Landscape Research of Color-leafed Plant Ligustrum japonicum“Howardii”:A Case Study of Shijiazhuang

By analyzing the introduction and ecological adaptability of Ligustrum japonicum“Howardi”in Shijiazhuang area,it is concluded that L.japonicum“Howardi”has the advantages of strong resistance,few diseases and pests,and can overwinter in the open field in Shijiazhuang.Because of bright leaf color,it can be used as a hedge or collocated with other plants in the landscape,and has a good and extensive landscape application prospect.

山西树木新记录——蜡子树(Ligustrum molliculum)及其保育

报道了山西树木种类的一新记录——蜡子树(Ligustrum molliculum),标本采自山西夏县泗交镇没底沟,分别保存于山西农业大学林学院标本室和中条山森林经营局泗交林场。蜡子树隶属于木犀科(Oleaceae)女贞属(Ligustrum L.),这是首次发现女贞属植物在山西的天然分布。对蜡子树的命名、形态特征、分类和分布作了初步研究,并对其保育提出了就地保护和易地保护两方面应采取的措施。

Effects of Ligustrum robustum on gut microbes and obesity in rats

AIM: To investigate the anti-obesity and antibacterial effects of Ligustrum robustum(L. robustum) in vivoand in vitro and its possible mechanisms. METHODS: The effects of L. robustum aqueous extract(LR) on various gut bacteria in vitro were evaluated. The effects of LR on high-fat diet-fed(HFD) rats in vivo were also assessed. Culture methods,quantitative polymerase chain reaction,and terminalrestriction fragment length polymorphism were used to analyze the effects of LR on gut bacteria. Biochemical tests were also performed to detect the changes in obesity-related indicators after LR treatment. RESULTS: LR treatment lowered adipose weight and decreased Lee's index,blood glucose,total cholesterol,and lipid in the tested groups relative to control(P < 0.05). To determine the reasons for these changes,we assessed the potential bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects of LR on specific bacterial species in vitro. LR affected the richness,diversity,and evenness of gut bacteria,increased fecal Lactobacillus,and decreased Enterococci in HFD rats(P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: L. robustum may be a safe and effective food for weight loss and obesity control,and the effects of L. robustum might be mediated by the regulation of gut bacteria.

Chemical composition and glucose uptake effect on 3T3-L1 adipocytes of Ligustrum lucidum Ait. flowers

Ligustri lucidi Fructus is a traditional Chinese medicine and possesses various bioactivities,including hypoglycemic effect.Ligustrum lucidum Ait flowers are poorly investigated.Thus,we hypothesized that L.lucidum flowers also could have hypoglycemic effect.Chemical composition and glucose uptake effect of L.lucidum flowers on 3T3-L1 adipocytes were investigated.In this study,the components of L.lucidum flowers were investigated by various chromatographic and spectroscopic methods and the effects of L.lucidum flowers on the induction of glucose uptake were investigated by 3T3-L1 adipocytes.Seven compounds were isolated and identified from L.lucidum flowers,including ursolic acid(1),kaempferol-7-O-α-Lrhamnoside(2,KR),β-sitosterol(3),β-daucosterol(4),kaempferitrin(5,KF),10-hydroxy oleuropein(6,HO),and kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside-7-α-L-rhamnopyranoside(7,KGR).The results of glucose uptake showed that total extract(TE),KR,KF and HO from L.lucidum flowers significantly enhanced glucose uptake.This study demonstrated that compounds 2,5-7 were isolated for the first time from this plant and compounds 2 and 7 were isolated for the first time in genus Ligustrum,L.lucidum flowers,KR,KF and HO may possess potential hypoglycemic effect.

四川女贞属(Ligustrum)一新变种

发表了女贞属一新变种

Study on the Growth Adaptability of Ligustrum L. Plants in Southeast Tibet

In this study,we choose the street green space in Bayi District,Mainling Town of Mainling County and Zhamu Town of Bomê County in Nyingchi City as investigation sites.In each investigation site,we select the undamaged plant communities of moderate density as objects of investigation and record,and establish the investigation database.Based on the habitat records and natural ecological conditions,we analyze the growth adaptability of Ligustrum L.plants in Southeast Tibet and the key influencing factors.It is found that the Ligustrum L.plants introduced in Southeast Tibet mainly include Ligustrum lucidum Ait.,Ligustrum quihoui Carr.and Ligustrum vicaryi.The growth adaptability of Ligustrum lucidum Ait.plants is divided into high level,middle level and low level.According to the investigation results,the frequency of Ligustrum lucidum Ait.plants with good growth status is greater than 65%.In general,the plants are fond of light,and have certain tolerance to cold.They can be cultivated in open field and show good growth adaptability in Southeast Tibet,so these plants can be further applied.

