Human responses to flower fragrance of Lilium ‘Siberia’ and Rosa ‘Escimo’

The objective of our study was to lay a foundation for the effect of flower flagrance on human emotions and to provide a theory for the choice of indoor plants and the improvement of the olfactory environment. Specifically, our purpose was to study human physiological responses to flower fragrance of Lilium ＇Siberia＇ and Rosa ＇Escimo＇. The participants were 31 college students. Blood pressure, pulse rate, finger temperature （FT） and galvanic skin response （GSR） were measured. The results show that the fragrance of Rosa ＇Escimo＇ causes the diastolic pressure and pulse rate of the participants to reduce significantly. The average decrease was 0.37 kPa and 2.23 beats per minute, which indicates that sympathetic nervous activity increases, physiological arousal decreases and emotional alleviation occurs. Furthermore, the GSR of participants significantly increased by smelling the fragrance of Lilium ＇Siberia＇, indicating that both sympathetic nervous activity and physiological arousal increased. But the data could not prove that flower fragrance stimulation has an effect on changes in systolic pressure and finger temperature. Some other factors, such as basic emotion and weather, may have an effect.

Positive regulatory role of R2R3 MYBs in terpene biosynthesis in Lilium‘Siberia’

Terpenoids are the main components contributing to the fragrance of Lilium‘Siberia’,and LiTPS2 plays a critical role in the biosynthesis of monoterpenoids.Although the major terpene synthases in Lilium‘Siberia’have been identified,how these TPS genes are transcriptionally regulated remains elusive in this distinguished flower.This study aimed to identify transcription factors that regulate the terpene synthesis in Lilium,and disclose the related underlying transcriptional regulation mechanism.In this study,we identified three R2R3-MYB TFs—LiMYB1,LiMYB305 and LiMYB330,which were involved in regulating the biosynthesis of terpenes in Lilium‘Siberia’.Quantitative real-time PCR showed spatial and temporal expression patterns consistent with the emission patterns of terpene compounds.When LiMYB1,LiMYB305 and LiMYB330were overexpressed in flowers,the release of some main monoterpenes,such as linalool and ocimene,as well as the expression of TPS genes,especially for LiTPS2,were enhanced.A virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS)assay showed that silencing these three LiMYBs decreased the level of monoterpenes by down-regulating the expression of the TPS genes.The yeast one-hybrid and transient expression assays indicated that all three LiMYBs could bind to and activate the promoter of LiTPS2.Moreover,the yeast two-hybrid assay verified that LiMYB1 could interact with LiMYB308 and LiMYB330,indicating their synergistic roles in the regulation of floral terpene biosynthesis.In general,these results indicated that LiMYB1,LiMYB305,and LiMYB330 might play essential roles in terpene biosynthesis in Lilium and would provide a new perspective for the transcriptional regulation of volatile terpenes in flowers.

WRKY11 up-regulated dirigent expression to enhance lignin/lignans accumulation in Lilium regale Wilson during response to Fusarium wilt

Lilium are highly economically valuable ornamental plants that are susceptible to Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum.Lilium regale Wilson,a wild lily native to China,is highly resistant to F.oxysporum.In this study,a WRKY transcription factor,WRKY11,was isolated from L.regale,and its function during the interaction between L.regale and F.oxysporum was characterized.The ectopic expression of LrWRKY11 in tobacco increased the resistance to F oxysporum,moreover,the transcriptome sequencing and UHPLC-MS/MS analysis indicated that the methyl salicylate and methyl jasmonate levels rose in LrWRKY11 transgenic tobacco,meanwhile,the expression of lignin/lignans biosynthesis-related genes including a dirigent(DiR)was up-regulated.The lignin/lignans contents in LrWRKY11-transgenic tobacco also significantly increased compared with the wild-type tobacco.In addition,the resistance of L.regale scales in which LrWRKY11 expression was silenced by RNAi evidently decreased,and additionally,the expression of lignin/lignans biosynthesis-related genes including LrDIR1 was significantly suppressed.Therefore,LrDIR1 and its promoter(PLrDIR1)sequence containing the W-box element were isolated from L.regale.The interaction assay indicated that LrWRKY11 specifically bound to the W-box element in PLrDIR1 and activated LrDIR1 expression.Additionally,β-glucuronidase activity in the transgenic tobacco co-expressing LrWRKY11/PLrDIR1-β-glucuronidase was higher than that in transgenic tobacco expressing PLrDIR1-β-glucuronidase alone.Furthermore,the ectopic expression of LrDIR1 in tobacco enhanced the resistance to F.oxysporum and increased the lignin/lignans accumulation.In brief,this study revealed that LrWRKY11 positively regulated L.regale resistance to F.oxysporum through interaction with salicylic acid/jasmonic acid signaling pathways and modulating LrDIR1 expression to accumulate lignin/lignans.

