Adverse Effects and Intervention of Frailty on Elderly Cancer Patients

Purpose:To study the adverse effects of frailty on elderly cancer patients and explore effective interventions.Methods:The convenience sampling method was used to select 362 elderly cancer patients who were consecutively admitted to the Oncology Department of the Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University from April 2020 to March 2021.The patients had five physical dimensions of activity tested and were divided into a frail group(n=128)and a non-frail group(n=234)based on the test results.The Chinese version of the Vulnerable Elders Questionnaire was formed on the basis of the Vulnerable Elders Survey-13(VES-13).The two groups of patients were surveyed within three days of admission.The questionnaire includes general information(age,gender,education level,marital status,monthly income,living area,smoking,and alcohol history,hearing,vision,and sleep status),Geriatric Depression Scale(GDS),Mini Nutritional Assessment(MNA),Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE),and Charlson Comorbidity Index(CCI).Results:(1)By comparing the general information of the two groups of patients,it was found that the gender,education level,marital status,living area,and history of tobacco and alcohol had no statistical significance(P>0.05).In contrast,the frail group’s age,hearing status,vision status,and sleep status are significantly worse than those of the non-frail group(P<0.05);(2)Analysis of Vulnerable Elderly Questionnaire results found that the GDS scores in the frail group were higher than those in the non-frail group,and the MNA and MMSE scores were lower than those in the non-frail group(P<0.05).This indicated that the patients in the frail group had more severe depression,poor nutritional status,and specific impairments in cognitive function.Conclusion:Frailty adversely affects elderly cancer patients,and effective measures should be taken to intervene.

Why Don’t We Adequately Identify and Manage Adverse Drug Reactions despite Having the Needed Information?

Importance/Objective: Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are unavoidable, but recognizing and addressing ADRs early can improve wellness and prevent permanent injury. We suggest that available medical information and digital/electronic methods could be used to manage this major healthcare problem for individual patients in real time. Methods: We searched the available digital applications and three literature databases using the medical subject heading terms, adverse drug reaction reporting systems or management, filtered by clinical trial or systemic reviews, to detect publications with data about ADR identification and management approaches. We reviewed the reports that had abstract or summary data or proposed or implemented methods or systems with potential to identify or manage ADRs in clinical settings. Results: The vast majority of the 481 reports used retrospectively collected data for groups of patients or were limited to surveying one population group or class of medication. The reports showed potential and definite associations of ADRs for specific drugs and problems, mostly, but not exclusively, for patients in hospitals and nursing homes. No reports described complete methods to collect comprehensive data on ADRs for individual patients in a healthcare system. The digital applications have ADR information, but all are too cumbersome or incomplete for use in active clinical settings. Several studies suggested that providing information about potential ADRs to clinicians can reduce these problems. Conclusion and Relevance: Although investigators and government agencies agree with the need, there is no comprehensive ADR management program in current use. Informing the patient’s healthcare practitioners of potential ADRs at the point of service has the potential for reduction of these complications, which should improve healthcare and reduce unneeded costs.

Unplanned intensive care admission leading to an adverse event:Incidence,preventability and feature analysis

Objective:To compare the characteristics of patients between adverse event(AE)group and non-AE group,and to assess the causes,preventability,and severity of AE.Methods:A retrospective triple-phase medical record study was conducted at a Spanish tertiary hospital.Data was collected over a 6-month period,including all patients with an unplanned intensive care admission.Demographic characteristics,APACHE栻,length of ICU stay,mortality were compare between AE and non-AE group causes,preventability and severity were analyzed in AE cases.Results:597 Patients were included in the study.The overall incidence of AEs was 17.3%(n=103),of which 83.5%were considered preventable.Mortality within the AE group was higher than in the non-AE group(23.3%vs.13.6%),making it 1.7 times more frequent in the AE group(95%CI:1.143-2.071).The primary cause of AE was associated with surgical procedures(43.7%).Of the AEs,18.4%were classified as mild,58.3%as moderate,and 23.3%as severe.Conclusions:The incidence of unplanned intensive care admissions due to AE is high and potentially preventable.This is concerning given the high mortality observed in patients admitted to the intensive care unit because of an AE,although direct causality cannot always be established.The findings emphasize the importance of patient safety and underscore the need for improved quality and management of care resources.They also indicate where efforts should be directed to enhance care risk management.

