Study on the Possibility of Raw Seawater into Drinking Water—A Religious Water Literacy

This paper explores the conversion of raw seawater into drinking water from a religious water literacy (RWL) perspective. RWL is here defined as a socially just water literacy that is based on the respect for the dignity of life of all living beings on the Earth. It discusses the importance of sustainable water sources and proposes purification methods. That is, the study aims to show a brief outline of the drinking water source (inland waters;mainly river water) and their purification technologies in recent times and today and propose the purification method (Freezing-Thawing-UV method) in case of taking the seawater as the source. And, it emphasizes the need for dialogue and cooperation between countries in order to proceed. The paper also discusses the relationship among religion, culture, and civilization, and highlights the similarities between Marx’s historical materialism and Umesao’s ecological view. It further discusses the importance of water purification technology, separation methods, and the potential for seawater as an energy source. The paper concludes by discussing the importance of dialogue, communication and understanding environmental decision-making. In order to carry them forward, it is convinced that citizens in the world are nothing but people with self-awareness of “Bodhisattvas of the Earth” as identities. As a result, the new findings that suggest the possibility of raw seawater into drinking water from a religious water literacy perspective through the lens of Kawakatsu’s maritime view have been obtained.

Advanced Treatment of Wastewater and Slightly Deteriorated Raw Water by Biological Activated Carbon Method under Rich Oxygen Condition

Rich oxygen-biological activated carbon(RO-BAC)method developed from traditional BAC method is a sys-tem in which high pressure is applied to improve the oxy-gen concentration of the influent.Experiment withwastewater and the slightly deteriorated raw water showsthe system is an effective option for advanced treatmentof industry wastewater and pretreatment of slightly dete-riorated raw water.The experiment results and the in-fluential factors are discussed in this paper.

Application of Colligative Properties in Quality Detection of Watering Raw Milk

[ Objective] To investigate the effects of different water amount on freezing point of raw milk. EMetbodl The freezing point of raw milk added water at different proportions was detected by SWC-LG freezing point detector. The linear regression equation was obtained. The reproduc- ibility was checked. The water content in raw milk was calculated according to the standard regression curve. E Result~ When the water content changed from 0 to 10%, the freezing point of raw milk increased linearly. As evidenced by the reproducibility test, the standard deviation and rela- tive standard deviation were less than 1%. The milk concentration obtained by detecting the freezing point of blind milk samples had an absolute er- ror of no more than 0.5%, compared with actual watering milk concentration. [ ConcluMonl Water content in raw milk can be determined by measur- ing freezing point, and this method is reliable and reproducible.

Surface flow constructed wetland with composite plant bed for pretreatment of micro-polluted Yellow River raw water in China

In order to investigate the feasibility of pretreating the micro-polluted Yellow River raw water by constructed wetland, an experiment was conducted using a surface flow constructed wetland with composite plant bed. The contamination removal efficiency and their trends in the wetland treatment system were studied under different hydraulic loading rates(HLR). The contamination removal efficiencies were compared according to the seasonal change under optimum HLR. The result shows that in the same season, under different hydraulic loadings ranging from 2 to 6 m3/(m2·d) at the same period, the best HLR is 4 m3/(m2·d) in the experimental system. The average removal rates of COD, TN, ammoniacal nitrogen(NH4+-N), and TP in the constructed wetland are 38.37%, 45.97%, 39.86% and 41.69%, respectively. According to China Standard for Surface Water Resources (GB3838-2002), mean effluent of COD, TN, NH4+-N and TP can nearly reach Grade Ⅲ, GradeⅤ, GradeⅠand GradeⅠ, respectively. Furthermore, treatment efficiency of the system in summer is obvious higher than that in other seasons. The expenditure of constructing the constructed wetland with the average treating capacity of 176 m3/d and lifetime of 20 years is 17075.00 RMB. The average disposal cost is summed up to 0.17 RMB/m3, which shows that the pretreatment of the micro-polluted Yellow River raw water by constructed wetland is feasible.

