On Limitation of Action against Acts of Continuous Infringement of Trademark Right

The right to claim for damages for infringement is of the character of credit and an object of limitation of action. In case of trademark right infringement, the provision on limitation of action of the General Principles of the Civil Law also apply to the trademark proprietor's right to claim for damages for infringement.……

Enhanced measurement precision with continuous interrogation during dynamical decoupling

Dynamical decoupling(DD)is normally ineffective when applied to DC measurement.In its straightforward implementation,DD nulls out DC signal as well while suppressing noise.This work proposes a phase relay method that is capable of continuously interrogating the DC signal over many DD cycles.We illustrate its efficacy when applied to the measurement of a weak DC magnetic field with an atomic spinor Bose-Einstein condensate.Sensitivities approaching standard quantum limit or Heisenberg limit are potentially realizable for a coherent spin state or a squeezed spin state of 10000 atoms,respectively,while ambient laboratory level noise is suppressed by DD.Our work offers a practical approach to mitigate the limitations of DD to DC measurement and would find other applications for resorting coherence in quantum sensing and quantum information processing research.

Inverse Limit of Spaces of Upper Semicontinuous Functions

Given a compact Hausdorff space X, U(X) denotes the compact Hausdorff space of all the upper semicontinuous functions from X to the unit interval with the dual lim inf topology. Then U is an endofunctor on compact Hausdorff space. It is proved in this note that this functor preserves inverse limits.

Degradation process assessment of prestressed concrete continuous bridges in life-cycle

To accurately evaluate the degradation process of prestressed concrete continuous bridges exposed to aggressive environments in life-cycle,a finite element-based approach with respect to the lifetime performance assessment of concrete bridges was proposed.The existing assessment methods were firstly introduced and compared.Some essential mechanics problems involved in the degradation process,such as the deterioration of materials properties,the reduction of sectional areas and the variation of overall structural performance caused by the first two problems,were investigated and solved.A computer program named CBDAS(Concrete Bridge Durability Analysis System) was written to perform the above-metioned approach.Finally,the degradation process of a prestressed concrete continuous bridge under chloride penetration was discussed.The results show that the concrete normal stress for serviceability limit state exceeds the threshold value after 60 a,but the various performance indicators at ultimate limit state are consistently in the allowable level during service life.Therefore,in the case of prestressed concrete bridges,the serviceability limit state is more possible to have durability problems in life-cycle;however,the performance indicators at ultimate limit state can satisfy the requirements.

Characterizing Continuous dcpos by Liminf Convergence of Filters

It is proved in this note that,under a mild assumption,a dcpo L is continuous if and only if the liminf convergence on L is topological.

ON THE CHOICES OF ACCELERATING CONVERGENCE FACTORS FOR LIMIT PERIODIC CONTINUED FRACTION K(an/1)

There are many accelerating convergence factors (ACFs) for limit periodic continued fraction K(an/1)(an→a≠0). In this paper, some characteristics and comparative theorems are ob tained on ACFs. Two results are given for most frequently used ACFs.

Steel Design by Advanced Analysis: Material Modeling and Strain Limits

Structural analysis of steel frames is typically performed using beam elements. Since these elements are unable to explicitly capture the local buckling behavior of steel cross-sections, traditional steel design specifications use the concept of cross-section classification to determine the extent to which the strength and deformation capacity of a cross-section are affected by local buckling. The use of plastic design methods are restricted to Class 1 cross-sections, which possess sufficient rotation capacity for plastic hinges to develop and a collapse mechanism to form. Local buckling prevents the development of plastic hinges with such rotation capacity for cross-sections of higher classes and, unless computationally demanding shell elements are used, elastic analysis is required. However, this article demonstrates that local buckling can be mimicked effectively in beam elements by incorporating the continuous strength method (CSM) strain limits into the analysis. Furthermore, by performing an advanced analysis that accounts for both geometric and material nonlinearities, no additional design checks are required. The positive influence of the strain hardening observed in stocky cross-sections can also be harnessed, provided a suitably accurate stress–strain relationship is adopted;a quad-linear material model for hot-rolled steels is described for this purpose. The CSM strain limits allow cross-sections of all slenderness to be analyzed in a consistent advanced analysis framework and to benefit from the appropriate level of load redistribution. The proposed approach is applied herein to individual members, continuous beams, and frames, and is shown to bring significant benefits in terms of accuracy and consistency over current steel design specifications.

