Polyploidy Induction and Morphological Characteristics in the Asiatic Hybrid Lily(Lilium spp.cultivar dazzling)

The Asiatic hybrid lily cultivar Lilium dazzling(family Liliaceae)is a perennial herbaceous bulbous plant with bright yellow flowers of ornamental values.It also shows resistance to diseases and abiotic stress,making it an ideal parent for breeding studies.This study established a sterile culture system using scales of dazzling lily as explants to induce polyploidy.Adventitious buds growing to 1 cm were treated with different concentrations of colchicine(125,250 and 500μmol·L-1),pendimethalin or trifluralin(100,200 and 300μmol·L-1,respectively)for 12,24 and 36 h.Flow cytometry and chromosome counting were used to identify ploidy,and the phenotype of the polyploids was examined by stomatal observation and leaf index determination.With increasing mutagen concentration and exposure time,the mortality and mutagenic rate increased.The optimal treatment group was:300μmol·L-1 trifluralin for 12 h,which resulted in 15.55%mortality rate and 42.22%induction rate.The polyploid plants showed a significant increase in stomata length,leaf length and leaf width,with a decrease in stomatal density compared with the control plants.This study provided a basis for polyploid breeding.

Effects of intercropping on rhizosphere soil microorganisms and root exudates of Lanzhou lily(Lilium davidii var.unicolor)

Both yield and quality of Lanzhou lily(Lilium davidii var. unicolor) are seriously affected by continuous cropping. We attempted to understand the effects of intercropping on the obstacles associated with continuous cropping of Lanzhou lily(Lilium davidii var. unicolor). The changes of rhizosphere microbial biomass and diversity in interplanting and monoculturing systems were studied by using the Illumina Hi Seq sequencing technique. The contents and composition of lily root exudates were measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometer(GC–MS). The intercropping results of Lanzhou lily showed:(1) There was no difference in the composition of the rhizosphere soil microbes at the phylum level, but the relative abundance of the microbes decreased; and the relative abundance of harmful fungi such as Fusarium sp. increased. The relative abundance of Pleosporales sp. and other beneficial bacteria were reduced. After OTU(operational taxonomic unit)clustering, there were some beneficial bacteria, such as Chaetomium sp., in the lily rhizosphere soil in the interplanting system that had not existed in the single-cropping system. We did not find harmful bacteria that had existed in the single-cropping systm in the rhizosphere soil of interplanting system. The above results indicated that the changes of relative abundance of soil fungi and bacteria in lily rhizosphere soil was not conducive to improving the ecological structure of rhizosphere soil microbes. At the same time, the microbial composition change is very complex—beneficial and yet inadequate at the same time.(2) Root exudates provide a matrix for the growth of microorganisms. Combined with the detection of root exudates, the decrease in the composition of the root exudates of the lily was probably the reason for the decrease of the relative abundance of microbes after intercropping. At the same time, the decrease of the relative content of phenolic compounds, which inhibit the growth of microorganisms, did not increase the relative content of rhizosphere soil microorganisms. Changes in amino acids and total sugars may be responsible for the growth of Fusarium sp.. The results showed that the intercropping pattern did not noticeably alleviate the obstacle to continuous cropping of Lanzhou lily, and the change of microbial biomass and diversity was even unfavorable. However, the emergence of some beneficial bacteria, the disappearance of harmful fungi, and other changes with intercropping are in favor of alleviation of obstacles to continuous cropping of Lanzhou lily.

Transcriptomic and physiological analyses identifying Lanzhou lily(Lilium davidii var.unicolor)drought adaptation strategies