Long-lasting discussion: Adverse effects of intraoperative blood loss and allogeneic transfusion on prognosis of patients with gastric cancer

Gastrectomy with radical lymph node dissection is the most promising treatment avenue for patients with gastric cancer. However, this procedure sometimes induces excessive intraoperative blood loss and requires perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion. There are lasting discussions and controversies about whether intraoperative blood loss or perioperative blood transfusion has adverse effects on the prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. We reviewed laboratory and clinical evidence of these associations in patients with gastric cancer. A large amount of clinical evidence supports the correlation between excessive intraoperative blood loss and adverse effects on the prognosis. The laboratory evidence revealed three possible causes of such adverse effects: anti-tumor immunosuppression, unfavorable postoperative conditions, and peritoneal recurrence by spillage of cancer cells into the pelvis. Several systematic reviews and meta-analyses have suggested the adverse effects of perioperative blood transfusions on prognostic parameters such as all-cause mortality, recurrence, and postoperative complications. There are two possible causes of adverse effects of blood transfusions on the prognosis: Anti-tumor immunosuppression and patient-related confounding factors (e.g., preoperative anemia). These factors are associated with a worse prognosis and higher requirement for perioperative blood transfusions. Surgeons should make efforts to minimize intraoperative blood loss and transfusions during gastric cancer surgery to improve patients’ prognosis.

Adverse effects of oral antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis B

Oral nucleoside/nucleotide analogues(NAs) are currently the backbone of chronic hepatitis B(CHB) infection treatment. They are generally well-tolerated by patients and safe to use. To date, a significant number of patients have been treated with NAs. Safety data has accumulated over the years. The aim of this article is to review and update the adverse effects of oral NAs. NAs can cause class adverse effects(i.e., myopathy, neuropathy, lactic acidosis) and dissimilar adverse effects. All NAs carry a "Black Box" warning because of the potential risk for mitochondrial dysfunction. However, these adverse effects are rarely reported. The majority of cases are associated with lamivudine and telbivudine. Adefovir can lead to dose- and time-dependent nephrotoxicity, even at low doses. Tenofovir has significant renal and bone toxicity in patients with human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) infection. However, bone and renal toxicity in patients with CHB are not as prominent as in HIV infection. Entecavir and lamivudine are not generally associated with renal adverse events. Entecavir has been claimed to increase the risk of lactic acidosis in decompensated liver disease and high Model for End-Stage Liver Disease scores. However, current studies reported that entecavir could be safely used in decompensated cirrhosis. An increase in fetal adverse events has not been reported with lamivudine, telbivudine and tenofovir use in pregnant women, while there is no adequate data regarding entecavir and adefovir. Further long-term experience is required to highlight the adverse effects of NAs, especially in special patient populations, including pregnant women, elderly and patients with renal impairment.

Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG)in treating non-muscle invasive bladder cancer—analysis of adverse effects and effectiveness of two strains of BCG(Danish 1331 and Moscow-I)

Objective:To compare the differences in adverse effects and efficacy profile between bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG)Danish 1331 and BCG Moscow-I strain in management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.Methods:Clinical data of 188 cases of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer treated with BCG between January 2008 and December 2018 in our institute were collected prospectively and analysed retrospectively,and 114 patients who completed a minimum of 12 months of follow-up were analysed.Patient and tumor characteristics,strain of BCG,adverse effects,and tumor progression were included for analysis.Intravesical BCG was instilled in intermediate-and high-risk patients.Six weeks of induction BCG,followed by three weekly maintenance BCG at 3,6,12,18,and 24 months was advised in high-risk patients.Results:Overall 68 patients received BCG Danish 1331 strain and 46 patients received Moscow-I strain.Patient and tumor characteristics were well balanced between the two groups.The median follow-up period was 42.5 months and 34.5 months in Danish 1331 and Moscow-I groups,respectively.Adverse events like dropout rate,antitubercular treatment requirement,and need of cystectomy were higher in Moscow-I group(n=31,67.4%)when compared to Danish 1331 strain(n=33,48.5%)(p=0.046).On direct comparison between Danish 1331 and Moscow-I strain,there was similar 3-year recurrence-free survival(80.0%vs.72.9%)and 3-year progression-free survival(96.5%vs.97.8%).Conclusion:Study results suggest no significant differences between Danish 1331 and Moscow-I strain in recurrence-free survival and progression-free survival,but a significantly higher incidence of moderate to severe adverse events in BCG Moscow-I strain.

