The pollination methods and embryo rescue techniques of hybridization between I.ilium Oriental hybrids were studied in this paper. The results showed that ： （ 1 ） in the combination of ＇ Justina＇ x ＇ Shala＇, po...The pollination methods and embryo rescue techniques of hybridization between I.ilium Oriental hybrids were studied in this paper. The results showed that ： （ 1 ） in the combination of ＇ Justina＇ x ＇ Shala＇, pollen tubes were observed to grow downward in styles and target to ovules in ovaries when normal sti^na 13o1- lination method was used; pollen tubes were found to grow directionless to a different degree at stylar cuts and in ovaries when cut-style pollination method was used; the longer the styles were left, the more pollen tubes toward to ovules were observed and more plump seeds were produced; the maximum plump seeds were obtained via normal stigma pollination. （2） Hybridization experiments were performed for the 56 combinations of Lilium Oriental hybrids with normal stigma pollina- tion, and one combination generated no plump ovule and three combinations generated fewer than 10 plump ovules while the other 52 combinations generated plenty of plump ovules, which preliminarily indicated that normal stigma pollination method could be used as an universal pollination technique for hybridization between Lilium Oriental hybrids. The experiment results of different embryo rescue techniques showed that using cut-ovule inoculation about 70 d after pollination had a fas- ter germination speed and a higher germination rate of hybrid embryo than normal ovule inoculation, and embryo rescue efficiency of the former method was obviously higher than ＂embryo isolated inoculation＂ on 40 d after pollination. The research suggested that ＂cut-ovule inoculation＂ about 70 d after pollination could be regarded as an universal embryo rescue technique for hybridization between Lilium Oriental hybrids.展开更多
[Objective]The paper was to provide theoretical basis for selection of parental combination and early identification of hybrids.[Method]The soluble protein and peroxidase of LiLum davidii var.unicolor,Lilium Asiatic h...[Objective]The paper was to provide theoretical basis for selection of parental combination and early identification of hybrids.[Method]The soluble protein and peroxidase of LiLum davidii var.unicolor,Lilium Asiatic hybrids and their filial generations were analyzed using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique.[Result]The protein spectrum of filial generation with L.davidii var.unicolor as parent not only appeared the homologous band as parent with darker coloring,but also had new bands compared with parent.Peroxidase zymogram of hybrid F1 mainly displayed incomplete complementary and hybrid type of parent.[Conclusion]Protein spectrum and peroxidase zymogram could be used as the biochemical markers for the identification of hybrids of lily,which could also detect the target traits of plant.展开更多
Longiflorum and Asiatic lilies of the genus Lilium of the family Liliaceae are two important groups of modem lily cultivars. One of the main trends of lily breeding is to realize introgression between these groups. Wi...Longiflorum and Asiatic lilies of the genus Lilium of the family Liliaceae are two important groups of modem lily cultivars. One of the main trends of lily breeding is to realize introgression between these groups. With cut style pollination and embryo rescue, distant hybrids between the two groups have been obtained. However, the FI hybrids are highly sterile or some of them could produce a small number of 2n gametes, and their BC1 progenies are usually triploids. Dutch lily breeders have selected many cultivars from these BC1 progenies based on their variation. It is presumably suggested that such variation could be caused by intergenomic recombination and abnormal meiosis during gamete formation in F1 hybrids of Longiflorum × Asiatic （LA） hybrids in Lilium. Therefore, the meiotic process of ten F1 LA hybrids was cytologically investigated using genomic in situ hybridization and traditional cytological methods in the present research. The results showed that： at metaphase I, the homoeologous chromosome pairing among different F1 hybrids ranged from 2.0 to 11.4 bivalents formed by homoeologous chromosomes per pollen mother cell （PMC）, and very few multivalents, and even very few bivalents were formed by two chromosomes within one genome rather than homoeologous chromosomes in some PMCs; at anaphase I, all biva- lents were disjoined and most univalents were divided. Both the disjoined bivalents （half-bivalents） and the divided univalents （sister chromatids） moved to the opposite poles, and then formed two groups of chromosomes; because the two resulting half-bivalents retained their axes in the cell undisturbed, many crossover types, including single crossovers, three strand double crossovers, four strand double crossovers, four strand triple crossovers, and four strand multiple crossovers between the non-sister chromatids in the tetrads of bivalents, were clearly inferred by analyzing the breakpoints on the disjoined bivalents. The present investigation not only explained the reason for sterility of the Fl LA hybrids and the variation of their BCx progenies, but also provided a new method to analyze crossover types in other F1 interspecific hybrids as well.展开更多