Drought stress is the main limiting plant growth factor in arid and semiarid regions.The Lanzhou lily(Lilium davidii var.unicolor)is the only sweet-tasting lily grown in these regions of China that offers highly edible,medicinal,health,and ornamental value.The Tresor lily is an ornamental flower known for its strong resistance.Plants were grown under three different drought intensity treatments,namely,being watered at intervals of 5,15,and 25 d(either throughout the study or during specific growth stages).We measured the biomass,leaf area,photosynthetic response,chlorophyll content(SPAD value),and osmoregulation of both the Lanzhou lily and the Tresor lily(Lilium‘Tresor’).Additionally,we employed RNA sequencing(RNA-Seq)and qRT-PCR to investigate transcriptomic changes of the Lanzhou lily in response to drought stress.Results showed that under drought stress,the decreasing rate in the Lanzhou lily bulb weight was lower than the corresponding Tresor lily bulb rate;the net photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate,and stomatal conductance of the Lanzhou lily were all higher compared to the Tresor lily;osmoregulation constituents,such as glucose,fructose,sucrose,trehalose,and soluble sugar,in the Lanzhou lily were comparatively higher;PYL,NCED,and ERS genes were significantly expressed in the Lanzhou lily.Under moderate drought,the biosynthesis of flavonoids,circadian rhythms,and the tryptophan metabolism pathway of the Lanzhou lily were all significant.Under severe drought stress,fatty acid elongation,photosynthetic antenna protein,plant hormone signal transduction,flavone and flavonol biosynthesis,and the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway were all significant.The Lanzhou lily adapted to drought stress by coordinating its organs and the unique role of its bulb,regulating photosynthesis,increasing osmolyte content,activating circadian rhythms,signal transduction,fatty acid elongation metabolism,and phenylalanine and flavonoid metabolic pathways,which may collectively be the main adaptation strategy and mechanisms used by the Lanzhou lily under drought stress.

Isolation of LiLFY1 and Its Expression in Lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.)

LFY family genes play a conserved role in regulating flowering. In this study, the cDNA of LiLFY1 was isolated with the strategy of RT-PCR in combination with RACE from lily （Lilium longiflorum Thunb.）. LiLFY1 encodes a LFY transcriptional factor. The alignment analysis of the deduced LiLFY1 protein with other known LFY family proteins indicates that LiLFY1 is highly homologous with rice RFL and maize FLL. The result of Southern hybridization showed that there are two copies of LFY family genes in lily. LiLFY1 is expressed in young flower buds and shoot apical meristem （SAM） but not in roots, shoots, mature leaves, and mature floral organs. The cloned LiLFY1 gene may be applied to genetic engineering aiming for regulating the flowering time in lily.

GAMYB transcription factor LoMYB65 from lily plays a vital role in pollen development

Lily(Lilium spp.)is an important horticultural crop,but its use is limited due to serious pollen contamination problems.There are many studies on pollen development in model plants,but few on flower crops such as lilies.Gibberellin(GA)is a large class of hormones and plays an important role in plant vegetative growth and reproductive development.GAMYB is a group of the R2R3-MYB family upregulated by gibberellin,and plays an important role in anther development.Here,we isolated a novel GAMYB,named LoMYB65,from lily,which was closely related to the AtMYB65 and AtMYB33 in Arabidopsis.Fluorescence quantitative PCR results showed that LoMYB65 was mainly expressed in lily anthers.LoMYB65 could be activated by 288μmol·L^(-1)GA3treatment and the LoMYB65 protein was located in the nucleus and cytoplasm,and had transactivation in yeast and tobacco leaf cells.The conserved motif within 226 amino acids of the C-terminal of LoMYB65 contributed to its transactivation.Overexpression of LoMYB65 caused dwarf phenotype,unnormal tapetum development,less seeds of siliques in transgenic Arabidopsis plants,the transgenic plants showed partly male sterile.Simultaneously,silencing of LoMYB65 with VIGS(Virus Induced Gene Silencing)in lily anthers caused unnormal pollen development and reduced the pollen amount.Overexpression of LoMYB65 in Arabidopsis and silencing of LoMYB65 in lily resulted in decreased pollen counts,so we speculate that LoMYB65 may be dose-dependent.Overall,these findings suggest that LoMYB65 may play an important role in anther development and pollen formation in lily.LoMYB65 may provide a useful candidate gene for pollenless breeding of lily.