Nursing of adverse effects in patients treated with liver resection plus sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma:5 cases report

There were very few reports of adverse effects in patients treated by liver resection in combination with sorafenib. We present 5 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma treated with liver resection plus sorafenib, trying to observing the adverse effects and seeking the nursing options to the adverse effects. The 5 patients were all males, and the mean age was （38.6-a：13.4） years. Tumor sizes were （6.7＋2.2） cm, and liver function was Child-Pugh class A. Diagnosis of Hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） was confwmed by postoperative pathology. During the follow-ups, all the 5 patients had different degrees of adverse effects, of which 5 patients had diarrhea, 3 had hand-foot skin reaction, 1 had hypertension and 1 had alopecie. Diarrhea seems common in these patients, and it appeared early after treatment. For those patients with adverse effects, management measures were given immediately, including nursing interventions and some medicines. Psychological and symptomatic nursing guidance can help patients overcome the adverse effects. No patients suffered dose reduction or treatment discontinuation.

Adverse Effects of Inactivated Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine—Possible Causes Analysis and Countermeasures

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an infectious and sometimes fatal viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, and Chinese government adopts compulsory immunization measures for FMD. The adverse effects of FMD vaccine to pigs, cattle and goats have been reported increasingly frequent during the spring and autumn seasons when large numbers of farm livestock are vaccinated. The financial losses caused by vaccine adverse effects have been a serious concern for both farmers and primary prevention personnel. There are various causative factors reported to involve into adverse effect of FMD vaccine, including the inappropriate vaccine production, transportation and storage, livestock poor tolerance, and unqualified vaccinating manipulations. Symptomatic treatment and early drug prevention have a certain effect on the adverse effects. To analyze causes and propose countermeasures, in the current study possible reasons during the production and processing procedures of inactivated FMD vaccine were reviewed and corresponding countermeasures were recommended. The review may provide references for better use of vaccine to prevent FMD.

Pain reduction and adverse effects of intravenous metoclopramide for acute migraine attack: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials

BACKGROUND Metoclopramide may be used to treat people suffering from acute migraine.However,no comprehensive investigation on this issue has been recorded.This review will provide more solid evidence for the use of metoclopramide in treating acute migraine.AIM To compare the efficacy of intravenous metoclopramide with other therapies in migraine attack treatment in an emergency department(ED).METHODS We included randomized controlled trials of participants older than 18 years with acute migraine headaches,which included at least one arm that received intravenous(IV)metoclopramide at the ED.A literature search of PubMed,Web of Science,Cochrane Collaboration,and Reference Citation Analysis on December 31,2021 retrieved other drugs or placebo-controlled studies without language limitation.The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool.The primary endpoint was pain reduction at 60 min or closest to 1 h after treatment,as measured by the pain scale.Secondary endpoints included adverse effects or reactions resulting from metoclopramide or comparisons.RESULTS Fourteen trials with a total of 1661 individuals were eligible for review.The risk of bias ranged from low to intermediate.IV metoclopramide administration was not associated with higher pain reduction at 1 h(Standard mean difference[SMD]=-0.03,95%confidence interval[CI]:-0.33-0.28,P=0.87).However,metoclopramide was associated with better pain reduction than placebo(SMD=1.04,95%CI:0.50-1.58,P=0.0002).In addition,side effects were not significantly different between IV metoclopramide and other drugs or placebo(odds ratio[OR]=0.76,95%CI:0.48-1.19,P=0.09 and OR=0.92,95%CI:0.31-2.74,P=0.54,respectively).CONCLUSION Metoclopramide is more effective than placebo in treating migraine in the ED.Despite the observed tendency of decreased side effects,its effectiveness compared to other regimens is poorly understood.More research on this area is needed to treat migraine in acute care settings effectively.