Study on Factors Affecting Aerobial Plate Count in Raw Milk

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the main factors affecting the aerobial plate count in raw milk.[Methods]Drinking water,medicated baths and raw milk under different storage and transportation conditions were detected for the values of aerobial plate count to analyze their effects on the aerobial plate count in raw milk.[Results]Disinfection of drinking water tanks could significantly reduce the aerobial plate count in water.The use of medicated baths before and after milking could effectively reduce the aerobial plate count and had a significant bactericidal effect.The growth of microorganisms in raw milk stored below 4℃was relatively slow.Regularly disinfecting drinking water tanks and disinfecting nipples before and after milking could reduce the aerobial plate count in the tanks and nipples.After raw milk was extruded,the temperature should decrease to 0-4℃within 2 h,and the storage time should not exceed 48 h,which could effectively control the aerobial plate count in raw milk.[Conclusions]This study provides a reference for scientific control of the aerobial plate count in raw milk.

LayCe_((1-y))NixFe_((1-x))催化剂的制备及其高温荒煤气原位催化减水研究

采用柠檬酸络合法制备LaNi_(x)Fe_(1-x)O_(3)(x分别为0.33、0.5、0.66)和La_(1-y)Ce_(y)Ni_(0.66)Fe_(0.33O3)(y分别为0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4)系列钙钛矿催化剂。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、N_(2)物理吸附对催化剂的基本性质进行表征,通过固定床实验装置进行模拟煤气催化实验和荒煤气原位催化实验。催化剂的B位Ni和Fe主要起催化作用,A位的La和Ce主要起稳定晶体结构的作用。结果表明,系列催化剂均可形成稳定的钙钛矿结构,B位Ni质量分数的提高有助于提升CO的转化率和催化剂的积碳速率,并同时降低了催化剂的比表面积和孔体积。A位掺杂Ce能够增加催化剂的晶氧空位,改变催化剂的晶体结构,提高催化剂的比表面积、孔体积、抗硫性能和抗积碳性能。对比原位催化减水效果发现,LaNi_(x)Fe_(1-x)O_(3)系列催化剂中LaNi_(0.66)Fe_(0.33)O_(3)的减水效果较好,热解水产率下降了35%;La_(1-y)Ce_(y)Ni_(0.66)Fe_(0.33O3)系列催化剂中La_(0.7)Ce_(0.3)Ni_(0.66)Fe_(0.33O)的减水效果最好,热解水产率下降了40%。

饮用水厂含藻原水加压处理的实验研究

饮用水厂的原水多取自湖泊和水库等封闭水体,较高浓度的含藻原水影响居民用水质量,现有除藻技术对含藻原水处理效果差,或使藻细胞破裂、释放胞内物质,造成二次污染。本研究采用加压处理含藻水,消除藻类对饮用水质的影响。通过小试实验研究了加压预处理的除藻效果和参数。结果表明,加压处理对典型微囊藻类——铜绿微囊藻有较为明显的去除效果,当压强增大到0.7 MPa时效果最佳,可达到最大除藻效果。加压使囊泡破裂是一个瞬间且不可逆的过程,加压不会使藻细胞破裂,其内容物未释放而污染水体。

不同改性方法对生物砂滤池生物膜特性及处理受污染原水效果的影响

通过对普通石英砂(QS)进行氨基及铝钙双氢氧化物改性制得氨基改性砂(AMS)和铝钙双氢氧化物改性砂(CAS),分别以QS、AMS、CAS为滤料填充滤池进行挂膜,研究了不同石英砂表面的生物膜量、生物活性、胞外聚合物(EPS)的特性及对受污染原水的处理效果。结果表明,挂膜成功后CAS表面的生物活性最高,为42.00 mgO_(2)/(g·h),生物膜量和胞外聚合物的含量最大,分别为12.43 mg/g、105.09 mg/(g·SS),对COD_(Cr)、NH^(+)_(4)-N的去除率分别稳定在58.20%、89.50%;AMS表面的生物活性、生物膜量、EPS平均含量分别为32.97 mgO_(2)/(g·h)、9.07 mg/g、93.41 mg/(g·SS),对COD_(Cr)、NH^(+)_(4)-N的去除率分别为54.60%、85.10%。三种石英砂表面生物量分布均沿水流方向递减,EPS的含量从溶解性胞外聚合物(SL-EPS)到紧密附着性胞外聚合物(TB-EPS)呈上升趋势。