R2R3-type Lo MYB21 affects jasmonate-regulated development and dehiscence of anthers in lily(Lilium oriental hybrids)

Lilies are widely cultivated for cut flowers,but their large anthers carry a considerable amount of colored pollen that is dispersed easily.Studying the molecular mechanism of anther development and dehiscence could help solve this problem.LoMYB21,encoding a putative R2R3v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog(MYB)transcription factor,was identified from oriental lilies(Lilium‘Siberia’).Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that LoMYB21 was mainly expressed in the anther,filament and stigma and had high expression during the late stages of lily anther development.LoMYB21 had transactivation activity and was located in the nucleus through yeast one-hybrid assays and transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana.Suppression of LoMYB21 by virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS)in Lilium‘Siberia’led to anther indehiscence and reduced the expression of genes related to Jasmonate acid(JA)biosynthesis and signal transduction.Induction of LoMYB21 in DEX::LoMYB21 transgenic Arabidopsis caused procumbent inflorescences that became infertile,accompanied by higher expression of JA biosynthetic and signaling genes.These results demonstrated that JA content and signaling were abnormal in silenced lily and transgenic LoMYB21 Arabidopsis,which affected anther development.Our study indicated that LoMYB21 could regulate lily anther dehiscence through JA biosynthesis and signaling during the late stages of anther development.

Monitoring Xylem Transport in the Stem of Lilium lancifolium Using Fluorescent Dye 5(6)-Carboxyfluorescein Diacetate

The xylem undergoes physiological changes in response to various environmental conditions during the process of plant growth.To understand these physiological changes,it is extremely important to observe the transport of xylem.In this study,the distribution and structure of vascular bundle in Lilium lancifolium were observed using the method of semithin section.Methods for introducing a fluorescent tracer into the xylem of the stems were evaluated.Then,the transport rule of 5(6)-Carboxyfluorescein diacetate(CFDA)in the xylem of the stem of L.lancifolium was studied by fluorescence dye in live cells tracer technology.The results showed that the vascular bundles of L.lancifolium were scattered in the basic tissue,the peripheral vascular bundles were smaller and densely distributed,and the closer to the center,the larger the volume of vascular bundles and the more sparsely distributed.The vascular bundles of L.lancifolium are limited external tenacity vascular bundles,which are composed of phloem and xylem.The most suitable method for CFDA labeling the xylem of isolated stem segments of L.lancifolium was solution soaking for 24 h.The running speed of CF in the isolated stem was 0.3 cm/h,which was consistent with the running speed of the material in the field.CF could be transported between the xylem and parenchyma cells,indicating that the material transport in the xylem could be through the symplastic pathway.The above results laid a foundation for the study of the xylem transport mechanism and the xylem pathogen disease of lily.

Interdecadal changes in the western Siberian summer mean and extreme rainfall during 1982-2021

本文研究发现,西西伯利亚夏季降水在1995年后显著增加,2012年后又有所减少,极端降水日数和强度呈现一致的变化特征.伴随这两次降水的年代际增加/减少,西西伯利亚上空出现异常气旋/反气旋和水汽幅合/幅散.极端降水发生时的区域环流特征在三个时段基本一致:西西伯利亚低空出现气旋性异常,高空为西北-东南向的异常气旋-反气旋偶极子型.1995-2011年期间,极端降水日数更多,强度更强,上述异常环流型也更强.

Overview of the Research Status of Lilium davidii var.unicolor

This paper reviews the current research status of Lilium davidii var.unicolor,encompassing its growing environment,cultivation techniques,virus diseases and their impacts,nutritional value,and edible methods.Additionally,it outlines potential future research directions,thereby establishing a foundational basis for the industrial development of L.davidii.