An efficient procedure was described for the transformation of the monocotyledonous oriental hybrid lily, Lilium cv. Siberia. by Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation via leaves regeneration, The leaves of lea...An efficient procedure was described for the transformation of the monocotyledonous oriental hybrid lily, Lilium cv. Siberia. by Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation via leaves regeneration, The leaves of leaflets which derived from bulbs were sliced into 1.0 cm long and were co-cultivated with A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404/pB2AE12, which harbored a vector carrying the neomycin phosphotransferase, DREB2A genes in the T-DNA region. The suitable genetic transformation condition was determined as follows： the bacterial concentration reached 0.5-0.6 （OD600）, 15 min infection time, 20 mg.L^-1 acetosyingone, and 10.6 mmol.L^-1 NH4NO3 medium was used for co-cultivation 3 days, delayed 7 days for selecting by 30 mg.L^-1 kanamycin containing regeneration medium. Efficient shoot regeneration was observed on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg.L^-1 naphthaleneacetic acid, 0.5 mg.L^-1 benzyladenine and 0.1 mg.L^-1 Kinetin after about 6 weeks culture. The presence ofDREB2A gene in the genomic DNA of regenerated plants was detected by means of PCR analysis.展开更多
In this work,an as-rolled AZ31 square bar with c-axis//ND(normal direction)texture was used.Side-rolling and reciprocating torsion were performed to treat the bar.Microstructure evolution and tensile-compressive prope...In this work,an as-rolled AZ31 square bar with c-axis//ND(normal direction)texture was used.Side-rolling and reciprocating torsion were performed to treat the bar.Microstructure evolution and tensile-compressive properties were investigated in detail.Initial rolled AZ31 bar exhibits a large yield asymmetry along the rolling direction(RD).Reciprocating torsion can generate extension twins to introduce twin boundaries and twin-texture.The twin structure can reduce yield asymmetry.However,only limited regions in the rolled AZ31 bar can be twinned during torsion.Pre-side-rolling along the transverse direction(TD)can generate two texture components(c-axis//TD texture and c-axis//ND texture)by introducing profuse{10–12}twins.Such dual texture components help increase the regions which are favorable for twinning during torsion.Finally,combining side-rolling and reciprocating torsion generates hybrid{10–12}twins structure on the entire cross-section,resulting in a remarkably low yield asymmetry.The relevant mechanisms were discussed in detail.展开更多
Hybrid composites are considered materials of great potential for engineering applications. One advantage of hybrid composite materials for the designer is that the properties of a composite can be controlled to a con...Hybrid composites are considered materials of great potential for engineering applications. One advantage of hybrid composite materials for the designer is that the properties of a composite can be controlled to a considerable extent by the choice of fibers and matrix and by adjusting the orientation of the fiber. The scope for this tailoring of the properties of the material is much greater, however, when different kinds of fiber orientations are incorporated in the same resin matrix. For the study of potential of these materials, in this work specimens were prepared with different angle ply ori entation of carbon/glass hybrid with epoxy resin as an adhesive. Three orientations viz 0°/90°, 45°/45° and 30°/60° were considered for studies. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, tensile modulus, & peak load of the hybrid com posites were determined as per ASTM standards. Vacuum bagging technique was adopted for the fabrication of hybrid specimens. It was observed that angle ply orientation at 0°/90° showed significant increase in tensile properties as compared to other orientation. Scanning electron micrographs of fractured surfaces were used for a qualitative evaluation of interfacial properties of woven carbon-glass hybrid composites. These results indicated that carbon-glass hybrid composites offered the merits of synthetic fibers.展开更多
Microduplications are normally invisible under microscopy and were not recognized before chromosomal microarray testing was available. Although it is difficult to confirm the orientation of duplicated segments by stan...Microduplications are normally invisible under microscopy and were not recognized before chromosomal microarray testing was available. Although it is difficult to confirm the orientation of duplicated segments by standard fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH), our data indicates that fiber-FISH analysis has the potential to reveal the orientation of duplicated and triplicated segments of chromosomes. Recurrent microduplications reciprocal to microdeletions show tandem orientations of the duplicated segments, which is consistent with a non-allelic homologous recombination mechanism. Several random duplications showed tandem configurations and inverted duplications are rare. Further analysis is required to fully elucidate the basic mechanisms underlying such duplications/triplications.展开更多
