ELASTIC MODULUS REDUCTION METHOD FOR LIMIT LOAD EVALUATION OF FRAME STRUCTURES

A new strategy for elastic modulus adjustment is proposed based on the element bearing ratio （EBR）,and the elastic modulus reduction method （EMRM） is proposed for limit load evaluation of frame structures. The EBR is defined employing the generalized yield criterion,and the reference EBR is determined by introducing the extrema and the degree of uniformity of EBR in the structure. The elastic modulus in the element with an EBR greater than the reference one is reduced based on the linear elastic finite element analysis and the equilibrium of strain energy. The lower-bound of limit-loads of frame structures are analyzed and the numerical example demonstrates the flexibility,accuracy and effciency of the proposed method.

Limit Load Solution for Electron Beam Welded Joints with Single Edge Weld Center Crack in Tension

Limit loads are widely studied and several limit load solutions are proposed to some typical geometry of weldments.However,there are no limit load solutions exist for the single edge crack weldments in tension（SEC（T））,which is also a typical geometry in fracture analysis.The mis-matching limit load for thick plate with SEC（T） are investigated and the special limit load solutions are proposed based on the available mis-matching limit load solutions and systematic finite element analyses.The real weld configurations are simplified as a strip,and different weld strength mis-matching ratio M,crack depth/width ratio a/W and weld width 2H are in consideration.As a result,it is found that there exists excellent agreement between the limit load solutions and the FE results for almost all the mis-matching ration M,a/W and ligament-to-weld width ratio（W-a）/H.Moreover,useful recommendations are given for evaluating the limit loads of the EBW structure with SEC（T）.For the EBW joints with SEC（T）,the mis-matching limit loads can be obtained assuming that the components are wholly made of base metal,when M changing from 1.6 to 0.6.When M decreasing to 0.4,the mis-matching limit loads can be obtained assuming that the components are wholly made of base metal only for large value of（W-a）/H.The recommendations may be useful for evaluating the limit loads of the EBW structures with SEC（T）.The engineering simplifications are given for assessing the limit loads of electron beam welded structure with SEC（T）.

PLASTIC LIMIT LOAD ANALYSIS OF DEFECTIVE PIPELINES

The integrity assessment of defective pipelines represents a practically important task of structural analysis and design in various technological areas,such as oil and gas indus- try,power plant engineering and chemical factories.An iterative algorithm is presented for the kinematic limit analysis of 3-D rigid-perfectly plastic bodies.A numerical path scheme for radial loading is adopted to deal with complex multi-loading systems.The numerical procedure has been applied to carry out the plastic collapse analysis of pipelines with part-through slot under internal pressure,bending moment and axial force.The effects of various shapes and sizes of part-through slots on the collapse loads of pipelines are systematically investigated and evaluated.Some typical failure modes corresponding to different configurations of slots and loading forms are studied.

FRACTURE LIMIT LOAD OF CONE SHAPE PART IN DRAWING PROCESS

The deformation characters and load status of the blank＇s potential fracture zone are analyzed at the moment when blank is approaching to punch comer in drawing process of cone shape part. Based on tension instability theory, the formula for calculating fracture limit load of cone shape part in drawing process is derived. Also, the formula is analyzed and verified by experiment.

Limit Load Analysis of Pipes with Local Wall-thinning

The loss of metal in a pipe due to corrosion usually results in localized thinned areas with various depths and an irregular shape on its surface. In this paper, a number of numerical models of pipes with different size defects are established. The limit loads of these pipes are researched using the nonlinear finite element method. The effect of defect parameters of the local wall-thinning pipes on the limit load is discussed. The results show that limit loads decrease obviously when the depths and lengths of the defect increase. However, when the defect length reaches a certain value, the effect of defect length on limit loads is not significant. These results are compared with the results of the method of API 579. When the defect length is adequately small, the results of FEM are in good agreement with the ones of APl 579, but when the defect depth and length is adequately large, the API 579 is not suitable.

An Analysis on Limit Load for Corroded Submarine Pipelines

By means of elastic-plastic finite element analysis, a systematic nonlinear analysis of material and geometry has been carried out for submarine pipelines. A criterion for deriving limit load is studied. Based on this criterion, the limit load for corroded submarine pipelines is calculated. The corrosion length, corrosion depth and corrosion width affect the limit load. A solution to limit load is proposed and proved valid through comparison of the solution with burst test results and ASME B31G solutions.