东方百合Siberia多倍体诱导及其细胞学鉴定

本文以东方百合Siberia的试管苗为试验材料,研究了预培养时间、秋水仙素处理方法及浓度等因素对诱导试管苗多倍体的影响。研究结果表明:秋水仙素溶液直接浸泡较共培养法好,且以0.05%的浓度和浸泡48h为最佳组合,最终获得了18株四倍体试管苗。通过根尖染色体计数确定其为稳定的同源四倍体。显微观测气孔特征后发现:二倍体与四倍体植株的叶下表皮气孔密度及气孔保卫细胞长、宽差异均达到了极显著水平。

The Study on Induction and Proliferation of Tube Bulbs in Lilium brownii

With different parts of bulb scale as explants, the proliferation method of Guizhou Lilium brownii were studied with 3% sodium hypochlorite and MS medium with different concentrations of hormones. The results show that it is feasible to disinfect the bulbs of Lilium brownii with 3% sodium hypoehlorite, moreover, the sodium hypochlorite is very cheap and harmless to researchers, experimental materials and environment. MS ＋ NAA 0.3 mg/L ＋ 6-BA 1.5 mg/L is optimum for the induction of bulbs and, the basal part of Lilium brownie is the optimum explants. After culture for 25 d on the same medium, the tube bulbs could be obtained with the characteristics of high propagation coefficient, strong and new roots. The survival rate is over 90% for transplantation of tube bulbs with diameter between 1-2cm. The method developed in the present study can proliferate abundant Lilium brownii seedling in short time.

百合属(Lilium)几种植物花粉形态的观察

应用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对百合属(Lilium)植物13个种花粉的形态、表面纹饰、萌发沟等性状的观察结果表明,百合属植物花粉皆为椭球形,具单萌发沟,网状纹饰,而花粉大小、网脊宽度、网眼直径等性状存在差异。在供试的13个种中,麝香百合系品种罗瑞拉(Longiflorum hybrids cv.Lorina)的花粉最大,有斑百合(L.concolor var.buschianum Baker)的花粉最小。花粉形态特征和超微结构对百合属植物的分类有一定价值。

Study on the Integration of T-DNA into Lilium longiflorum

[ Objective] The aim of this study is to obtain transgenic Lilium longiflorum Thumb. [ Method] A two-step method of explant and the T-DNA integration technique were employed to transform Lilium longiflorum via Agrobacterium mediated method. [ Result] The best infection effect appeared under the OD600 value of Agrobacterium within 0.6 -0.8, the addition of 250 mg/L AS could increase the transformation efficiency. The optimal concentration of G418 for screening is 50 mg/L. Some putative transgenic plants of Lilium longiflorum with resistance to G418 showed positive in PCR, preliminarily proving that T-DNA gene had integrated into the genome of lily. [ Conclusion] The study may lay a foundation for breeding excellent lily varieties through TDNA integration technique.

东方百合(Lilium oritential)组织培养研究

以东方百合"索邦"为研究对象,对东方百合组织培养技术进行研究。结果表明:启始培养所用材料的基部诱导率明显高于上部,鳞茎分化芽的数量明显多于鳞片;MS+0.1 mg.L-1BA+0.1 mg.L-1NAA为最佳鳞茎诱导培养基;MS+0.1 mg.L-1BA+0.3 mg.L-1NAA为最佳鳞茎增殖培养基;用1/2MS+0.1 mg.L-1IBA培养基进行生根培养,取得良好的效果。

催花保鲜剂对百合(Lilium)绿蕾催花保鲜生理的研究

探讨了百合切花绿蕾经两种催花保鲜剂处理后的效果 ,结果表明 ,催花保鲜剂能促进绿蕾提前开花 ,同时对开花后的百合切花有延缓衰老的作用 ,减少了切花在瓶插期间叶绿素与蛋白质含量的降解 ,提高了切花的品质和商品价值。处理 增加了开放率和花蕾长度 ,处理 增加了花瓣长和花径大小 ,同时在试验过程中揭示了百合切花经催花剂处理后的水分生理变化规律 ,筛选出最佳的催花保鲜剂为处理 。

东方百合种球‘siberia’低温贮藏过程中的形态和生理变化研究

对东方百合“西伯利亚siberia”种球在-1℃低温处理下解除休眠过程中的形态和某些重要的生理生化指标进行了研究。结果表明，百合“siberia”种球内的顶芽在冷藏过程中不断伸长，52d后芽生长点距种球端部的距离小于1cm。在冷藏处理过程中，淀粉含量明显下降，可溶性糖和还原糖含量上升。低温冷藏至52d时可溶性糖和还原糖含量达到最大值，后出现下降趋势，52～86d变化趋势平缓，糖分含量的转折点可能与种球内生长点的萌发有关。

Identification and Biological Characteristics of Blank Spot Pathogen from Lilium lancifolium

