such as Cr^(6+) and Bi^(5+) can be avoided. An AQE as high as 3.66% at 420 nm ± 20 nm has been recorded, warranting promising application in the field of solar energy conversions. DFT calculation reveals the important role of Cr^(3+) cations for visible light sensitivity of Bi_(5)Ti_(3)CrO_(15).展开更多
Boiling structures on evaporation surface of red copper sheet with a diameter (D) of 10 mm and a wall thickness (h) of 1 mm were processed by the ploughing-extrusion (P-E) processing method, which is one part of...Boiling structures on evaporation surface of red copper sheet with a diameter (D) of 10 mm and a wall thickness (h) of 1 mm were processed by the ploughing-extrusion (P-E) processing method, which is one part of the phase-change heat sink for high power (HP) light emitting diode (LED). The experimental results show that two different structures of rectangular- and triangular-shaped micro-grooves are formed in P-E process. When P-E depth (ap), interval of helical grooves (dp) and rotation speed (n) are 0.12 ram, 0.2 mm and 100 r/min, respectively, the boiling structures of triangular-shaped grooves with the fin height of 0.15 mm that has good evaporation performance are obtained. The shapes of the boiling structures are restricted by dp and ap, and dp is determined by n and amount of feed (f). The ploughing speed has an important influence on the formation of groove structure in P-E process.展开更多
The transport cross-section based on inflow transport approximation can significantly improve the accuracy of light water reactor(LWR)analysis,especially for the treatment of the anisotropic scattering effect.The prev...The transport cross-section based on inflow transport approximation can significantly improve the accuracy of light water reactor(LWR)analysis,especially for the treatment of the anisotropic scattering effect.The previous inflow transport approximation is based on the moderator cross-section and normalized fission source,which is approximated using transport theory.Although the accuracy of reactivity is increased,the P0 flux moment has a large error in the Monte Carlo code.In this study,an improved inflow transport approximation was introduced with homogenization techniques,applying the homogenized cross-section and accurate fission source.The numerical results indicated that the improved inflow transport approximation can increase the P0 flux moment accuracy and maintain the reactivity calculation precision with the previous inflow transport approximation in typical LWR cases.In addition to this investigation,the improved inflow transport approximation is related to the temperature factors.The improved inflow transport approximation is flexible and accurate in the treatment of the anisotropic scattering effect,which can be directly used in the temperature-dependent nuclear data library.展开更多
We investigate the thermal characteristics of standard organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) using a simple and clear 1D thermal model based on the basic heat transfer theory. The thermal model can accurately estima...We investigate the thermal characteristics of standard organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) using a simple and clear 1D thermal model based on the basic heat transfer theory. The thermal model can accurately estimate the device temperature, which is linearly with electrical input power. The simulation results show that there is almost no temperature gradient within the OLED device working under steady state conditions. Furthermore, thermal analysis simulation results show that the surface properties (convective heat transfer coetficient and surface emissivity) of the substrate or cathode can significantly affect the temperature distribution of the OLED.展开更多
Advantges and disadvantage of Mie scattering model and Fraunhofer diffraction model are discussed. The result shows that 1) the Fraunhofer diffraction model is simple in design and fast in operation, which is quite su...Advantges and disadvantage of Mie scattering model and Fraunhofer diffraction model are discussed. The result shows that 1) the Fraunhofer diffraction model is simple in design and fast in operation, which is quite suitable for on-line control and 2) the intensity and energy distribution of diffracted light of both the Mie scattering model and the Fraunhofer theoretical model are compared and researched. Feasibility of using the Fraunhofer diffraction model to replace the Mie scattering model in measuring particles in coal water slurry is demonstrated.展开更多
文摘The meteorological data of light,temperature and water during 1961-2009 were selected to analyze the trend variation of climatic resources and provide the basis for developing and utilizing local climate resources.The results indicated that light resource presented the decreasing tendency in Dongling District,annual radiation reduced by 528 MJ/m2,and annual sunshine duration decreased by 333 h.The heat resource presented the increasing tendency,the average annual temperature increased by 1.04 ℃,and active accumulated temperature increased by 228 ℃.The general trend of annual precipitation declined slightly,precipitation resource during every age changed slightly and would tend to be stable.