Comparative transcriptome and proteome analysis of lily clones inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lilii

Basal bulb rot is the major factor restricting the production of lily,caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lilii.To systematically analyze the transcriptomic and proteomic responses of lily clones to F.oxysporum,we constructed six RNA-seq libraries and four iTRAQ proteomic libraries using lily resistant and susceptible clones sampled at 0,24 and 48 h post-inoculation(hpi)with F.oxysporum respectively.137,715 unigenes were generated,of which 7,667 were differentially expressed.1,679 and 4,051 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between resistant and susceptible clones were isolated from samples collected at 0 and 48 hpi.Four hundred and thirty three and 155 DEGs were identified in resistant clones sampled at 24 and 48 hpi separately while 550 and 799 DEGs were isolated in the susceptible clones sampled at 24 and 48 hpi respectively.The results of iTRAQ analysis revealed 7,482 proteins in resistant and susceptible clones.Data analysis of transcriptome and proteome indicated that 5,735 proteins corresponded to mRNAs.Three hundred and sixteen and 1,052 DEGs had corresponding DEPs.At 48 hpi,the resistant clones showed 155 DEGs and 108 corresponding DEPs,while the susceptible clones showed 799 DEGs and 316 corresponding DEPs.In general,these results enhance comprehension of the defense response of lily resistant clones to F.oxysporum infection and provide valuable sequence data for studying the resistance mechanism.

Genetic Diversity of Five Different Lily(Lilium L.)Species in Lithuania Revealed by ISSR Markers

To study the genetic diversity and structure of lily (Lilium L.), we collected 35 samples from Vytautas Magnus University Kaunas Botanical Garden, and analyzed their mutual Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) molecular markers. For genetic analysis of lily we chose the lily 6 markers. ISSR data revealed a relatively high level of genetic diversity at the different levels of the group, with 95% of polymorphic loci, effective number of alleles of 1.21, the average expected heterozygosis of 0.15 and Shannon’s information index of 0.26. ANOVA analysis and UPGMA-dendrogram suggested a hierarchical structure between species.

Comparative Study on the Structural and Moisture Characteristics of Leaf from the Plantlets of Three Types of Ornamental Lilium brownii

[ Objective] The study was to compare the structural and moisture characteristics of leaf from the plantlets of three types of omamental lily（ Lilium brownii）. [ Method ] The paraffin sections of leaves of tested lily varieties were prepared and then observed under microscope, and the stomatal characteristics and moisture characteristics of tested lily varieties were measured. I Resaltl All the three ornamental lily varieties show isobilateral leaf, single layer of epicuticula and lower epidermis, and no obvious differentiation of palisade tissue and spongy tissue; their stomata distribute in lower epidermis, and the guard cells are dumbbell-shaped; all of these matedais present high moisture. For the leaf sick- ness, midrib sickness and mesophyll tissue sickness, the order was determined to be oriental lily 〉 Lilium/ongiflorum 〉 Asian lily; of the three types of ornamental lily, Ulium Iongiflorum has the largest stomatai aperture and Asian lily has the smallest; focusing the water potential and moisture, the turn was Asian lily 〉 oriental lily 〉 Lilium Iong＇fflorum. [ Condusion] The study may facilitate the artificial regulation of the growth conditions of the plantlets of ornamental lily.

Physiological Responses of Yixing Lily Leaf and Bulb to Drought Stress

[Objective]To explore an effective method for evaluating drought resistance of Yixing lily and provide a reference for selecting drought-resistant Yixing lily varieties. [Method]Through artificial simulation of drought stress environment,the changes of physiological indexes,such as content of proline,malonaldehyde,and reducing sugar in Yixing lily leaf and bulb were observed,when soil water content changed. [Result]The response to drought stress of the Yixing lily leaf was greater than that of the bulb,and the content of the proline and malonaldehyde was higher than that of the reducing sugar. [Conclusion]The leaves as an appropriate material for evaluation and analysis on drought resistance can better reflect the physiological responses of Yixing lily to drought stress. And the content of the malonaldehyde and that of proline are preferable indexes.

Different Explants of Lilium lancifolium Have Different Potential to Differentiate and Regenerate in Tissue Culture

[Objective] The aim was to investigate differences in differentiation and regeneration of the explants from different parts of Lilium lancifolium（Yixing Lily） in tissue culture.[Method] The different parts of scale,leaf and root of Yixing Lily were cultured as explants on MS basic medium supplemented with different concentrations of plant growth regulators,so as to compare their capacity to differentiate and regenerate.[Result] The explants had different potential to differentiate（scale root leaf）.The capacity of different scale parts to differentiate was the lower part middle partupper part;the capacity of different leaf parts to differentiate was the leaf base middle part leaf tip;the capacity of different root parts to differentiate was the root base root tip middle part.[Conclusion] Tissue culture could be well applied in propagation of Yixing Lily.