Lateral earth pressure of granular backfills on retaining walls with expanded polystyrene geofoam inclusions under limited surcharge loading

Existing studies have focused on the behavior of the retaining wall equipped with expanded polystyrene(EPS)geofoam inclusions under semi-infinite surcharge loading rather than limited surcharge loading.In this paper,the failure mode and the earth pressure acting on the rigid retaining wall with EPS geofoam inclusions and granular backfills(henceforth referred to as EPS-wall),under limited surcharge loading are investigated through two-and three-dimensional model tests.The testing results show that different from the sliding of almost all the backfill in the EPS-wall under semi-infinite surcharge loading,only an approximately triangular backfill slides in the wall under limited surcharge loading.The distribution of the lateral earth pressure on the EPS-wall under limited surcharge loading is non-linear,and the distribution changes from the increase of the wall depth to the decrease with the increase of the limited surcharge loading.An approach based on the force equilibrium of a differential element is developed to predict the lateral earth pressure behind the EPS-wall subjected to limited surcharge loading,and its performance was fully validated by the three-dimensional model tests.

Plastic limit load analysis for pressure pipe with incomplete welding defects based on the extended Net Section Collapse Criteria

With von Mises yield criterion,the loading range of Net Section Collapse(NSC) Criteria is extended from combined tension and bending loadings to combined bending,torsion and internal pressure loadings.A new theoretical analyzing method of plastic limit load for pressure pipe with incomplete welding defects based on the extended NSC Criteria is presented and the correlative formulas are deduced,the influences of pipe curvature,circumferential length and depth of incomplete welding defects on the plastic limit load of pressure pipe are considered as well in this method.Meanwhile,according to the orthogonal experimental design method,the plastic limit loads are calculated by the finite element method and compared with the theoretical values.The results show that the expressions of plastic limit load of pressure pipe with incomplete welding defects under bending,torsion and internal pressure based on extended NSC criteria are reliable.The study provides an important theoretical basis for the establishment of safety assessment measure towards pressure pipe with incomplete welding defects.

Fatigue Life Prediction under Service Load Considering Strengthening Effect of Loads below Fatigue Limit

Lightweight design requires an accurate life prediction for structures and components under service loading histories. However, predicted life with the existing methods seems too conservative in some cases, leading to a heavy structure. Because these methods are established on the basis that load cycles would only cause fatigue damage, ignore the strengthening effect of loads. Based on Palmgren-Miner Rule （PMR）, this paper introduces a new method for fatigue life prediction under service loadings by taking into account the strengthening effect of loads below the fatigue limit. In this method, the service loadings are classified into three categories： damaging load, strengthening load and none-effect load, and the process for fatigue life prediction is divided into two stages： stage I and stage II, according to the best strengthening number of cycles. During stage I, fatigue damage is calculated considering both the strengthening and damaging effect of load cycles. While during stage II, only the damaging effect is considered. To validate this method, fatigue lives of automobile half shaft and torsion beam rear axle are calculated based on the new method and traditional methods, such as PMR and Modified Miner Rule （MMR）, and fatigue tests of the two components are conducted under service loading histories. The tests results show that the percentage errors of the predicted life with the new method to mean life of tests for the two components are –3.78% and –1.76% separately, much lesser than that with PMR and MMR. By considering the strengthening effect of loads below the fatigue limit, the new method can significantly improve the accuracy for fatigue life prediction. Thus lightweight design can be fully realized in the design stage.

A Discusion on Limited Load-Carrying Capacity of Rectangular Plates

The elastic-plastic method is often used in designing the inner flat bulkhead plates of submarines, and the upper structure of ships and drilling platforms. Such bulkhead plates can bear the load only once. For the improvement of the load-carrying capacity or the reduction of the weight of plates, the yield line analytical method is employed in this paper to design the bulkhead plate to improve economy and increase the effiective load. Besides, a further sutdy of this method has been made theoretically and experimentally, and the data of the limited load-carrying capacity of the plate have been obtained. Furthermore, the safety coefficients for such a method are presented, which can be used as reference for related departments and staffs.