Effectiveness and adverse effects of hormonal therapy for prostate cancer： Japanese experience and perspective

Recently, novel anti-androgens and inhibitors of androgen biosynthesis have been developed through the elucidation of mechanisms of castration resistance of prostate cancer. We believe that these new developments will improve hormonal therapy. On the other hand, there has been an increase in criticism of hormonal therapy, because hormonal therapy is supposed to induce adverse effects such as cardiovascular disease. In this review, we have introduced the Japanese experience of hormonal therapy, because we believe that there may be ethnic differences between Caucasians and Asian people in the efficacy and adverse effects of hormonal therapy. First, we showed that primary hormonal therapy can achieve long-term control of localized prostate cancer in some cases and that quality of life of patients receiving hormonal therapy is rather better than previously thought. Neoadjuvant and adjuvant hormonal therapy in cases undergoing radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy are very useful for high-risk or locally advanced prostate cancer. Further clinical trials are required to confirm the efficacy of neoadjuvant or adjuvant hormonal therapy. We showed that the death from cardiovascular dis- eases in Japanese patients receiving hormonal therapy was not higher than that in the general population. However; efforts should be made to decrease the adverse effects of hormonal therapy, because life-style change may increase the susceptibility to adverse effects by hormonal therapy even in Japan. Managements of endocrine and metabolic dysfunction, such as diabetes mellitus, are essential. New hormonal compounds such as selective androgen receptor modulators capable of specifically targeting prostate cancer are expected to be developed.

Does Low-Dose Intravenous Methylprednisolone Pulse Therapy Produce Unacceptable Adverse Effects in Children?

Background: Intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy has been used since the late 1960s for acute transplant rejection or severe renal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus and primary glomerulonephritis. However, reports of serious adverse effects such as life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death raise questions about its safety. Objective: To investigate the incidence of significant adverse effects associated with low-dose methylprednisolone pulse therapy (LDMPT) in pediatric patients. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed adverse effects during and after LDMPT in 68 patients (median age: 11.4 years;43% male) with various glomerular diseases who were admitted to Saitama Children’s Medical Center between April 2007 and December 2010. LDMPT consisted of pulse methylprednisolone (15-20 mg/kg;maximum 600 mg/d) for 3 consecutive days weekly for 2-3 weeks. Results: Although adverse effects occurred in 54 of 68 patients (79%), most were mild and transient. Transient glycosuria was noted in 46 patients (68%), hypertension in 6 (9%), elevated intraocular pressure in 6 (9%), hypokalemia in 5 (7%), and liver damage in 2 (3%). No late-onset adverse effects such as osteoporotic fractures, steroid diabetes mellitus, or short stature were observed. Conclusion: LDMPT appears to be relatively safe and well tolerated in children with various glomerular diseases.

Modeling and simulation of induction motor drive system to investigate and mitigate of PWM inverter’s adverse effects

Modeling and simulation of induction motor drive system to investigate and mitigate the adverse effects of PWM inverter based on analysis, modeling and simulation are presented. The estimation of conducted disturbances and other adverse effects of PWM inverter by simulation offer a considerable gain from the economic point of view. For an accurate model of the motor drive system including mains, rectifier, inverter, motor and its long cables, the high frequency parasitic current paths are taken into account. The novel model and its parasitic values for three-phase induction motor system are presented. Finally a new solution for suppressing EMI, common mode voltage, leakage current, bearing current and shaft voltages is proposed and the results show the excellent performances of proposed solution including active and passive filters.

Assessing Adverse Effects of Aroclor 1254 on Perinatally Exposed Rat Offspring

To assess the neurotoxic effects and redoxresponses of Aroclor 1254 （A1254） on perinatallyexposed rat offspring, A1254 was administered bygavage from gestational day （GD） 6 to postnatal day（PND） 21. Neurobehavioral development,antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation（LPO）, nitric oxide （NO）, and NO synthase （NOS）levels were analyzed in the offspring.Neurobehavioral development analysis revealeddelayed appearance of the righting reflex, negativegeotaxis, and cliff drop test responses in A1254exposed group. Developmental A1254 exposurealso caused oxidative stress in the brain of PND 22offspring via reductions in the activity of SOD andGSH-Px, and by promoting a rise in the levels of NOand NOS.