Modulation of antiviral cytokine production and lung protection against influenza virus by the glycosides from Ligustrum purpurascens

Ligustrum purpurascens has been used as a traditional herb for over 2,000 years in China.This study was design to investigate the modulation of antiviral cytokines and reduction in lung inflammation of virus-infected mice by the glycosides isolated from Ligustrum purpurascens.Methods:Ligustrum purpurascens glycosides(LPG)were isolated from the leaves of Ligustrum purpurascens.Proliferation of spleen lymphocytes were investigated after LPG treatment.The in vitro and in vivo cytokine modulation of LPG was studied.Furthermore,the anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities of LPG,with the potential to reduce inflammatory lung disorders,were investigated by influenza A virus infected mice.Results:LPG could significantly promote the proliferation,and also could stimulate the production of IFN-γby spleen lymphocytes in a dose-dependent manner.IFN-γexpression level was increased significantly compared to the control and presented a dose-dependent manner in vitro.Furthermore,LPG inhibit the expression of TNF-αand IL-10,which return to normal level in the cyclophosphamide-induced mice model in vivo.Besides,the histopathological analysis indicated LPG reduced acute lung injury in mice infected with influenza virus.Conclusion:This study suggested that LPG could increase the exression of IFN-γ,immunoregulation and decrease lung inflammation of virus-infected mice.

Proteomics analysis on hypolipidemic mechanisms of total phenylpropanoid glycosides from Ligustrum robustum(Roxb.) Blume in hamsters fed a high fat diet

OBJECTIVE To explore the hypolipidemic mechanisms of the total phenylpropanoid glycosides fromLigustrum robustum(Roxb.) Blume(LRTPG) in hamsters using proteomics technique.METHODS The hamsters were fed with a high fat diet to induce hyperlipidemia.Then LRTPG of high(1.2 g·kg^(-1)),medium(0.6 g·kg^(-1)) and low(0.3 g·kg^(-1)) doses were administrated daily for 4 weeks.Then the concentrations of plasma and hepatic lipids were determined using enzymic methods.The total protein was extracted from livers of the model group and the group treated with the high dose of LRTPG for label-free quantitative proteomics.RESULTS LRTPG significantly reduced the concentrations of plasma and hepatic lipids in hamsters fed a high fat diet.The proteomics data showed that a total of 2231 proteins were identified,and 549 proteins were found to be differentially expressed between the model group and the group treated with LRTPG.Among the 549 proteins,93 proteins were up-regulated and 59 proteins were down-regulated,and 397 proteins were absent or not.And some of these proteins were much related to the lipid metabolism.Further,gene ontology(GO) analysis indicated metabolic process,transport,oxidation-reduction process,phosphorylation,signal transduction,lipid metabolic process were the main biological processes that those differentially expressed proteins participated.KEGG pathway analysis showed that those proteins were involved in several metabolic pathways including oxidative phosphorylation,non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),PI3K-Akt signaling pathway,cAMP signaling pathway,cGMP-PKG signaling pathway.CONCLUSION The proteomics study could provide valuable clues to help us to understand the hypolipidemic mechanisms of LRTPG much better.

基于高通量测序的大叶女贞(Ligustrum lucidum)转录组分析

为研究大叶女贞功能基因的序列信息和表达状况,以幼嫩叶片为材料,利用Illumina HiSeqTM 2500高通量测序技术对其进行转录组测序,通过序列拼接组装得到192 392个单基因簇(Unigene),平均长度为821 bp。NR库和Swiss-Prot库分别注释了88 896和61 783条Unigene。在GO分子功能、生物过程和细胞组分3大类中分别注释了12 914、12 859和7 644个基因,其中以分子功能注释最多,占38.64%;以细胞组分较少,为22.87%。本研究获得的转录组数据将为大叶女贞功能基因挖掘与利用和其种质资源遗传改良等方面的研究提供参考。

中国东部木犀科一新种--陈氏女贞

描述了采自中国东部木犀科Oleaceae女贞属Ligustrum L.一新种--陈氏女贞L.chenii W.Y.Xie,X.D.Mei et F.Chen,并附有线描图.新种形态与台湾地区特有种阿里山女贞L.pricei Hayata相似,不同之处在于叶片卵形至卵状披针形,先端长渐尖或尾状渐尖,基部楔形至近圆形,上面中脉隆起,连同侧脉密被微柔毛,叶柄长3~5 mm,密被微柔毛;花序梗长0~1.4 cm,花梗长1.5~2 mm,花萼长1.1~1.6 mm,花冠淡黄绿色,外面有时带紫色,稀白色,花药长约4 mm;果实顶端常具宿存花柱,长1~2 mm,喙状.