辐射亚洲百合‘pollyanna’雄性不育突变体的RAPD分析

利用 8 0个 1 0bp随机引物对亚洲百合‘pollyanna’及辐射种球诱导出的 2 0个表现型雄性不育突变体进行了RAPD分析。其中有 31个引物对所有材料都能扩增出理想的带型 ,有 4个随机引物扩增出的带型显示其中的‘P1G0 3’、‘P2G0 4’等 9个突变体与‘pollyanna’基因组 (可育系 )之间具有稳定的多态性差异。它们表现出与‘pollyanna’差异的多态性位点有 7～ 1 8个 ,表明它们为‘pollyanna’的基因型突变体。

LilyTask任务并行环境中基于任务关系的初始任务分配算法

LilyTask是一个基于任务并行的并行程序设计环境,它引入了任务间关系的概念.任务间会由于这种任务依赖关系而产生等待,为了减少这种等待开销,LilyTask系统在预编译阶段分析这些数据依赖关系,并做出相应的静态任务分配.该文给出在LilyTask任务并行环境中的一族新的基于任务关系图的静态任务分配的算法——WCP算法,并在实际测试中与另外两个著名的静态分配算法ETF和MCP算法作了比较,测试结果说明WCP算法在任务计算开销与通信开销不能准确给出的情况下有更好的分配效果.

6-BA和VC对百合(Lily)切花瓶插期间的生理影响

探讨了瓶插期间不同浓度的6-BA和VC处理百合切花延缓衰老的机理。结果发现经不同浓度6-BA和VC处理均延长了百合切花瓶插期寿命,并提高了其品质,其中以90mg/L VC和1.5mg/L 6-BA效果较为显著,表现为膜透性降低,丙二醛(MDA)的产生得以抑制,花的保鲜效果优于对照。

RT-PCR方法同步检测兰州百合(Lilium davidii var.unicolor)两种主要病毒

建立并优化了以18S rRNA为内参照的特异性检测兰州百合(Lilium davidii var.unicolor)两种主要病毒:黄瓜花叶病毒(Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV)和百合无症病毒(Lily symptomless virus,LSV)的三重RT-PCR体系。结果表明,52.5°C的退火温度、0.025 U/μL的Taq DNA聚合酶、0.6 mmol/L的dNTP浓度、4 mmol/L的Mg2+浓度、0.4μmol/L的各引物浓度以及30个循环等是三重PCR体系扩增的最佳条件;同时用该优化体系检测了兰州百合不同取样部位的病毒差异,发现LSV在不同取样部位的特异扩增条带的强度比较一致,而CMV差距相对较大,外鳞片CMV相对含量在整个感病植株中最高。为兰州百合主要病毒检测、脱毒组培快繁提供了技术支撑。

Observation and Evaluation of New Lily Cutflower Varieties Introduced in Tropical Area

[Objective] New lily varieties were introduced and selected to provide ref- erences for choosing lily varieties with the best comprehensive performance and most appropriate for tropical area. [Method] In winter, six lily cultivars including White Express, Concad＇or, Aktiva, Donato, Star Fighter and Serano were planted outdoors in Hainan. Phenophase, morphological traits and cut flower quality of the tested cultivars were observed and compared in order to choose varieties suitable for Hainan. [Result] Their growth period ranged from 96 to 113 d with the mean of 105.3 d. Six cultivars had obvious differences in biological characteristics and cut- flower quality. Compared with the other 4 cultivars, Aktiva and Serano were superior for their bright color and beautiful shape, height uniformity, long florescence and strong growing. According to the comprehensive evaluation system of lily variety, the sequence was Serano 〉 Aktiva 〉 Concad＇or 〉 Star Fighter 〉 Donato 〉 White Ex- press. [Conclusion] The two cultivars of Aktiva and Serano with good characters are selected for further research and extension in Sanya of Hainan.