气体分离装置碳五组分进烷基化装置加工的方法实践

为了拓宽SINOALKY硫酸法烷基化装置原料适应范围,提高烷基化油收率,解决夏季汽油蒸气压高的问题,某石化公司进行了烷基化装置掺炼少量气体分离装置碳五组分(气分碳五)的工业实践。2021年8月发现烷基化装置反应器进料管线压差异常升高0.6 MPa,通过现场逐段测压判断出堵塞部位为烷基化反应器进料管线及相关设备。经过多种方法的检测分析,判断出烷基化反应器进料管线及设备压差升高的主要原因是气分碳五中含有微量N-甲基二乙醇胺杂质,该物质与循环异丁烷中的二氧化硫反应,生成棕黄色的亚硫酸胺盐,造成进料管线及相关设备堵塞。通过创新流程设施,增设气分碳五水洗和聚结脱水流程,经过生产实践证明该气分碳五加工方法脱杂质效果良好,气分碳五水洗罐中水洗水及中和池总排口水样氮质量浓度分别稳定控制在126.2 mg/L和47.5 mg/L左右,中和池总排口水样pH稳定在6~7,在水洗污水排放指标符合要求的同时,所得烷基化油产品质量也达标,成功实现了气分碳五连续掺炼,为该气分碳五加工方法的研究和推广应用提供了强有力的理论支撑。

肺积源流考

肺积为中医病名,主要类同于现代医学中的原发性支气管肺癌,临床以咳嗽、胸痛、咯血、体倦乏力为主要表现,其病程缠绵,迁延难愈,文章收集有关文献,了解古人对肺积病因病机及治则治法的认识,主要从肺积一词的由来,肺积的病因病机、治则治法等方面探讨,希冀以经典理论之精髓,用于指导临床,基于整体观念,辨证施治之诊病根本,为中医药治疗肺积提供思路。

咸潮影响下长江口水源地优化布局及白茆沙水库建设可行性分析

为提升远期上海原水水量、水质供应能力和应对突发咸潮入侵和水污染风险,在分析长江口水源现状和咸水入侵形势基础上,论证了长江口水源地优化布局的必要性,结合咸水入侵监测数据及反演成果提出在白茆沙新建水库方案及原水系统优化调度方案,并分析了白茆沙水库建设对河势变化、行洪、通航、渔业资源及生态环境等方面的影响。结果表明:在白茆沙新建水库是较可行的方案,可对上海境内的长江口水源地进行优化布局,扩大供水规模并上移取水口;拟建的白茆沙水库位于白茆沙整治工程内侧,既可确保围堤安全稳定,也不影响行洪、通航,对河势变化、渔业资源及生态环境影响微小;布置于水库南侧微弯水道处的取水口,既可避免淤积对取水口的影响,也可避免北支咸潮倒灌的影响;上岸后的输水管与崇明岛原水复线共建,增强了崇明岛原水的供水安全,与现有长江口和黄浦江水源地的原水系统互联互通,可实现上海原水系统“双源供水、一网调度”的目标。

生物质电厂底渣对微污染原水处理效果的影响

针对生物质电厂底渣(BAR)的处理处置问题,采用磁力除铁并用多层筛网同步筛分机进行磁选、筛分、清洗工艺得到不同粒径(L1:0.25~0.50 mm、L2:0.50~1.00 mm、L3:1.00~2.00 mm、L4:2.00~4.00 mm、L5:4.00~8.00 mm)的BAR样品,并通过搭建快速小型柱测试(RSSCT)装置对微污染原水进行净化试验,以明晰不同粒径BAR对水质净化效果的影响。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)等手段对BAR进行了表征,并以15 d内出水浑浊度、化学需氧量(COD_(Cr))、总磷(TP)和氨氮等指标评价了其去污性能。结果表明:L2、L3对原水的处理效果整体较为优异,15 d内出水浑浊度、COD_(Cr)、TP的平均去除率分别达到88%、40%、35%以上,这与BAR的吸附作用及微生物降解有关;L4、L5等大颗粒因填充密度小、系统氧气充足,从而促进硝化细菌的生物活性,在运行后期(11~15 d)对氨氮的去除率最高可达到95%以上;而L1的粒径过小导致其容重、填充密度较大,在运行过程中会出现水流断层、氧气缺乏、微生物活性不足等现象,阻碍了对原水中各类污染物的去除效果。此外,经柠檬酸-壳聚糖复合改性得到的M-L2,相较于L2,对原水中COD_(Cr)、TP的平均去除率分别由42.05%、40.97%增至80.28%、60.36%,提升效果显著,与市售填料沸石、陶粒等水平相当,且成本更为低廉。研究结果为不同粒径BAR的高值化应用以及改性BAR在微污染原水预处理技术的发展提供一定的数据支撑。