粗壮女贞提取物成分的抗氧化能力分析

采用不同溶剂萃取粗壮女贞(Ligustrum robustum,LR)提取物,测定粗壮女贞不同提取物多酚、总黄酮、粗多糖、总生物碱的含量,通过清除DPPH自由基、氧自由基吸收能力、清除ABTS自由基、清除羟自由基(·OH)、清除超氧阴离子自由基(O_(2)^(-·))、铜离子还原法(CUPRAC)、铁离子还原能力(FRAP)、亚铁离子螯合法(FIC)8个测定试验考察不同溶剂提取物的抗氧化活性,并通过相关性分析探讨成分含量和抗氧化活性的关系。结果表明,正丁醇层的总黄酮、多酚含量较高;剩余水层中粗多糖含量较高。正丁醇提取层在7个抗氧化指标试验(羟自由基试验除外)中抗氧化能力最强,剩余水层清除羟自由基能力最强。8个测定试验中粗壮女贞粗提物的金属离子还原/螯合能力高于各萃取层。相关性分析表明,多酚含量与7个抗氧化试验结果呈显著或极显著正相关关系。

基于肠道菌群探讨粗壮女贞总苷对高脂血症金黄仓鼠的降脂作用机制

目的评价粗壮女贞总苷(total phenylpropanoid glycosides extracted from Ligustrum robustum(Roxb.)Blume,LRTPG)对高脂血症金黄仓鼠的降脂作用并探讨其对肠道菌群的调节作用。方法60只仓鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、阳性药组、LRTPG-L组、LRTPG-M组、LRTPG-H组。高脂饲料诱导造模成功后连续给药4周,进行血脂和肝脂含量检测,并采集对照组、模型组和LRTPG-H组仓鼠结直肠部位成形粪便进行16S rDNA测序。结果LRTPG对高脂血症仓鼠具有降低血清TG、TC、LDL-C水平和肝脏TG、TC含量的作用。肠道菌群测序结果显示,与模型组比较,LRTPG在门水平降低厚壁菌门相对丰度,增加拟杆菌门和疣微菌门相对丰度(P<0.01);科水平上明显升高克里斯滕森菌科、消化球菌科、疣微菌科相对丰度(P<0.05或P<0.01);属水平上明显升高颤螺菌属、颤杆菌克属、解黄酮菌属和阿克曼氏菌属的相对丰度(P<0.05或P<0.01)。这些菌群的变化均有益于LRTPG降脂作用的发挥。结论LRTPG可能通过改善高脂饮食导致的金黄仓鼠肠道菌群紊乱发挥降脂功效。

女贞叶中一条糖基转移酶的基因克隆、生物信息学分析及原核表达

女贞叶化学成分复杂,糖苷类物质是其发挥药理活性的关键成分,糖苷的形成离不开糖基转移酶。利用cDNA末端快速扩增技术,对女贞叶中一条糖基转移酶编码基因LlUGT3进行了克隆;根据基因和蛋白质序列进行了生物信息学分析;通过基因工程技术使LlUGT3基因在大肠杆菌体内进行了异源表达。结果表明,LlUGT3基因cDNA全长1684 bp,由85 bp 5′-UTR、159 bp 3′-UTR、1440 bp ORF组成,其中ORF编码一条含479个氨基酸残基的酶蛋白,其相对分子质量、理论等电点和亲水性平均系数分别为54.8 kDa、5.86和-0.381;在LlUGT3酶蛋白一级结构中含有一段糖基转移酶高度保守的PSPG盒,但不含信号肽且无跨膜片段,在二级结构中含有α螺旋(42.59%)、β折叠(12.73%)和无规卷曲(44.68%),在三级结构中由肽链折叠形成α/β/α类Rossmann折叠区域,并且两者之间夹着一个底物结合腔;同源建模结果显示,LlUGT3酶蛋白与模板分子PaGT3序列相似度很高,而且系统发育树分析也表明两者亲缘关系最近;分子对接分析表明,LlUGT3酶蛋白的His17-Asp116对发挥催化功能,PSPG盒主要涉及结合UDPG,而LIUGT酶与辣椒素的结合方式与PaGT3相似;通过基因工程技术,实现了LlUGT3基因在大肠杆菌体内的异源表达。该研究为进一步深入研究LlUGT3酶蛋白的结构与功能奠定了基础。