英文中含有“lily”的相关原生物及名称辨析

植物名称及其所对应的原植物,在世界各国或地区均大量存在同名异物或同物异名的现象,极易造成混淆,不可不辨。以"lily"为研究对象,利用http:∥scholar.google.com和http:∥apps.web of knowledge.com文献检索平台,查询国内外使用"lily"作为关键词或主题词的文献,分别得到534 000条和11 734条检索信息,然而,以"lilium"为关键词和主题词进行二级检索时,却只能得到27 000条和6 087条检索信息。在此基础上,对这些含有"lily"的词或词组进行归类分析,结果显示:"lily"本意为百合属Lilium植物,但是英文名称中含有"lily"的词或词组并非都是百合,其代表的含义十分广泛,不仅包括百合科、秋海棠科、石蒜科、天南星科及人工杂交种等多种植物,而且在某些动物名称中也含有"lily"。可见,含有"lily"的英文词或词组所代表的名称和原植物较多,而且十分复杂,在文献检索以及相关研究中应注意区分。

固相微萃取气质联用测定百合(Lilium spp.)挥发性成分

运用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(SPME-GC-MS)测定百合中的挥发性成分。百合中鉴定出31种挥发性成分,主要为苯甲酸甲酯(26.6%)、3,7-二甲基-1,6-辛二烯-3-醇(14.2%)、3,4-二甲氧基甲苯(8.5%)、(Z)-3,7-二甲基-1,3,6-十八烷三烯(4.1%)和2-正戊基呋喃(3.8%)。

Effects of Substrates before and after Fermenting Treatment on the Growth,Development and Cut Flower Quality of Lily

[Objective] The aim of this study was to explore the effects of substrates before and after fermenting treatment on the growth,development and cut flower quality of lily.[Method] Oriental lily cultivar ＇Siberia＇ was taken as material to study the effect of using fermentative and unfermented agricultural waste as substrates on the growth,development and cut flower quality of lily.And the physical and chemical properties of substrates before and after fermenting treatment were studied.[Result] The full decomposition of agricultural waste would greatly improve the physical and chemical properties of substrates,such as the fermentative substrates changed to stabilization,the ratio of carbon nitrogen had dropped drastically,the total porosity was increase,the ratio of gas and water was better,and the nutrition elements was increased.Moreover,it could significantly increased the plant height,stem diameter,leaf number,leaf area,leaf fresh weight and so on,as well as expanded the lily roots and significantly improved the rate of cut flower and cut flower quality.[Conclusion] This study had provided theoretically basis for the cultivation of cut lily.

Effect of Phytohormones on Adventitious Bud Differentiation from Bulb Scales of Oriental Lily Test-tube Plantlets

[Objective] The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of differ- ent phytohormones on the adventitious bud differentiation of oriental lily. [Method] The bulb scales of the test-tube plantlets of Tiber, Rodina and Constanta were cul- tured in media supplemented with different cytokinin and auxin at different concen- tration, and then the adventitious buds in each treatment were calculated. [Result] Cytokinins had different influence on the adventitious bud differentiation of the three oriental lily cultivars. Among them, 6-BA had the best effect to induce the adventi- tious bud differentiation from bulb scales of Tiber and Rodina, but there was some difference in the optimal concentration. KT had the best effect to induce the adven- titious bud differentiation of Constanta. The auxins had little influence on the quality of the adventitious bud of the three oriental lily cultivars, but caused some difference in differentiation coefficients. [Conclusion] The most suitable media for the adventi- tious bud differentiation from bulb scales in vitro of Tiber, Rodina and Constanta were MS＋0.2 mg/L 6-BA＋0.2 mg/L 2,4-D, MS＋I.0 mg/L 6-BA＋0.2 mg/L IAA, MS＋ 1.0 mg/L KT＋0.5 mg/L 2,4-D, respectively.

对流密码LILI-128的差分故障攻击

对LILI-128算法对差分故障攻击的安全性进行了研究。攻击采用面向比特的故障模型,并结合差分分析和代数分析技术,在LILI-128算法LFSR d中注入随机的单比特故障,得到关于LILI-128算法内部状态的代数方程组,并使用Crypto MiniSAT解析器求解恢复128位初始密钥。实验结果表明,280个单比特故障注入就可以在1 min内完全恢复LILI-128全部128位密钥。因此,LILI-128密码实现安全性易遭差分故障攻击威胁,需要对加密设备进行故障攻击防御,以提高LILI-128密码实现安全性。