印染废水原水磁混凝沉淀预处理工程改造实例

广东顺德某印染企业废水处理站原设计采用普通斜管沉淀池作为印染废水预处理措施。由于污泥量大,沉淀池跑泥现象较为严重,抗冲击负荷能力弱,土地利用效率不高。为改善预处理出水效果,同时也为了给未来深度处理改造工程腾出用地,该厂设计采用磁混凝工艺替代原有斜管沉淀池对进水进行混凝沉淀预处理。改造工程运行结果表明,在节省占地50%的情况下,改造后污水磁混凝预处理系统出水效果稳定,COD去除率稳定在40%~50%,出水水质优于改造前。磁混凝后物化污泥浓度高,经过调理后,污泥浓缩性能较好,污泥压滤处理系统负荷相对改造前变化不大。改造项目的调试与运行实践表明,磁混凝工艺用于高污泥产量的工业废水原水预处理需要同时考虑表面负荷与固体负荷两个重要参数。

污泥脱水液回流对引江水超滤处理工艺的影响分析

水厂排泥水处理过程中会产生较大量的污泥脱水液。为避免南水北调引江水资源的浪费,同时积极推进水厂的“零排放”建设目标,面向以引江水为水源的超滤处理工艺,评价了将污泥脱水液回流至原水池进行稀释回用的可行性。考察了不同污泥脱水液/引江原水混合比例下超滤系统的运行特性,发现当污泥脱水液适当稀释后,其对超滤净水效果和膜污染的影响急剧降低,当稀释比例达到1∶800时,出水水质与跨膜压增长曲线已接近引江原水直接超滤的情况。试验中引江原水的跨膜压增长速率为19.7 k Pa/d,而污泥脱水液原液则达到25.8 k Pa/d。当两者以1∶800比例稀释后,跨膜压增长速率下降为21.3 k Pa/d,接近于引江原水。膜表面微观表征结果显示随着稀释比例的提高,滤饼层厚度、溶解性有机物、特征官能团红外峰强、污染元素相对质量分数均显著降低,逐渐下降到与原水直接超滤相近的水平。引江原水组的超滤膜滤饼层厚度为1.77μm,而污泥脱水液原液组的滤饼层厚度为4.00μm,污染程度较重。两者按1∶800比例稀释后的滤饼层厚度降低至1.82μm,污染程度显著降低。研究结果可为南水北调受水城市超滤水厂的“零排放”建设提供参考。但值得注意的是,污泥脱水液的合理处置与利用问题目前仍处于起步和探索阶段,未来仍需从水质生物安全性和化学安全性的角度加以系统评估。同时可考虑氧化、吸附、微滤分离等预处理手段,以提高污泥脱水液回用过程的安全性。

企业挥发性有机物排放特征及替代分析

本研究通过对区域内特定行业进行调研,选取已开展部分原料替代的企业,通过开展VOCs采样检测,分析低VOCs含量原辅材料水性漆替代油性漆的VOCs排放特征,并进行环境效益与健康效益分析。调研发现,在环境效益方面,低VOCs含量原辅材料替代对环境存在一定的正面效益;低VOCs含量原辅材料替代前控制芳香烃,替代后优先控制含氧VOC;在健康效益方面,低VOCs含量原辅材料替代前后均可能存在非致癌健康风险和可能致癌风险或致癌风险,因此无论替代与否企业均需加强职业健康安全风险控制。企业存在VOCs收集效率较低,无组织排放较大,末端治理设施处理效率较低等情况。企业在考虑源头削减控制VOCs产生的同时需加强对VOCs的收集与处理管控。