THE AUTOMATIC GENERATION OF LIMIT STATE FUNCTION OF HINGED STRUCTURE

In this paper, the theorem of structure continual variation of truss structure in the analysis of structure reliability is derived, and it is used to generate limit state function automatically. We can avoid repeated assembly of global stiffness matrix and repeated inverse operations of the matrix caused by constant changes of structure topology. A new criterion of degenerate of the structure into mechanism is introduced. The calculation examples are satisfactory.

Effect of Thermal Conductivity of Tube-Wall on Blow-Off Limit of a Micro-Jet Methane Diffusion Flame

The operating range of the flow rate or flow velocity for the micro-jet flame is quite wide,which can be used as the heat source.In order to optimize the micro-jet tube combustor in terms of the solid material,the present paper numerically investigates the impact of thermal conductivity(λs)on the operating limit of micro-jet flame.Unexpectedly,the non-monotonic blow-off limits with the increase ofλs is found,and the corresponding generation mechanisms are analyzed in terms of the thermal coupling effect,flow field,and strain effect.At first,the lower preheating temperature of the fuel and larger heat loss amount to the environment lead to a larger blow-off limit at a largerλs.After that,the smaller local flow velocity in the vicinity of flame root and smaller strain effect slightly increase the blow-off limit with the continuously increasingλs.Therefore,it is deduced that the applied performance of micro-jet combustor with a smaller thermal conductivity is better in terms of the blow-off limit.

Analysis of Trading Volume Behavior Under Continuous Double Auction Mechanism in Limit Order Markets

In this paper, we develop a theoretical model to describe the dynamics of the trading volume under continuous double auction mechanism in limit order markets. We examine the formation process and statistical properties （including the mean, wriance, and realized value） of the buy side cumulative trading volume, sell side cumulative trading volume and total cumulative volume under continuous double auction mechanism by means of mathematical modeling based on Poisson process of order flows, and do some corresponding numerical simulations and comparative statics on the factors that would influence these three volumes aforementioned. The results indicate that these three volumes are all influenced by the factors including the arrival rate of orders, demands of each order, proportional structure between buy and sell orders, executed probability and time interval we examined. And our established theoretical model can well capture the dynamics of these three volumes under continuous double auction mechanism in limit order markets when all these factors interact.

Effects of calculation approaches for thermal conductivity on the simulation accuracy of billet continuous casting

An unsteady, two-dimensional, explicitly solved fmite difference heat transfer model of a billet caster was presented to clarify the influence of the thermal conductivity of steel on model accuracy. Different approaches were utilized for calculating the thermal conductivity of solid, mushy and liquid steels. Model results predicted by these approaches were compared, and the advantages of advocated approaches were discussed. It is found that the approach for calculating the thermal conductivity of solid steel notably influences model predictions. Convection effects of liquid steel should be considered properly while calculating the thermal conductivity of mushy steel. Different values of the effective thermal conductivity of liquid steel adopted could partly be explained by the fact that different models adopted dissimilar ap- proaches for calculating the thermal conductivity of solid and mushy steels.

Modeling and Dynamic Analysis of Fractional-Order Buck Converter in Continuous Conduction Mode

According to the fact that the actual inductor and actual capacitor are fractional, the mathematical and state-space averaging models of fractional order Buck converters in continuous conduction mode(CCM) are constructed by using fractional calculus theory. Firstly, the parameter conditions that ensure that the converter working in CCM is given and transfer functions are derived. Also, the inductor current and the output voltage are analyzed. Then the difference between the mathematical model and the circuit model are analyzed, and the effect of fractional order is studied by comparing the integer order with fractional order model. Finally, the dynamic behavior of the current-controlled Buck converter is investigated. Simulation experiments are achieved via the use of Matlab/Simulink. The experimental results verify the correctness of theoretical analysis, the order should be taken as a significant parameter. When the order is taken as a bifurcation parameter, the dynamic behavior of the converter will be affected and bifurcation points will be changed as order varies.

Effects of Multi-Stage Continuous Drought on Photosynthetic Characteristics, Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat

A drought event can cause entire crops to fail or yield loss.In order to study the effects of continuous drought on photosynthetic characteristics,yield,and water use efficiency(WUE)of winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.),the winter wheat variety“Aikang 58”was selected as test material with controlling the water of the pot-planted winter wheat under a mobile rainout shelter.Based on foot planting and safe wintering,winter wheat was evaluated under different drought conditions,including light,moderate and severe drought at the jointing(B),heading(C),and filling(G)stages.The soil water content was controlled in a range of 60%to 70%,50%to 60%,and 40%to 50%of the field capacity,respectively.In the experiment,there were 9 single-stage droughts,3 three-stage droughts,and 1 test control(totaling 13 trials).The results are as follows:Under a single-stage drought,the change of net photosynthetic rate(Pn)and stomatal conductance(Gs)have similar trends,and they both decrease significantly with the severity of the drought.Under three-stage continuous droughts,the change curve of Gs shows a constant downward trend;the change curve of Pn showed a“valley shape,”and the minimum value of Pn appeared at the heading stage.All droughts will reduce the yield of winter wheat.Under the three-stage continuous drought conditions,except for light drought,moderate drought and severe drought will cause significant yield reduction,mainly due to lack of water at the jointing and heading stages.Continuous drought will reduce the WUE,and the difference will reach a significant level under moderate and severe drought.The present results suggested that when water resources are scarce,it is a better irrigation model to save water and achieve high grain yield by applying appropriate water stress(60%–70%FC)during the critical growth period of winter wheat.

The Continuation Power Flow Considering Both Generator Excitation Current Limits and Armature Current Limits

在传统连续潮流算法中,发电机无功限制采用定上、下限值来处理,随着有功负荷增加,无功限值通常不变,得到的电压稳定裕度偏大。根据同步发电机的无功出力特性,提出同时计及发电机励磁电流约束和电枢电流约束的连续潮流模型和方法。当相应参数越限时,将发电机节点转换为励磁恒定模型或者电枢电流恒定模型进行计算。所提PV、PEq、PIa节点类型双向转换逻辑可在潮流迭代内进行发电机限制模式的转换,模拟实际系统无功能力的变化。分岔点类型识别模块可以识别崩溃点类型及关键约束。通过新英格兰39节点算例的仿真,证明所提算法是有效的。

Microstructure and properties of Cu-0.6Cr alloy after vacuum continuous casting

To promote the solution of chromium in copper and the purity of copper-chromium(Cu-Cr) alloy,vacuum continuous casting(VCC) process was employed to fabricate the Cu-Cr alloy required for electrode material. Cu-0.6Cr(containing 0.6%(mass fraction) chromium) alloy bar with a diameter of 12 mm was cast with a constant rate of 250 mm/min. The microstructure,mechanical properties,and physical properties were discussed. After solid solution strengthening and aging treatments,Cu-0.6Cr alloy fabricated by VCC process has higher tensile strength(σ≥314 MPa),elongation rate(δ≥34%),conductivity(≥80.5% IACS),and hardness(80 HRB) compared to the as-cast alloy.

A discrete KdV equation hierarchy:continuous limit, diverse exact solutions and their asymptotic state analysis

In this paper, a discrete KdV equation that is related to the famous continuous KdV equation is studied. First, an integrable discrete KdV hierarchy is constructed, from which several new discrete KdV equations are obtained. Second, we correspond the first several discrete equations of this hierarchy to the continuous KdV equation through the continuous limit. Third, the generalized(m, 2N-m)-fold Darboux transformation of the discrete KdV equation is established based on its known Lax pair. Finally, the diverse exact solutions including soliton solutions, rational solutions and mixed solutions on non-zero seed background are obtained by applying the resulting Darboux transformation, and their asymptotic states and physical properties such as amplitude, velocity, phase and energy are analyzed. At the same time, some soliton solutions are numerically simulated to show their dynamic behaviors. The properties and results obtained in this paper may be helpful to understand some physical phenomena described by KdV equations.

Preparation and 3D printing of high-thermal-conductivity continuous mesophase-pitch-based carbon fiber/epoxy composites

To meet the requirements of spacecraft for the thermal conductivity of resins and solve the problem of low thermal conduction efficiency when 3D printing complex parts,we propose a new type of continuous mesophase-pitch-based carbon fiber/thermoplastic polyurethane/epoxy(CMPCF/TPU/epoxy)composite filament and its preparation process in this study.The composite filament is based on the high thermal conductivity of CMPCF,the high elasticity of TPU,and the high-temperature resistance of epoxy.The tensile strength and thermal conductivity of the CMPCF/TPU/epoxy composite filament were tested.The CMPCF/TPU/epoxy composites are formed by 3D printing technology,and the composite filament is laid according to the direction of heat conduction so that the printed part can meet the needs of directional heat conduction.The experimental results show that the thermal conductivity of the printed sample is 40.549 W/(m·K),which is 160 times that of pure epoxy resin(0.254 W/(m·K)).It is also approximately 13 times better than that of polyacrylonitrile carbon fiber/epoxy(PAN-CF/epoxy)composites.This study breaks through the technical bottleneck of poor printability of CMPCF.It provides a new method for achieving directional thermal conductivity printing,which is important for the development of complex high-performance thermal conductivity products.