With the increasing planting area of Lilium lancifolium, the leaf fungal dis-ease of L. lancifolium is becoming more and more serious. In June and July of 2014, the excessive rainfal leads to the serious outbreak of leaf disease of L. lanci-folium. In mid-June, the wilting rate of L. lancifolium in seriously-infected field was even up to 50%-70%. In some fields, the shoots of L. lancifolium even al wilted. The pathogen was isolated from the infected leaves of L. lancifolium. Its pathogenici-ty, spore morphology, 18S rDNA sequence and biological characteristics were stud-ied. The results showed the isolated pathogen was Alternaria alternate. The lethal temperature of mycelial growth was 55 ℃. The optimum pH was 6-7. Among the tested carbon sources and nitrogen sources, the optimum carbon source was mal-tose, and the optimum nitrogen source was yeast extract.

辽宁的4种野生百合(Lilium spp.)的核型研究

利用染色体常规压片的方法,对辽宁的4种野生百合进行了核型研究。结果如下:①有斑百合L.con-colorSalisb.var.buschianum(Lodd.)Baker.2n=4m(2SAT)+4st+16t(2SAT);②细叶百合L.pumilumDC.2n=6sm(2SAT)+12st+6t;③朝鲜百合L.amabilePalib.2n=4m(2SAT)+8st+12t(2SAT);④垂花百合L.cernumKom.2n=2m(2SAT)+2sm(2SAT)+12st+8t。它们不仅在染色体相对长度、臂比和次缢痕数目及其分布有区别,而且核型类型也不同。除了细叶百合的核型为3A型,其余的均为稳定的3B型。

Role of Wall-bound β-Glucanases in Regulating Tip-growth of Lilium longiflorum Pollen Tubes

Glucanases were found in the cell wall of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. pollen tubes grown in vitro . The activity of β_glucanases was, in a certain extent, decreased by nojirimycin, an inhibitor of glucosidase. Pollen germination percentage reduced dramatically when nojirimycin was applied in the culture medium. In case that nojirimycin was added at 0 or 1 h after the onset of incubation, the inhibition rate was 99.6% and 91.4%, respectively. When 3 mmol/L of nojirimycin was applied in the liquid medium at 0, 1, 1.5 and 2 h after the onset of incubation, the growth of pollen tubes was interrupted, which resulted in the morphological change of the pollen tubes such as the newly grown portion of pollen tubes being bent, curved and swollen. Tracing the growth pattern of the individual pollen tube grown in semi_solid medium by video microscopy, the authors demonstrated that pollen tube growth rate was strongly inhibited by nojirimycin at concentrations ranged from 0.003 to 3 mmol/L. Moreover, the cytoplasmic arrangement and the morphology of the pollen tubes were also affected by nojirimycin. The growth inhibition brought about by nojirimycin was reversible. These results indicated that β_glucanases, which degrade 1,3_β_glucan and/or 1,4_β_glucan or 1,3:1,4_β_glucan constructed in the cell wall, are involved in pollen germination and pollen tube growth. It provides new insight into an understanding of the contribution of β_glucanases to the cell wall extensibility and the crucial role of cell wall in regards to the regulation of pollen tube growth.

Analysis of Protein and Isoenzyme of LiLum davidii var.unicolor,Lilium Asiatic Hybrids and Their Hybrid F_1

[Objective]The paper was to provide theoretical basis for selection of parental combination and early identification of hybrids.[Method]The soluble protein and peroxidase of LiLum davidii var.unicolor,Lilium Asiatic hybrids and their filial generations were analyzed using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique.[Result]The protein spectrum of filial generation with L.davidii var.unicolor as parent not only appeared the homologous band as parent with darker coloring,but also had new bands compared with parent.Peroxidase zymogram of hybrid F1 mainly displayed incomplete complementary and hybrid type of parent.[Conclusion]Protein spectrum and peroxidase zymogram could be used as the biochemical markers for the identification of hybrids of lily,which could also detect the target traits of plant.

利用百合(Lilium davidii)根尖细胞的微核细胞率作为环境监测指标的探讨

首次报道了利用百合根尖细胞微核细胞率作为环境监测指标的可行性和优越性。实验证明,百合根尖比蚕豆根尖细胞的微核细胞率更敏感。

157百合(Lilium cr. Gran sasso)染色体核型研究

本文对157百合（LIIiumcrGramSasso）进行了染色体核型研究，结果表明:157百合体细胞染色体数为2n=2x=24；染色体组成为R（2n）=2x=2m（SAT）+2m+2Sm（SAT）+16st+2t；在第1，2对染色体上有随体；其核型分类属于3B型。