文摘Water can acquire a kinetic activity, which is attributed to the absorption of an environmental force termed KELEA (kinetic energy limiting electrostatic attraction). This activity can lead to increased volatility of the water that can be measured as the progressive weight loss in closed but not completely sealed containers. It has been proposed that KELEA is a natural force required to prevent the fusion and possible annihilation of electrostatically attracted opposite electrical charges. As such, it may be especially available where there is a convergence of force fields of opposing electrical charges. At least conceptually, this may arise with facing light sources with centrally directed light beams. An oscillating attraction and release of KELEA may be facilitated by repetitively disrupting the light paths using an overhead flashing light source. This paper reports on preliminary studies that are based on this premise. Although not proving the premise, the reported experiments do indicate a simple method for activating water. Moreover, the described procedure should allow for further exploration of the underlying mechanism of water activation. The procedure involves the use of four, diagonally placed regular LED traffic lights, with an overhead strobe light. The volatility of water samples in closed but not completely sealed glass vials placed within the lighted area significantly increases in a manner that persists well beyond the periods of light exposure. The paper further shows that activated water can indirectly lead to the activation of nearby water. The reported observations are of both practical and theoretical importance.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81603237)Joint Funding Project of Guizhou Province[QKH LH Zi(2015)No.7670]+4 种基金Youth Science and Technology Talent Development Project of Education Department in Guizhou Province[QJH KY Zi(2016)No.119]Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province[QKH Basics(2017)No.1403]Talent Base Project of Organization Department in Guizhou Province[QRLF(2013)No.15]Key Discipline Project of Education Department in Guizhou Province[QXWH Zi ZDXK(2014)No.8]Regular Higher Education Institution Project of Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Physiology and Ecology of Grain and Oil Crops of Guizhou Province of China[Grant No.KY(2015)333]
文摘Objective: To ascertain the influence of light intensity and water content of medium on the total dendrobine of Dendrobium nobile(D. nobile).Method: The principal component analysis combined with total dendrobine accumulation was conducted to assess the yield and quality of D. nobile in all treatments. In the experiment, D. nobile plants were cultivated in greenhouse as tested materials, and complete test of 9 treatments was adopted with relative light intensities 75.02%, 39.74%,29.93% and relative water content of medium 50%, 65%, 80%. The plants were treated in June and harvested till December. Indexes including agronomic traits, fresh weight and dry weight of stem and leaf, ash content, extract, and dendrobine were measured.Results: Under the light intensity treatments of 75.02% with 50%, 65%, 80% water content of medium, the basal stems of plants were comparatively thicker with more leaves, and the fresh weight and dry weight of stems and leaves were significantly higher than other 6 treatments.Leaves in all treatments contained dendrobine. Under the light intensity treatments of 75.02%with 50%, 65%, 80% water content of medium, dendrobine content of leaves was lower while dendrobine contents of other treatments were more than 0.60%. After comprehensive assessment through the principal component analysis and total dendrobine accumulation, the results showed that 3 treatments with relative light intensity of 75.02% ranked the top three.Conclusions: In brief, the moderately strong light intensity and water content of medium from low to medium can facilitate the growth and yield of D. nobile plants, while light intensity from moderately weak to weak can enhance the dendrobine content.
文摘Native orchid species of Singapore in their natural conditions experience stress from high irradiance, high temperatures and periods of extended low rainfall, which impact orchid plant physiology and lead to reduced growth and productivity. In this study, it was found that there was a reduction in photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) in 6 native orchid species under high light (HL) and Bulbophyllum membranaceum under low light (LL). There was chronic photoinhibition in these 6 orchid species over a period of 3 months after transplanting onto the tree trunks without watering and fertilization, especially in Coelogynes mayeriana and Bulbophyllum membranaceum under both HL and LL. This chronic photoinhibition caused by sustained period of water deficit in their natural conditions was later reversed by natural re-watering conditions from higher rainfall. These results indicate that water deficit has a greater impact on photosynthetic light utilization efficiency than excess light. The present study also showed that after natural rewatering, relative water content (RWC) of leaves and pseudobulbs generally increased. During the natural re-watering, total leaf area also gradually increased and reached maximum expansion after 7 weeks under both HL and LL, with some exceptions due to leaf abscission or decline in total leaf area, possibly a strategy for water conservation.
文摘The significance of research of water system is demonstrated by the experiments and statistical data. Some physical and chemical properties of water system affected by various factors in the nature are given. It also points out that further research of the effect on extremely complicated water system caused by electricity, magnetic field, sound and light now becomes an important research subject.