Efficacy and adverse effects of olanzapine in the treatment of moderate to severe refractory neuropathic pain

Objective The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy and adverse effects of olanzapine in the treatment of moderate to severe refractory neuropathic pain.Methods Forty patients with digestive system cancer were enrolled,who had moderate to severe refractory neuropathic pain;the patients were treated with olanzapine for 2 weeks at a daily dosage of 5 mg to 10 mg per night according to patients’response and tolerability,combined with conventional analgesic therapy.Pain intensity was evaluated by using a Numeral Rating Scale(NRS)at baseline,3 days,and 2 weeks after therapy.The Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index(PSQI)was evaluated at baseline and 2 weeks after therapy.Data on adverse events were recorded.The dosage of conventional analgesics was adjusted over time based on the severity of pain.Results The mean pain score decreased by 2.575±1.318(P<0.000)at 3 days and by 3.400±1.614(P<0.000)at 2 weeks;30%of the patients experienced significant pain relief at 3 days and 50%at 2 weeks.The PSQI decreased by 4.725±2.828(P<0.000)at 2 weeks.The adverse events induced by olanzapine included sleepiness,weight gain,dizziness,fatigue,dry mouth,and constipation;all the side effects were mild.Conclusion When combined with conventional analgesic therapy,olanzapine was effective in relieving pain and sleep disturbance,and was well-tolerated among patients with refractory neuropathic pain.

Systemic adverse effects and toxicities associated with immunotherapy:A review

Immunotherapy is rapidly evolving secondary to the advent of newer immunotherapeutic agents and increasing approval of the current agents by the United States Food and Drug Administration to treat a wide spectrum of cancers.Immunotherapeutic agents have gained immense popularity due to their tumorspecific action.Immunotherapy is slowly transforming into a separate therapeutic entity,and the fifth pillar of management for cancers alongside surgery,radiotherapy,chemotherapy,and targeted therapy.However,like any therapeutic entity it has its own adverse effects.With the increasing use of immunotherapeutic agents,it is vital for physicians to acquaint themselves with these adverse effects.The aim of this review is to investigate the common systemic adverse effects and toxicities associated with the use of different classes of immunotherapeutic agents.We provide an overview of potential adverse effects and toxicities associated with different classes of immunotherapeutic agents organized by organ systems,as well as an extensive discussion of the current recommendations for treatment and clinical trial data.As we continue to see increasing usage of these agents in clinical practice,it is vital for physicians to familiarize themselves with these effects.

Survey about the Adverse effects of Chinese medicine and its preparations

The usefulness of Chinese herbs and natural products as healing agents has been known for thousand years. And a lot of Chinese believe that Chinese traditional medicine is not a category of folk medicine, but a kind of well organized system. In the other hand many western countries refuse to admit the legal position of Chinese traditional medicine as it's not an evidence-based medicine. Even Chinese themselves cannot deny the Adverse effects of Chinese medicine and its preparations. However no one can point out the effect, no mater good or bad, of traditional Chinese medicine. In this paper, the author surveys this puzzle.

Blood and Histopathological Biomarkers of Immune-related Adverse Effects of Treatment with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have been a recent major breakthrough in the management of tumors.They have broadened the scope of management in medical oncology,which has been heavily dependent on chemotherapy.Immune checkpoint inhibitors have renewed the hope of many patients for a more effective treatment.However,Immune checkpoint inhibitors are also associated with a variety of adverse effects,most commonly immunerelated adverse events,and these are often different from the known chemotherapy-induced toxicities.Hence,there is a need to identify specific biomarkers which are able to predict or diagnose these immune-related adverse events.