基于生产因素相关性分析的矿井涌水量预测

基于典型工作面生产数据,开展矿井涌水量与生产因素相关性分析,最终确定采用与矿井涌水量具有显著相关性的开采面积、原煤产量、采掘长度等生产因素作为预测变量。利用逐月矿井涌水量与开采面积、原煤产量、采掘长度等数据进行多元相关计算,求得多元线性相关回归方程,计算矿井涌水量预测值。采用相对差值法评价了预测结果,并进行了预测准确性分析,得出经济型等级占比62.5%,经济型+安全型等级占比95.2%,71%的预测值均落在实测值左右各一个剩余标准差范围内。分析认为,相关(回归)分析法在综合考虑了开采面积、原煤产量、采掘长度等生产因素基础上求得的多元线性相关回归方程的预测精度较高,对煤矿具有较高的参考价值。

奉贤区原水系统安全保障提升实施路径

文章基于上位规划,全面检视奉贤区原水系统现状、发展需求和面临的挑战,并借鉴国内外大城市原水系统安全保障经验,提出了进一步提升奉贤区原水系统安全保障的实施路径。通过加强源头保护、供水设施现代化改造、构建多元化水源供应系统、实施智能化水务管理、加强应急体系建设以及公共参与等措施,提高原水系统对自然灾害和人为干扰的抵抗能力,保障城市供水安全。

原水生物膜预处理工艺对有机碳源的响应特征--以脱氮性能与菌群结构为例

原水生物膜预处理系统运行性能受限于原水水质特征,试验以模拟污染原水为处理对象,以彗星式纤维填料和活性炭填料为生物膜载体构建了实验室规模的原水生物膜预处理系统,采用批次试验探究系统运行性能与菌群结构对不同有机碳源乙酸钠和腐殖酸的响应特征.试验结果表明,原水生物膜预处理系统能长时间稳定运行,系统平均氨氮去除率(ARE)为90.1%.乙酸钠对两种填料生物膜的氨氮去除性能几乎无影响.以腐植酸为有机碳源具有更强的硝化能力,取得最高ARE值90.5%±5.6%.乙酸钠能够促进彗星式纤维填料生物膜胞外聚合物(EPS)的形成,腐殖酸会降低EPS中PN含量.以活性炭为载体明显增加了EPS的PN/PS值,且具有较高的菌群多样性,更有利于生物膜的形成.生物膜样品中,占据前三位的门是Proteobacteria､Planctomycetes和Acidobacteria.彗星式纤维填料生物膜,乙酸钠和腐植酸分别强化了优势门Proteobacteria(53.9%)细菌和优势属Nitrospira(10.7%)的累积.以彗星式纤维填料与活性炭为载体生物膜样品优势属分别为Nitrospira和Aridibacter.腐殖酸更有利于Nitrospira和Bdellovibrio的富集,乙酸钠更有利于Aridibacter的富集.

高通量短流程陶瓷膜工艺运行稳定性研究

采用规模为60 m^(3)/d的微絮凝-平板陶瓷膜短流程净水工艺,模拟工程运行参数,对实时的长江原水进行高通量的运行测试和效果研究。结果表明,该工艺在100 LHM的高通量工况下可稳定运行,维护性清洗周期约5~7 d,跨膜压差终点控制在35 kPa以内。短流程工艺将出水浑浊度控制在0.05 NTU以下,对COD_(Mn)、铁离子、铝离子去除率分别为49.9%、94.8%、89.8%,平均产水率为94.6%~97.5%,出水性能稳定,且具备经济性。陶瓷膜耦合臭氧工艺可适应高浑浊度的原水切换工况。

原水智能调度系统的建设与应用

为满足广大受众多样化用水需求,推动城镇化进程飞速发展,加快建设与应用原水智能调度系统具有必要性。论文研究了原水智能调度系统建设与应用措施,在掌握系统架构的基础上,从城市用水量预测、自来水水厂原水需水量预测、原水预警、泵组寻优四个方面,介绍了原水智能调度系统常见使用算法,同时,强调了原水智能调度系统首页设计、原水需水量预测方案展示、原水需水量预测方案弹框推送、机泵寻优方案弹框推送的系统应用要点,有助于转变传统应急调度模式,为地区供水渠道的管理和运行提供决策支持。