非接触电导检测土壤养分离子的谱峰自动识别方法

[目的/意义]电容耦合非接触式电导检测(Capacitively Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection,C4D)在农业土壤养分离子检测方面发挥着重要作用。对C4D信号中离子特征峰的有效识别,有利于后续对离子特征峰的定性和定量分析,为加强农业土壤养分管理提供依据。然而,C4D信号的特征峰检测仍然存在无法自动精准识别、人工操作复杂、效率低等缺点。[方法]提出一种基于连续小波变换结合粒子群优化(Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO)和最大类间方差法(Otsu)的谱峰自动识别算法,旨在实现准确、高效、自动化的C4D信号峰识别。采用C4D检测样品溶液,得到离子谱图信号,对谱图信号进行连续小波变换,得到小波变换系数矩阵。通过搜索小波系数变换系数矩阵极值,识别出脊线和谷线。将小波系数矩阵转换为灰度图像,结合PSO和Otsu寻找最佳阈值,进一步对灰度图像的背景和目标分割,再结合原始谱图中的脊谷线识别谱图中的特征峰。[结果与讨论]测试含有41、61和102个峰的数据集,以受试者工作特性(Receiver Operating Characteristic,ROC)曲线和度量值作为评估峰值检测算法性能的准则。与其他方法相比,基于连续小波变换结合粒子群优化的最大类间方差法分割图像(Continuous Wavelet Transform C.ombined with Particle Swarm Optimization of Otsu to Segment Image,CWTSPSO)的谱峰自动识别算法的ROC曲线均保持在0.9以上,度量值分别为0.976、0.915和0.969。CWTSPSO能够有效检测出更多弱峰和重叠峰,同时检测出更少的假峰,有利于提升C4D信号的谱峰识别率和精准性。[结论]本研究提出的CWTSPSO能为非接触式电导检测农业土壤养分离子信号分析提供有力支持。

基于等效刚度阻尼系统的中低速磁浮列车与大跨度桥梁耦合振动响应分析

针对中低速磁浮列车与大跨度连续梁桥的耦合动力响应问题,本文基于等效刚度阻尼系统建立多编组磁浮列车模型;基于国内在建磁浮专线连续梁桥(35m+55m+35m),采用ANSYS中实体单元建立全桥模型.并将两个独立系统在SIMPACK进行车桥耦合,设定车重参数分别为空载、定员和超载,且列车按单线和双线工况运行,计算耦合系统的动力响应.结果表明,本文建立的列车模型受到轨道激励时,磁浮间隙在额定范围内浮动,即等效刚度阻尼系统有良好的控制效果;车辆磁浮间隙的变化量、车体竖向加速度与车重成反比,而磁浮力与车重成正比;在计算工况下,桥梁主跨及边跨的竖向位移均满足设计要求的限值,双线列车超载运行桥梁跨中最大位移仅为4.503mm.说明连续梁桥具有较大的刚度,能满足磁浮车辆安全运行的要求;对比列车单双线运行,主跨跨中的竖向位移最大值后者达到前者两倍,而边跨位移的最大值后者仅比前者增大70%,表明双线列车对开运行对桥梁的动力响应存在增大效应.相关研究成果对磁浮线路建设有一定参考意义.

连续时间完全-限定(K=2)两级轮询系统性能分析

为了实现区分网络优先级、保证公平性、提高普通站点的性能和效率,在完全-限定(K=1)两级轮询控制系统模型的基础上,提出连续时间完全-限定(K=2)两级轮询控制系统模型。在该模型中,使用限定(K=2)服务和完全服务分别对普通站点和中心站点进行服务。中心站点转换到普通站点进行服务时,使用捎带查询方式。在此基础上,采用马尔可夫链和概率母函数的数学方法建立该轮询系统模型,并推导平均排队队长和时延。利用MATLAB进行仿真实验,结果表明:理论值与仿真值误差较小,验证了理论分析的正确性;与门限-完全服务模型相比,该模型中心站点的队长和时延均小于门限-完全服务中心站点的队长和时延,具有更高的优先级;与一级完全服务和一级限定(K=2)服务模型相比,区分了优先级,性能分别提升11.7%和14.5%,说明两级服务远好于一级服务;与完全-限定(K=1)两级服务模型相比,增加了发送的数据,减少了等待时间,性能提升13.04%左右,进一步优化了普通站点的性能。