人LIGHT和HSV-TK-EGFP基因共转染的MSCs抗肿瘤免疫的体内研究

目的研究与单纯疱疹病毒的糖蛋白D竞争结合单纯疱疹病毒进入介导物(herpes virus entry mediator,HVEM)的淋巴毒素类似物(homologous to lymphotoxins,exhibits inducible expression,and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for HVEM,a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes,LIGHT)基因和单纯疱疹病毒胸苷激酶(herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase,HSV-TK)基因共转染的骨髓间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)在体内的抗肿瘤免疫功能。方法将pIRES2-LIGHT基因和HSV-TK-EGFP基因共转染小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs/LT组),以转染空载体和转染HSV-TK-EGFP基因的骨髓间充质干细胞作对照。流式细胞仪检测LIGHT分子和HSV-TK-EGFP分子在稳定转染的骨髓间充质干细胞上的表达。体内迁移实验观察MSCs/LT在小鼠体内迁移情况。观察更昔洛韦注射前后MSCs/LT对荷瘤小鼠体内肿瘤的治疗作用。ELISA法检测小鼠肿瘤组织中IFN-γ,IL-2和IL-10的水平。结果流式细胞仪检测发现,MSCs/LT能稳定高表达LIGHT分子。MSCs/LT有特异地向肿瘤组织趋化的特性。MSCs/LT和MSCs/T有较好的抑制肿瘤生长的能力,但在更昔洛韦诱导后,MSCs/LT的抗肿瘤效应下降甚至消失。同时,MSCs/LT可促使T细胞进入肿瘤组织,并促进T细胞分泌IL-2、IFN-γ,抑制IL-10分泌(P<0.05)。结论共转染人LIGHT和HSV-TK-EGFP基因的骨髓间充质干细胞能稳定高表达LIGHT分子,能特异性地向荷瘤小鼠体内肿瘤组织趋化并抑制肿瘤的生长,这种体内抗肿瘤功能可能与促进T淋巴细胞IL-2、IFN-γ等细胞因子的分泌,改善局部免疫抑制环境有关。

Vectorial spin-orbital Hall effect of light upon tight focusing and its experimental observation in azopolymer films

Hall effect of light is a result of symmetry breaking in spin and/or orbital angular momentum(OAM)possessing optical system and is caused by e.g.refractive index gradient/interface between media or focusing of a spatially asymmetrical beam,similar to the electric field breaking the symmetry in spin Hall effect for electrons.The angular momentum(AM)conservation law in the ensuing asymmetric system dictates redistribution of spin and orbital angular momentum,and is manifested in spin-orbit,orbit-orbit,and orbit-spin conversions and reorganization,i.e.spin-orbit and orbit-orbit interaction.This AM restructuring in turn requires shifts of the barycenter of the electric field of light.In the present study we show,both analytically and by numerical simulation,how different electric field components are displaced upon tight focusing of an asymmetric light beam having OAM and spin.The relation between field components shifts and the AM components shifts/redistribution is presented too.Moreover,we experimentally demonstrate,for the first time,to the best of our knowledge,the spin-orbit Hall effect of light upon tight focusing in free space.This is achieved using azopolymers as a media detecting longitudinal or z component of the electrical field of light.These findings elucidate the Hall effect of light and may broaden the spectrum of its applications.

240 nm AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet micro-LEDs:size effect versus edge effect

240 nm AlGaN-based micro-LEDs with different sizes are designed and fabricated.Then,the external quantum efficiency(EQE)and light extraction efficiency(LEE)are systematically investigated by comparing size and edge effects.Here,it is revealed that the peak optical output power increases by 81.83%with the size shrinking from 50.0 to 25.0μm.Thereinto,the LEE increases by 26.21%and the LEE enhancement mainly comes from the sidewall light extraction.Most notably,transversemagnetic(TM)mode light intensifies faster as the size shrinks due to the tilted mesa side-wall and Al reflector design.However,when it turns to 12.5μm sized micro-LEDs,the output power is lower than 25.0μm sized ones.The underlying mechanism is that even though protected by SiO2 passivation,the edge effect which leads to current leakage and Shockley-Read-Hall(SRH)recombination deteriorates rapidly with the size further shrinking.Moreover,the ratio of the p-contact area to mesa area is much lower,which deteriorates the p-type current spreading at the mesa edge.These findings show a role of thumb for the design of high efficiency micro-LEDs with wavelength below 250 nm,which will pave the way for wide applications of deep ultraviolet(DUV)micro-LEDs.