In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Antitumor Activity ofLigustrum robustum, A Chinese Herbal Tea

Objective: To examine the effect of the aqueous extract of Ligustrum robustum on tumor growth in vitro and in vivo and explore the possible molecular mechanisms. Methods: In in vitro study, cell viabilities of human cervical carcinoma cells(HeLa), human breast cancer cells(MCF-7), human prostate cancer cells(PC-3),human hepatoma cells(7721) and human colon carcinoma cells(SW480) were evaluated with cell counting kit-8.For L. robustum-treated Hela cells, early or late apoptosis were evaluated by annexin V/PI staining. Mitochondrial membrane potential was measured by staining cells with JC-1. Apoptosis was monitored by nuclear morphology based on chromatin condensation and fragmentation by 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylinole(DAPI) staining. Caspase-3 and-8 activity levels were measured by a colorimetric assay. In vivo, to evaluate the possible mechanism of L. robustum-mediated antitumor effect, nude mouse xenograft study was also conducted. Results: In in vitro study, L. robustum was found to be toxic to HeLa, MCF-7, PC-3, 7721, SW480, with an half maximal inhibitory concentration value of 2–5 mg/mL(P<0.05). Moreover, externalization of phosphatidylserine, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, DNA fragmentation and activation of caspase-3 and-8 were detected in L. robustumtreated Hela cells. Using a nude mouse model bearing Hela xenografts, we found that L. robustum reduced tumor volume and tumor weight(P<0.05), but had no effect on body weight and histological damage of important organs. Intraperitoneal injection of L. robustum caused a signi?cant reduction in serum aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase levels(P<0.05). Furthermore, cleaved caspase-3-positive and terminal nucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling(TUNEL)-positive cells were observed in L. robustum-treated tumor tissues.Conclusions: L. robustum inhibits tumor cell growth both in vitro and in vivo by inducing apoptosis in a caspasedependent way without apparent hepatic toxicity and histological damage, which may offer partial scienti?c support for the ethnopharmacological claims of L. robustum as a herbal tea for its antitumor activity.

贞芪扶正颗粒在不同疾病治疗中的作用研究进展

贞芪扶正颗粒主要由黄芪和女贞子组成,在临床中主要用于治疗肿瘤性疾病(如肺癌、胃癌、结直肠癌、肝癌等),能够提高患者细胞免疫功能,减轻放化疗不良反应,改善一般状况。黄芪有效活性成分[黄芪总黄酮(TFA)、黄芪甲苷(AS-Ⅳ)、黄芪多糖(APS)等]和女贞子有效活性成分[女贞子多糖(LVFP)、特女贞苷(SPN)、齐墩果酸(OA)等]在免疫调节、抗肿瘤、心血管保护、抗氧化、改善代谢及抗炎镇痛等方面具有一定疗效。近年来,较多研究发现贞芪扶正颗粒可用于其他疾病(如重症肺炎、肺结核、乙型病毒性肝炎、心力衰竭等)的辅助治疗。现将贞芪扶正颗粒在不同疾病治疗中的作用进行综述。

Two new phenethanol glycosides from Ligustrum robustum

Two new phenethanol glycosides,named ligurobustoside P（1）,ligurobustoside Q（2） have been isolated from the leaves of Ligustrum robustum,together with the known compound angoroside A（3） which was firstly isolated from this species.The structures of the two new phenethanol glycosides（1-2） were elucidated by a combination of high-resolution electron ionization mass spectrometry（HR-ESI-MS）,~1H NMR,^（13）C NMR,HMQC,and HMBC spectra for the first time.

