Current Sharing Temperature Test and Simulation with GANDALF Code for ITER PF2 Conductor Sample

Cable-in-conduit conductor （CICC） conductor sample of the PF2 coil for ITER was tested in the SULTAN facility. According to the test results, the CICC conductor sample exhibited a stable performance regarding the current sharing temperature. Under the typical operational conditions of a current of 45 kA, a magnetic field of 4 T and a temperature of 5 K for PF2, the test result for the conductor current sharing temperature is 6.71 K, with a temperature margin of 1.71 K. For a comparison thermal-hydraulic analysis of the PF2 conductor was carried out using GANDALF code in a 1-D model, and the result is consistent with the test one.

Research on corona discharge suppression of high-voltage direct-current transmission lines based on dielectric-film-covered conductor

Corona discharge suppression for high-voltage direct-current(HVDC)transmission lines at line terminals such as converter stations is a subject that requires attention.In this paper,a method based on a conductor covered with dielectric film is proposed and implemented through a bench-scale setup.Compared with the bare conductor,the corona discharge suppression effect of the dielectric-film-covered conductor under positive polarity is studied from the composite field strength and ion current density using a line-plate experimental device.The influences of film thickness and film material on the corona discharge suppression effect are investigated.The charge accumulation and dissipation characteristics of different film materials are also studied.The results show that the conductor covered with dielectric film has excellent ability to inhibit corona discharge.The ground-level composite field strength of the conductor covered with dielectric film is lower than its nominal field strength,and its ion current density is at the nA m^(−2) level.The corona threshold voltage can be promoted by increasing the film thickness,but the ability to inhibit corona discharge becomes weak.The larger the surface electric field strength,the more charge accumulated,but the faster the charge dissipation rate.Compared with polyvinyl chloride film,cross-linked polyethylene film has stronger charge accumulation ability and slower charge dissipation rate,which can better restrain the corona discharge of HVDC transmission lines.

兼顾电缆线路效率和可靠性的载流量动态阈值研究

针对当前配电网电缆为了运行可靠性,多采用较低载流量的固定阈值方法,电缆利用率低的问题,本文提出了一种载流量动态阈值的方法。该方法从理论上研究电缆线路载流量与导体温度的关系,通过实际运行的电缆工程的实测数据量化电缆载流量与导体温度的函数关系,并测定电缆线路的基准阈值,以此实现线路的阈值动态化计算。算法应用于智能电缆测控系统的动态阈值监测功能模块,线路所得实际运行数据验证了本方法的有效性。

基于光纤传感稳态热容平衡模型的架空线路导线温度监测

架空线路温度监测过程中,受环境温度、日照等因素的影响,导致其监测数据失真,降低监测准确度。提出基于光纤传感器的架空线路导线温度监测方法。建立架空线路导线的稳态热容平衡模型,分析影响导线温度相关因素。通过光纤温度传感器得到热膨胀的反应系数,计算求得光纤布拉格光栅对温度变化的灵敏度系数,构建传感稳态热平衡方程。结合环境温度、风速和日照辐射等参数,利用导线温升公式计算出传感导线各部位热阻值,获得相对应温度监测数据,实现架空线路导线温度监测。实验结果表明,所提方法在不影响线路正常运行情况下,实验测得导线上表面、侧方位和下表面的温度分别为27.8℃、26.6℃和23.4℃,温度监测准确,误差小。

基于鲸鱼优化算法的架空导线温度计算方法

架空导线运行温度是电网系统的重要监测参数。文章提出一种基于鲸鱼优化算法(whaleoptimization algorithm,WOA)的架空导线温度计算方法。将架空导线温度值作为鲸鱼位置,利用IEEE标准计算对应的载流量,将其和额定载流量的差值作为适应度函数,通过迭代求解最优鲸鱼位置,作为最终的温度值计算结果。利用IEEE标准所提供的计算样例对所提方法进行有效性验证。实验对比WOA、粒子群优化算法(particleswarm optimization,PSO)和灰狼优化算法(grey wolf optimizer,GWO)3种启发式算法的性能,结果表明WOA算法的准确率相比PSO和GWO更高,对100组温度值计算结果的平均误差仅为0.00001℃,误差和仅为0.000982℃;同时WOA算法的运行时间更短,综合性能最优。