The present study was to test the hypothesis that the plant growth retardants chlorocholine chloride(CCC) and paclobutrazol(PBZ)could improve the carbohydrate accumulation in lily bulbs by enhancing photosynthetic cap...The present study was to test the hypothesis that the plant growth retardants chlorocholine chloride(CCC) and paclobutrazol(PBZ)could improve the carbohydrate accumulation in lily bulbs by enhancing photosynthetic capacity and changing endogenous hormones.Plants of Lilium Oriental hybrids'Sorbonne'were treated with a foliar spray of CCC or PBZ(both at 300 mg/L)solution,at six weeks after planting(6 WAP).The morphological parameters,endogenous hormone contents(gibberellic acid(GA),abscisic acid(ABA),and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)),and carbohydrate contents were measured from 6 to 18 WAP,at 2-week intervals.The results showed that CCC increased the biomass of leaves and stems which might produce more photoassimilates available for transportation and utilization.However,PBZ treatment suppressed vegetative growth and favored photoassimilate transportation into bulbs.A slight delay of bud and anthesis formation was observed in both treated plants.CCC and PBZ treatments substantially enhanced the sucrose contents in leaves probably due to the increase of chlorophyll contents.Treatment with CCC or PBZ decreased GA but increased IAA contents in lily bulbs which might stimulate starch accumulation and formation of new scales.Our experiment suggested that CCC or PBZ treatment is an effective method to promote carbohydrate accumulation in lily bulbs.展开更多
To understand the ecophysiological adapta-tion of Lilium"Oriental Hybrids",which are grown for their commercial bulbs,the gas exchange,leaf N and chlorophyll content of the three varieties were investigated ...To understand the ecophysiological adapta-tion of Lilium"Oriental Hybrids",which are grown for their commercial bulbs,the gas exchange,leaf N and chlorophyll content of the three varieties were investigated in the central areas of the Yunnan Province.Among the three varieties,light-saturated photosynthetic rate at ambient CO_(2)(Amax)of Tiber was the highest,while that of Siberia was the lowest.The difference in the Amax was related to the carboxylation efficiency(CE),leaf mass per unit area and leaf N content per mass,which indicated that their photosynthetic capacity was influenced by the activity and/or the quantity of Rubisco.The three vari-eties had lower photosynthetic saturation points and pho-tosynthetic compensation points,but the photosynthetic rates were not decreased up to 2000 μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1) of the light intensity.This indicates that the three varieties had broad adaptability to light intensity.There were signifi-cant differences in the photosyn thetic optimum temper-ature among the three varieties.Siberia had the highest photosynthetic optimum temperature(25.5℃-34.9℃),and is likely to grow well in warm areas.Sorbonne had the lowest photosynthetic optimum temperature(19.3℃-25.6℃),and its growth is favored in cool areas.Tiber can maintain a high photosynthetic rate within a wide range of temperature.Therefore,Tiber is the most suitable variety for the climate in the central areas of the Yunn an Province,China.展开更多
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(6122004)Project of Science and Technology Innovation of Beijing(PXM2013-014207-000051,PXM2014-014207-000018)+2 种基金Science and Technology Promotion Project of Beijing(PXM2013-014207-000079,PXM2014-014207-000081)Project of Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment(PXM2015-014207-000014)Project of Construction of Innovative Teams and TeacherCareer Development for Universities and Colleges under Beijing Municipality(IDHT20150503)
文摘The pollination methods and embryo rescue techniques of hybridization between I.ilium Oriental hybrids were studied in this paper. The results showed that ： （ 1 ） in the combination of ＇ Justina＇ x ＇ Shala＇, pollen tubes were observed to grow downward in styles and target to ovules in ovaries when normal sti^na 13o1- lination method was used; pollen tubes were found to grow directionless to a different degree at stylar cuts and in ovaries when cut-style pollination method was used; the longer the styles were left, the more pollen tubes toward to ovules were observed and more plump seeds were produced; the maximum plump seeds were obtained via normal stigma pollination. （2） Hybridization experiments were performed for the 56 combinations of Lilium Oriental hybrids with normal stigma pollina- tion, and one combination generated no plump ovule and three combinations generated fewer than 10 plump ovules while the other 52 combinations generated plenty of plump ovules, which preliminarily indicated that normal stigma pollination method could be used as an universal pollination technique for hybridization between Lilium Oriental hybrids. The experiment results of different embryo rescue techniques showed that using cut-ovule inoculation about 70 d after pollination had a fas- ter germination speed and a higher germination rate of hybrid embryo than normal ovule inoculation, and embryo rescue efficiency of the former method was obviously higher than ＂embryo isolated inoculation＂ on 40 d after pollination. The research suggested that ＂cut-ovule inoculation＂ about 70 d after pollination could be regarded as an universal embryo rescue technique for hybridization between Lilium Oriental hybrids.