文摘Investigations about laying hens reactions on artificial light conditions were carried out in a climate chamber equipped with a floor housing system for laying hens. The release of moisture increased during light periods probably due to increased activity which increased respiration rate but also on increased scratching which increased evaporation of moisture from bedding material. The daily average was 6.29 g henl h"l at 4 lux and 5.97 g henl hl, at 93 lux which corresponds to a difference of 5%. The level of light intensity seemed to have little influence on the release of moisture. The total release of heat was slightly higher during light periods compared to dark periods. Explanations can be increased activity but also feed intake increasing the metabolic rate during light periods. The daily average of total heat production was 17.0 W per hen at 4 lux and 14.7 at 93 lux which corresponds to a difference of 16%. The release of carbon dioxide increased during light periods probably due to increased activity and respiration.
文摘Miniature roses (Rosa sp.) were grown at 100 and 150 μmol m-2·s-1 photon flux densities (PFD) with 16, 20 and 24 h·day-1 lighting periods (LP) in a greenhouse compartment in midwinter at latitude 59° north. The study included 10 different treatments and six rose cultivars, altogether 900 plants. The 16 and 20 h LP were applied with or without a dark period of 8 and 4 h·day-1, respectively, by timing the LP in relation to daylight that lasted for 7 - 8 h. Number of days until flowering decreased with an increase in PFD and in LP up to 24 day-1 and was unaffected by the timing of the 16 and 20 h·day-1 LP. Number of flowers and plant dry weight increased 20% to 30% by increasing the PFD. Plant dry weight increased by increasing the LP from 16 to 20 h·day-1 (about 25%), but no effect was found with a further increase to 24 h·day-1. Mean growth rate until flowering increased 30% to 40% by increasing the PFD or by increasing the LP from 16 to 20 h day-1, while little effect was found by a further increase to 24 h·day-1. Increasing the photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) by increasing the LP from 16 to 20 h·day-1 increased the growth rate more than increasing the PFD did. Three of the cultivars were tested for water loss after the detachment of some leaves. Leaves that had developed without a dark period showed a considerably higher water loss than the treatments that included a dark period of 4 or 8 h·day-1. The keeping quality at indoor conditions, however, was unaffected by the treatment due to sufficient watering. Powdery mildew developed significantly more on plants grown with a dark period of 8 h as compared with the other treatments. It was concluded that 20 h·day-1 LP including a dark period of 4 h·day-1 and a PFD of at least 150 μmol·m-2·s-1 should be applied to miniature roses during the winter months in order to effectively produce miniature pot roses with a high quality.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian province(2016J05042,2015J01057,2018J01439)Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment(SKLPEE-KF201505)+3 种基金Scientific Project of Putian Science and Technology Bureau(2016S1001)Science and Technology Project of Fujian Provincial Department of Education(JA15444)the Projects of Putian University(2015065,2015081)Program for New Century Excellent Talents in Fujian Province University
文摘Integrating the advantages of Bi and Cr elements in the bandgap engineering of metal oxides, a visible-light-responsive photocatalyst Bi1.5Cr0.5WO6 is successfully constructed and initially applied in water decontamination. The combination of UV-vis diffuses reflectance and the Mott-Schottky curve from electrochemical testing can be used to determine the conduction band and valence band of Bi1.5Cr0.5WO6 to be about –1.26 and 1.42 V, respectively. The location of energy band structure indicates that the superoxide free radical can be produced in Bi1.5Cr0.5WO6 photocatalytic system without hydroxyl group. This speculation is also confirmed by ESR experiment and active radical species scavenging experiments. In addition, the best photocatalytic performance of Bi1.5Cr0.5WO6 obtained under 180 ℃ is attributed to the smallest impedance and the strongest electronic migration capability.