含椭球腐蚀缺陷对油气管道极限载荷分析

借助Solidworks和ANSYS Workbench有限元分析软件,以单、双椭球腐蚀缺陷为研究对象,考察不同类型缺陷几何因素对管道极限载荷的影响。首先,对于单椭球缺陷,考察缺陷深度、缺陷长度、轴向夹角、长短轴比例变化对极限载荷的影响;其次,对于双椭球缺陷,考察轴向水平距离、环向相距角度变化对极限载荷的影响;最后,利用响应曲面法分析研究单腐蚀缺陷3种缺陷参数对极限载荷的影响。结果表明,对于单椭球腐蚀缺陷,由于缺陷深度、缺陷长度的增大,极限载荷逐渐降低;由于缺陷长短轴比例的减小,极限载荷逐渐降低;由于轴向角度的增大,极限载荷先减小后增大,出现极值;对于双椭球腐蚀缺陷,随着两缺陷轴向水平距离和环向角度的逐渐增大,极限载荷先减小后增大,出现极值;在单一参数中,缺陷深度对极限载荷的影响最为突出;在多参数交互作用中,缺陷长度和缺陷深度的交互作用对管道极限载荷影响最为突出。

超深井套管卡瓦效应的拉伸极限载荷理论计算

针对新疆某油田超深井井口套管悬重过大,造成卡瓦牙对套管外壁齿入损伤,且累计损伤导致卡瓦悬挂器套管断裂失效的事故频繁,提出了“卡瓦效应的拉伸极限载荷”来评价井口卡瓦悬挂器夹持部分套管的强度设计,具体为基于第三强度理论和第四强度理论,分别建立了井口卡瓦悬挂器夹持套管的“卡瓦效应拉伸极限载荷”计算模型。计算结果表明,从安全角度评价套管强度,采用第三强度理论计算卡瓦悬挂器套管的卡瓦效应拉伸极限载荷更合理,但为更充分利用材料的力学性能,应采用第四强度理论进行评价,还得到在四通有限空间内,可以保证有较大的卡瓦效应拉伸极限载荷的最佳卡瓦半锥角为23°~25°,最佳卡瓦有效接触长度为135~145 mm。研究方法和结果将为卡瓦悬挂器井口套管的强度设计、各种安全施工作业等提供理论依据。

室内人造板甲醛释放承载限量验证研究

通过实验测定不同类型的人造板在不同条件下的甲醛释放量,验证了人造板极限甲醛释放量最热月平均温度、最高月平均湿度校正系数,实际检测结果偏差为-25.7%~29.2%,基本符合温湿度校正系数换算数学模型。同时通过典型装修工程室内人造板甲醛释放量和使用量分析,以及实际室内空气甲醛含量检测,验证了人造板理论甲醛极限承载限量计算结果与实际检测结果基本相符。

配电网多端柔性互联协调控制策略

随着社会经济的快速发展和新型电力系统建设的加快推进,柔性互联逐渐成为配电网网架升级和灵活调控能力提升的重要技术手段。针对多端柔性互联系统的功率控制需求,提出了一种面向工程应用的功率协调控制策略,包括在部分馈线重载时合理分配功率的重载限制控制,以及在所有馈线重载时优化潮流分布的功率均衡控制。基于所提策略开发了柔性互联协调控制装置并应用于实际工程。基于电网真实数据的案例分析和工程实测数据验证了所提策略能够应对不同负荷/电源特性的配电网柔性互联场景,有效解决配电网中馈线重载和光伏倒送的问题,提高配电网的供电效率和安全性。

压力容器及容器-管道系统的安定载荷计算方法对比

针对压力容器及容器-管道系统的安定载荷计算,介绍了循环弹塑性分析法、下限安定定理法和双极限载荷法3种求解安定载荷方法的原理和流程。基于这3种方法,具体计算了机械载荷下厚壁圆筒和标准椭圆封头中心接管的安定载荷,以及热载荷下标准椭圆封头中心管系整体模型的安定载荷,并对比分析了3种方法的优缺点。结果表明,循环弹塑性分析法能较准确地反映结构的实际承载能力,但求解复杂、工作量最大;双极限载荷法和下限安定定理法相对于循环弹塑性分析法的最大误差均小于5%,且偏保守,双极限载荷法的计算量最小。综合考虑计算精度和工作量,在工程设计中可采用双极限载荷法;对于计算精度要求较高、周围弹性材料对最大应力点的约束能力较弱的情况,建议采用循环弹塑性分析法。