文摘[Objective]The paper was to provide theoretical basis for selection of parental combination and early identification of hybrids.[Method]The soluble protein and peroxidase of LiLum davidii var.unicolor,Lilium Asiatic hybrids and their filial generations were analyzed using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique.[Result]The protein spectrum of filial generation with L.davidii var.unicolor as parent not only appeared the homologous band as parent with darker coloring,but also had new bands compared with parent.Peroxidase zymogram of hybrid F1 mainly displayed incomplete complementary and hybrid type of parent.[Conclusion]Protein spectrum and peroxidase zymogram could be used as the biochemical markers for the identification of hybrids of lily,which could also detect the target traits of plant.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China（No.30471222）
文摘Longiflorum and Asiatic lilies of the genus Lilium of the family Liliaceae are two important groups of modem lily cultivars. One of the main trends of lily breeding is to realize introgression between these groups. With cut style pollination and embryo rescue, distant hybrids between the two groups have been obtained. However, the FI hybrids are highly sterile or some of them could produce a small number of 2n gametes, and their BC1 progenies are usually triploids. Dutch lily breeders have selected many cultivars from these BC1 progenies based on their variation. It is presumably suggested that such variation could be caused by intergenomic recombination and abnormal meiosis during gamete formation in F1 hybrids of Longiflorum × Asiatic （LA） hybrids in Lilium. Therefore, the meiotic process of ten F1 LA hybrids was cytologically investigated using genomic in situ hybridization and traditional cytological methods in the present research. The results showed that： at metaphase I, the homoeologous chromosome pairing among different F1 hybrids ranged from 2.0 to 11.4 bivalents formed by homoeologous chromosomes per pollen mother cell （PMC）, and very few multivalents, and even very few bivalents were formed by two chromosomes within one genome rather than homoeologous chromosomes in some PMCs; at anaphase I, all biva- lents were disjoined and most univalents were divided. Both the disjoined bivalents （half-bivalents） and the divided univalents （sister chromatids） moved to the opposite poles, and then formed two groups of chromosomes; because the two resulting half-bivalents retained their axes in the cell undisturbed, many crossover types, including single crossovers, three strand double crossovers, four strand double crossovers, four strand triple crossovers, and four strand multiple crossovers between the non-sister chromatids in the tetrads of bivalents, were clearly inferred by analyzing the breakpoints on the disjoined bivalents. The present investigation not only explained the reason for sterility of the Fl LA hybrids and the variation of their BCx progenies, but also provided a new method to analyze crossover types in other F1 interspecific hybrids as well.
基金Supported by Postdoctoral Fund of Settling Down in Heilongjiang Province (LBH-Z08259)Program for Dr. Research Fund of Northeast Agricultural University
文摘An efficient procedure was described for the transformation of the monocotyledonous oriental hybrid lily, Lilium cv. Siberia. by Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation via leaves regeneration, The leaves of leaflets which derived from bulbs were sliced into 1.0 cm long and were co-cultivated with A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404/pB2AE12, which harbored a vector carrying the neomycin phosphotransferase, DREB2A genes in the T-DNA region. The suitable genetic transformation condition was determined as follows： the bacterial concentration reached 0.5-0.6 （OD600）, 15 min infection time, 20 mg.L^-1 acetosyingone, and 10.6 mmol.L^-1 NH4NO3 medium was used for co-cultivation 3 days, delayed 7 days for selecting by 30 mg.L^-1 kanamycin containing regeneration medium. Efficient shoot regeneration was observed on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg.L^-1 naphthaleneacetic acid, 0.5 mg.L^-1 benzyladenine and 0.1 mg.L^-1 Kinetin after about 6 weeks culture. The presence ofDREB2A gene in the genomic DNA of regenerated plants was detected by means of PCR analysis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.51601154。
文摘In this work,an as-rolled AZ31 square bar with c-axis//ND(normal direction)texture was used.Side-rolling and reciprocating torsion were performed to treat the bar.Microstructure evolution and tensile-compressive properties were investigated in detail.Initial rolled AZ31 bar exhibits a large yield asymmetry along the rolling direction(RD).Reciprocating torsion can generate extension twins to introduce twin boundaries and twin-texture.The twin structure can reduce yield asymmetry.However,only limited regions in the rolled AZ31 bar can be twinned during torsion.Pre-side-rolling along the transverse direction(TD)can generate two texture components(c-axis//TD texture and c-axis//ND texture)by introducing profuse{10–12}twins.Such dual texture components help increase the regions which are favorable for twinning during torsion.Finally,combining side-rolling and reciprocating torsion generates hybrid{10–12}twins structure on the entire cross-section,resulting in a remarkably low yield asymmetry.The relevant mechanisms were discussed in detail.