文摘Visible light-induced two-step overall water-splitting was achieved by combining two types of photocatalysts, which were prepared by introducing foreign elements into rutile titanium dioxide (TiO2) and strontium titanate (SrTiO3) with a controlled electronic band structure. Rutile TiO2 and SrTiO3 were doped with chromium and tantalum (Cr,Ta-TiO2) and with rhodium (Rh-SrTiO3), respectively, to introduce visible-light sensitivity. Under irradiation with only visible light from a 420-nm LED lamp, the simultaneous liberation of hydrogen and oxygen with a molar ratio of ~2:1 was achieved with these two types of photocatalysts in the presence of iodate ion/iodide ion as a redox mediator.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21173088)the Science and Technology Project of Guangdong Province (2014A030312007, 2015A050502012, 2016A010104013)+1 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2016M592493)the Open Research Fund of Hunan Key Laboratory of Applied Environmental Photocatalysis (CCSU-XT-06),Changsha University~~
文摘An immobilized Cu2O/g-C3N4 heterojunction film was successfully made on an FTO substrate by electrophoretic deposition of g-C3N4 on a Cu2O thin film.The photoelectrochemical(PEC) performance for water splitting by the Cu2O/g-C3N4 film was better than pure g-C3N4 and pure Cu2O film.Under-0.4 V external bias and visible light irradiation,the photocurrent density and PEC hydrogen evolution efficiency of the optimized Cu2O/g-C3N4 film was-1.38 mA/cm^2 and 0.48 mL h^-1 cm^-2,respectively.The enhanced PEC performance of Cu2O/g-C3N4 was attributed to the synergistic effect of light coupling and a matching energy band structure between g-C3N4 and Cu2O as well as the external bias.
基金Project supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2006AA03A121)the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2006CB604900)
文摘The reasons for low output power of AlGalnP Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) have been analysed. LEDs with AlGaInP material have high internal but low external quantum efficiency and much heat generated inside especially at a large injected current which would reduce both the internal and external quantum efficiencies. Two kinds of LEDs with the same active region but different window layers have been fabricated. The new window layer composed of textured 0.5 μm GaP and thin Indium-Tin-Oxide film has shown that low external quantum efficiency (EQE) has serious impaction on the internal quantum efficiency (IQE), because the carrier distribution will change with the body temperature increasing due to the heat inside, and the test results have shown the evidence of LEDs with lower output power and bigger wavelength red shift.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41371092)partially supported by the Scientific Research Starting Foundation for Re turned Overseas Chinese Scholars, Ministry of Educa tion (Grant No. 20100528), China+2 种基金the State Key Labo ratory of Frozen Soil Engineering (SKLFSE201402)the National Key Scientific and Technological Project of Henan Province Office of Education, China (Grant No. 14B170007)and the Doctoral Scientific Fund Project of Henan Polytechnic University (Grant No. 648347)
文摘In this paper, based on the basic equations of water flow and heat transfer, the hydrothermal coupling model is established.The numerical model was realized in COMSOL Multiphysics software, and simulation results are compared with the experimental results of Watanabe and Wake(2008) to verify the effectiveness of the model. Through the calculation, we can obtain the dynamic changes of heat and water fluxes, thermal and hydrological properties, matric potential and temperature gradient in unsaturated freezing soil; and these variables are unmeasurable in practice.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(21173045,20903023)the Award Program for Minjiang Scholar Professorship+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation(NSF)of Fujian Province for Distinguished Young Investigator(Grant No.2012J06003)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in Universities(PCSIRT0818)the Program for Returned High-Level Overseas Chinese Scholars of Fujian provincethe Project Sponsored by the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars,State Education Ministry
文摘Graphene (GR)-CdS nanocomposites with different weight addition ratios of GR have been assembled by a facile solvothermal treatment. The GR-CdS nanocomposite photocatalyst with an appropriate ratio of GR exhibits enhanced photoactivity for selective reduction of aromatic nitro compounds to the corresponding aromatic amines in water under visible light irradiation as compared with blank-CdS. The characterization of GR-CdS nanocomposite photocatalysts by a collection of techniques discloses that: i) GR can tune the microscopic morphology of CdS nanoparticles and improve light absorption intensity in the visible light region; ii) GR scaffolds act as an electron reservoir to trap and shuttle the electrons photogenerated from CdS semiconductor under the visible light illumination; iii) the introduction of GR enhances the adsorption capacity of GR-CdS nanocomposites toward the substrates, aromatic nitro compounds. The synergistic effect of these factors should account for the photoactivity advancement of GR-CdS nanocomposites toward the probe reactions. Furthermore, because the photogenerated holes in the system are trapped by the quenching agent ammonium oxalate, the as-obtained GR-CdS photocataiyst is stable during the photocatalytic reduction reactions. A reasonable model has also been proposed to illustrate the reaction mechanism.