非线性加载路径下金属薄板成形极限研究进展

成形极限图是评判金属薄板局部成形能力的重要工具,研究非线性加载路径下的成形极限图对提高实际生产过程中工艺设计的合理性和板料的成形性具有重要意义。总结分析了国内外学者对非线性加载路径下金属薄板成形极限的研究进展,主要包括试验方法、理论预测模型及路径无关成形极限图3个方面。重点研究了不同试验方法的适用范围及优缺点,阐述了多种预测非线性加载路径下成形极限图的理论模型及应用实例,并归纳了当前在应变路径无关的成形极限图方面取得的研究成果。最后,从上述3个方面总结了当前更具潜力的研究方向,并对未来的发展趋势以及面临的困难和挑战进行了展望。

强夯动荷载作用方向对黄土边坡稳定性的影响分析

为进一步研究强夯对周边黄土边坡稳定性的影响,采用极限平衡圆弧条分法对强夯作用下的边坡安全系数进行推导计算。结合工程实例,使用TC-4850爆破测振仪对现场监测点进行加速度测试。考虑高程差和测点距离的共同影响,采用MATLAB编程对现场数据进行多元回归分析,求出强夯作用下边坡质点振动加速度解析式。在求得最小安全系数的基础上,研究不同强夯动荷载方向对黄土边坡稳定性的影响。研究结果表明:在相同荷载作用下,强夯动荷载方向与水平轴正方向夹角为0°、45°、60°、270°、315°、330°、360°时,安全系数均小于等于1.00,且随着拟静力系数不断增大,安全系数越来越小。强夯动荷载方向与水平轴正方向夹角为90°、135°、150°、180°、225°、240°时,安全系数均大于1.05。随着拟静力系数不断增大,安全系数也随之增大。该方法简单易行,便于计算,可用于黄土边坡实际工程。

桥梁承载能力多水准可靠度评定方法

为在中国桥梁评定规范中引入“保守设计,非保守评定”的思想,提出一种“新-旧桥”两水准可靠度评定方法.对比分析了中、美桥梁评定规范分析检算公式、评定可靠指标和分项系数的异同,并将美国规范通过折减活载分项系数调整评定可靠度的方法引入中国规范中.首先提出了将新桥设计可靠指标折减0.5作为旧桥评定可靠指标的方法,之后通过一次二阶矩方法对不同受力形式、不同荷载运营状况的评定活载分项系数进行校准,给出了“新桥1.4,旧桥1.2”的评定活载分项系数取值建议,最后通过一个RC简支T梁桥评定算例验证了方法的可行性.结果显示,所提出评定方法与规范方法相比最不利需求能力比降低了0.07,实现了在役旧桥的非保守评定.

带切向接管内压圆筒的极限承载能力计算

针对压力容器切向接管开孔结构存在较大结构不连续性、易产生较高局部应力、目前没有适用的圆柱壳切向接管结构常规设计方法的问题,采用极限载荷分析方法,探讨不同切向接管无量纲结构参数(直径比do/Di≤0.3、径厚比Di/T≤125、厚度比t/T≤1.75)对承压圆柱壳体极限承载能力的影响,并定义了基于无接管壳体的强度削弱系数。结果表明,这3个因素都对圆柱壳切向接管结构的强度具有显著影响,当do/Di和Di/T增大、t/T减小时,强度削弱系数增大,意味着切向接管对圆柱壳的强度削弱程度增大。在大量计算结果基础上,对强度削弱系数进行回归分析,得到了回归方程,为带切向接管内压圆筒结构的强度设计提供参考。

地震与墙顶荷载作用下加筋桥台稳定性极限分析

与传统桥台相比,加筋桥台结构轻便、造价经济、抗震性能优越,然而国内规范缺少针对地震与墙顶荷载共同作用下加筋桥台稳定性的计算方法。基于极限分析上限定理,本文对地震与墙顶荷载同时作用下整体式面板加筋桥台的安全系数进行计算分析,研究地震加速度系数、筋材强度与间距、墙顶荷载等因素对加筋桥台稳定性的影响。结果表明:墙顶荷载作用下,水平地震加速度系数由0增大到0.4时,安全系数降低约10%。竖向地震惯性力向下时安全系数小于向上时的安全系数;安全系数随筋材竖向间距的增大而减小,当筋材竖向间距小于墙高的5%时减小趋势明显;当筋材长度超过墙高的70%后,长度对安全系数的影响减弱,仅当筋材设计强度超过20 kN/m、筋材竖向间距小于0.2 m时安全系数出现增大趋势;安全系数随墙顶荷载的增大呈倒V形分布,当墙顶荷载为2倍墙体自重时安全系数取得最大值。