女贞不同部位总黄酮含量对比及其抗氧化性能研究

试验比较了女贞树不同部位及女贞子不同时期总黄酮含量及抗氧化性能的差异,以期为女贞总黄酮提取及动物饲喂的选材提供参考。选取女贞叶、女贞茎、女贞子(青果)、女贞子(紫果)为试验材料,采用超声波法提取女贞总黄酮,经石油醚萃取纯化后,通过检测各组总黄酮的总还原力、对1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除率及2,2'氨基-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑啉磺酸-6)铵盐[2,2'-amino-di(2-ethyl-benzothiazoline sulphonic acid-6)ammonium salt,ABTS]自由基清除率来评估其抗氧化能力。结果表明:女贞叶、女贞茎、女贞子(青果)、女贞子(紫果)总黄酮含量分别为:35.21、16.38、70.61、59.92 mg/g;女贞叶总黄酮的总还原能力及ABTS自由基(ABTS+·)清除率(IC50:46.571μg/mL)最佳,女贞子(青果)对DPPH自由基(DPPH·)清除效率(IC50:8.882μg/mL)最佳。由此可见,女贞各部位总黄酮含量存在差异,女贞子(青果)黄酮含量及抗氧化性能较女贞子(紫果)好,女贞叶黄酮的抗氧化性能良好,二者可作为女贞总黄酮提取及动物饲喂的优选材料。

粗壮女贞及其产品营养成分与活性成分比较

该文以粗壮女贞为研究对象,通过标准方法分别对原叶(Ligustrum robustum(Roxb.)Blume,LR)及其产品(Ligustrum robustum(Roxb.)Blume Products,LRP)中的营养成分与活性成分进行分析比较。结果表明:一般营养成分中,LR的蛋白质含量(9.23 g/100 g)远高于LRP(8.01 g/100 g),LR中灰分含量(3.90 g/100 g)较高于LRP(3.10 g/100 g),水分和粗纤维含量二者相差不大。LR和LRP中EAA/TAA分别为40.30%和43.98%,EAA/NEAA分别为67.48%和78.50%,∑n6 PUFA/∑n3 PUFA比值分别为0.13和0.12。同时,LR和LRP富含多种矿物质元素和维生素,LR中Ca含量(7646.67 mg/kg)最高,LRP中K含量(5576.67 mg/kg)最高,二者VE含量分别高达37.10 mg/100 g和27.50 mg/100 g。此外,LR和LRP主要活性成分为粗多糖、茶多酚、总黄酮和总皂苷,除茶多酚含量均为14.30 g/100 g以外,其余活性成分都存在一定差异。其中,LR的总黄酮含量(2.24 g/100 g)高于LRP(0.98 g/100 g),LRP中粗多糖含量(2.90 g/100 g)远高于LR(0.93 g/100 g),总皂苷含量(9.02 g/100 g)略高于LR(8.89 g/100 g)。综上,LR营养成分较高,是典型的“高钾高钙低钠”食品;LRP经过发酵等工艺后其活性成分显著提高,功能性价值更高,“高钾高钙低钠”的食用特性更加显著。该研究为粗壮女贞植物资源的综合利用及粗壮女贞产品研发提供参考依据和新思路。

Frugivorous birds disperse seeds of Ligustrum lucidum,seed-feeding weevils,and parasitic wasps of weevils via endozoochory

Biological invasion is considered one of the world’s most serious conservation biology issues.In a global review on invasive species,Richardson&Rejmanek(2011)indicated that over 40%of invasive trees and over 60%of invasive shrubs are dispersed by birds.Privet species(genus Ligustrum,Oleaceae)are typical ornithochorous species(Montaldo et al.2017;Fernandez et al.2020).

外源硫酸锌对修剪后水蜡生长和生理特性的影响

在城市园林环境下,设置5个处理,研究不同硫酸锌浓度对修剪后水蜡新梢生长和生理特性的影响规律。结果表明,叶面喷施硫酸锌与对照相比促进了修剪后水蜡的新梢生长,并提高了其叶绿素含量。在整个试验期间,硫酸锌浓度为0.45%~0.60%时,水蜡新梢长度均显著高于对照;硫酸锌浓度为0.45%时,水蜡叶绿素含量均显著高于对照;NR活性和色氨酸合成酶活性在6月至8月随硫酸锌浓度的增加而升高,在9月随硫酸锌浓度的增加先升高后降低,硫酸锌浓度为0.45%时达到最高。水蜡的GS活性和GOT活性在6月至7月随硫酸锌浓度的增加而升高,在8月至9月随硫酸锌浓度的增加先升高后降低,硫酸锌浓度为0.45%时达到最高。综合分析认为,0.45%是硫酸锌促进水蜡修剪后新梢生长和生理特性改善的适宜浓度。