文摘This paper presents the test of a ship model for the design of a backward-bent duct oscillating water column type wave energy conversion system, to supply electric power for a light ship. This system suggests a new way to produce electric power automatically for large light ships.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51972233)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(No.19ZR1459200)+1 种基金the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(No.14DZ2261100)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.We also thank Prof.Hongying Zhao for EPR analysis.
文摘Layered Aurivillius compound Bi_(5)Ti_(3)CrO_(15) has been synthesized by a hydrothermal method for the application as a photocatalyst to liberate hydrogen from water. Bi_(5)Ti_(3)CrO_(15) owns a narrow band gap (Eg ~2.46 eV) and shows stable photocatalytic activity under both full range (λ ≥250 nm) and visible light illumination (λ ≥420 nm). A short hydrothermal reaction time is critical to achieve high photocatalytic activity as defects such as Cr^(6+) and Bi^(5+) can be avoided. An AQE as high as 3.66% at 420 nm ± 20 nm has been recorded, warranting promising application in the field of solar energy conversions. DFT calculation reveals the important role of Cr^(3+) cations for visible light sensitivity of Bi_(5)Ti_(3)CrO_(15).
基金Projects(50436010, 50675070) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Project(07118064) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China+1 种基金 Project(U0834002) supported by the Joint Fund of NSFC-Guangdong of ChinaProjects(SY200806300289A, JSA200903190981A) supported by Shenzhen Scientific Program, China
文摘Boiling structures on evaporation surface of red copper sheet with a diameter (D) of 10 mm and a wall thickness (h) of 1 mm were processed by the ploughing-extrusion (P-E) processing method, which is one part of the phase-change heat sink for high power (HP) light emitting diode (LED). The experimental results show that two different structures of rectangular- and triangular-shaped micro-grooves are formed in P-E process. When P-E depth (ap), interval of helical grooves (dp) and rotation speed (n) are 0.12 ram, 0.2 mm and 100 r/min, respectively, the boiling structures of triangular-shaped grooves with the fin height of 0.15 mm that has good evaporation performance are obtained. The shapes of the boiling structures are restricted by dp and ap, and dp is determined by n and amount of feed (f). The ploughing speed has an important influence on the formation of groove structure in P-E process.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFC0307800-05).
文摘The transport cross-section based on inflow transport approximation can significantly improve the accuracy of light water reactor(LWR)analysis,especially for the treatment of the anisotropic scattering effect.The previous inflow transport approximation is based on the moderator cross-section and normalized fission source,which is approximated using transport theory.Although the accuracy of reactivity is increased,the P0 flux moment has a large error in the Monte Carlo code.In this study,an improved inflow transport approximation was introduced with homogenization techniques,applying the homogenized cross-section and accurate fission source.The numerical results indicated that the improved inflow transport approximation can increase the P0 flux moment accuracy and maintain the reactivity calculation precision with the previous inflow transport approximation in typical LWR cases.In addition to this investigation,the improved inflow transport approximation is related to the temperature factors.The improved inflow transport approximation is flexible and accurate in the treatment of the anisotropic scattering effect,which can be directly used in the temperature-dependent nuclear data library.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 11304247the Shaanxi Provincial Research Plan for Young Scientific and Technological New Stars(No 2015KJXX-40)the Youth Foundation of Xi’an University of Post&Telecommunication under Grant Nos 1011215 and 1010473
文摘We investigate the thermal characteristics of standard organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) using a simple and clear 1D thermal model based on the basic heat transfer theory. The thermal model can accurately estimate the device temperature, which is linearly with electrical input power. The simulation results show that there is almost no temperature gradient within the OLED device working under steady state conditions. Furthermore, thermal analysis simulation results show that the surface properties (convective heat transfer coetficient and surface emissivity) of the substrate or cathode can significantly affect the temperature distribution of the OLED.
文摘Advantges and disadvantage of Mie scattering model and Fraunhofer diffraction model are discussed. The result shows that 1) the Fraunhofer diffraction model is simple in design and fast in operation, which is quite suitable for on-line control and 2) the intensity and energy distribution of diffracted light of both the Mie scattering model and the Fraunhofer theoretical model are compared and researched. Feasibility of using the Fraunhofer diffraction model to replace the Mie scattering model in measuring particles in coal water slurry is demonstrated.