文摘Hybrid composites are considered materials of great potential for engineering applications. One advantage of hybrid composite materials for the designer is that the properties of a composite can be controlled to a considerable extent by the choice of fibers and matrix and by adjusting the orientation of the fiber. The scope for this tailoring of the properties of the material is much greater, however, when different kinds of fiber orientations are incorporated in the same resin matrix. For the study of potential of these materials, in this work specimens were prepared with different angle ply ori entation of carbon/glass hybrid with epoxy resin as an adhesive. Three orientations viz 0°/90°, 45°/45° and 30°/60° were considered for studies. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, tensile modulus, & peak load of the hybrid com posites were determined as per ASTM standards. Vacuum bagging technique was adopted for the fabrication of hybrid specimens. It was observed that angle ply orientation at 0°/90° showed significant increase in tensile properties as compared to other orientation. Scanning electron micrographs of fractured surfaces were used for a qualitative evaluation of interfacial properties of woven carbon-glass hybrid composites. These results indicated that carbon-glass hybrid composites offered the merits of synthetic fibers.
文摘Microduplications are normally invisible under microscopy and were not recognized before chromosomal microarray testing was available. Although it is difficult to confirm the orientation of duplicated segments by standard fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH), our data indicates that fiber-FISH analysis has the potential to reveal the orientation of duplicated and triplicated segments of chromosomes. Recurrent microduplications reciprocal to microdeletions show tandem orientations of the duplicated segments, which is consistent with a non-allelic homologous recombination mechanism. Several random duplications showed tandem configurations and inverted duplications are rare. Further analysis is required to fully elucidate the basic mechanisms underlying such duplications/triplications.
文摘The present study was to test the hypothesis that the plant growth retardants chlorocholine chloride(CCC) and paclobutrazol(PBZ)could improve the carbohydrate accumulation in lily bulbs by enhancing photosynthetic capacity and changing endogenous hormones.Plants of Lilium Oriental hybrids'Sorbonne'were treated with a foliar spray of CCC or PBZ(both at 300 mg/L)solution,at six weeks after planting(6 WAP).The morphological parameters,endogenous hormone contents(gibberellic acid(GA),abscisic acid(ABA),and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)),and carbohydrate contents were measured from 6 to 18 WAP,at 2-week intervals.The results showed that CCC increased the biomass of leaves and stems which might produce more photoassimilates available for transportation and utilization.However,PBZ treatment suppressed vegetative growth and favored photoassimilate transportation into bulbs.A slight delay of bud and anthesis formation was observed in both treated plants.CCC and PBZ treatments substantially enhanced the sucrose contents in leaves probably due to the increase of chlorophyll contents.Treatment with CCC or PBZ decreased GA but increased IAA contents in lily bulbs which might stimulate starch accumulation and formation of new scales.Our experiment suggested that CCC or PBZ treatment is an effective method to promote carbohydrate accumulation in lily bulbs.
文摘To understand the ecophysiological adapta-tion of Lilium"Oriental Hybrids",which are grown for their commercial bulbs,the gas exchange,leaf N and chlorophyll content of the three varieties were investigated in the central areas of the Yunnan Province.Among the three varieties,light-saturated photosynthetic rate at ambient CO_(2)(Amax)of Tiber was the highest,while that of Siberia was the lowest.The difference in the Amax was related to the carboxylation efficiency(CE),leaf mass per unit area and leaf N content per mass,which indicated that their photosynthetic capacity was influenced by the activity and/or the quantity of Rubisco.The three vari-eties had lower photosynthetic saturation points and pho-tosynthetic compensation points,but the photosynthetic rates were not decreased up to 2000 μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1) of the light intensity.This indicates that the three varieties had broad adaptability to light intensity.There were signifi-cant differences in the photosyn thetic optimum temper-ature among the three varieties.Siberia had the highest photosynthetic optimum temperature(25.5℃-34.9℃),and is likely to grow well in warm areas.Sorbonne had the lowest photosynthetic optimum temperature(19.3℃-25.6℃),and its growth is favored in cool areas.Tiber can maintain a high photosynthetic rate within a wide range of temperature.Therefore,Tiber is the most suitable variety for the climate in the central areas of the Yunn an Province,China.