城市轨道交通柔性悬挂导线组成及载流量分析

城市轨道交通柔性架空接触网的导线组成应系统性考虑载流量需求、载流温升、导线磨耗、系统最高计算温度、组合导线电流分配系数等因素的影响,设计过程中需结合实际工况对持续载流量进行计算校验。本文对柔性接触网导体选择的影响因素进行了理论分析,并对不同导线组成的载流量进行计算校验。结果表明,不同导线组成方案其电流分配系数和载流能力利用率不同,接触网系统的最高计算温度的选取对其载流能力影响较为明显。根据计算结果对城市轨道交通柔性架空接触网的导线组成和计算条件提出相应建议,为城市轨道交通柔性架空接触网设计提供参考。

Test and Analysis of China's First Short Conductor Sample for ITER Toroidal Field Coils

In the flamework of the ITER qualification tests, the first China TF conductor sample （CNTF1） was tested at the SULTAN facility. The sample was made of two TF conductor sections manufactured from identical internal stannum strands provided by the Oxford ~upercon- cluctlng technology company （OST）. In order to evaluate the conductor performance, the current sharing temperature （Tcs） was measured at specified electromagnetic load cycling steps. Both conductor sections of the CNTF1 sample showed identical performance. Tcs was 7.2 K before cycling loading, and 6.9 K even after 950 cycles, without significant degradation, which substan- tially exceeds the ITER requirement of 5.7 K. The tests of the CNTF1 conductor sample showed that the electromagnetic cyclic load exhibited a negligible effect on the conductor performance. The coupling time constant 0 for AC loss was 214 ms and 71.52 nrs before and after the cycling load. respectively. The test results of the sample are compared with the strand performance and parameter model analysis.

Implementation of Dynamic Line Rating in a Sub-Transmission System for Wind Power Integration

Based on conventional static line rating method, the actual current carrying capability of overhead conductors cannot be judged. Due to continuous increment in electricity demand and the difficulties associated with new line constructions, the overhead lines are therefore required to be rated based on a method that should establish their real-time capability in terms of electricity transmission. The method used to determine the real-time ampacity of overhead conductors not only can enhance their transmission capacity but can also help in allowing excessive renewable generation in the electricity network. In this research work, the issues related to analyzing an impact of wind power on periodical loading of overhead line as well as finding its static and dynamic ampacities with line current are investigated in detail. Moreover, the investigation related to finding a suitable location for the construction of a 60 MW wind farm is taken on board. Thereafter, the wind park is integrated with a regional grid, owned by Fortum Distribution AB. In addition to that, the electricity generated from the wind park is also calculated in this project. Later on, the work is devoted to finding the static and dynamic line ratings for “VL3” overhead conductor by using IEEE-738-2006 standard. Furthermore, the project also deals with finding the line current and making its comparison with maximum capacity of overhead conductor (VL3) for loading it in such a way that no any violation of safe ground clearance requirements is observed at all. Besides, the line current, knowing the conductor temperature when it transmits the required electricity in the presence of wind power generation is also an important factor to be taken into consideration. Therefore, based on real-time ambient conditions with actual line loading and with the help of IEEE-738-2006 standard, the conductor temperature is also calculated in this project. At the end, an economic analysis is performed to evaluate the financial advantages related to applying the dynamic line ratings approach in place of traditional static line ratings technique across an overhead conductor (VL3) and to know how much beneficial it is to temporarily postpone the rebuilding and/or construction of a new transmission line. Furthermore, an economic analysis related to wind power system is taken into consideration as well to get familiar with the costs related to building and connecting a 60 MW wind farm with the regional grid.

架空线路非接触式动态容量监测系统分析及应用

针对架空线路非接触式动态容量监测系统进行分析。该系统通过散热指数监测仪将采集的有关散热指数环境数据等信息以无线方式发送到主站进行分析计算,将线路散热指数环境数据及动态容量等信息经用户系统提供给用户,实现对导线温度及动态容量的实时测量。该系统可进一步实现运行方式决策辅助、事故紧急状态保供电、线夹发热线路的负荷控制及对跨越物安全距离不足的负荷控制等,从而实现线路送电能力的数字化、精益化,最大限度提升输电设备的经济效益。该系统测量精准,结构简单,传感器数量少,且无需停电安装维护,具有广泛的适用性。

导体温度对低压动力电缆电阻的影响

对低压动力电缆选择计算中容易忽视的要点进行了探讨、分析,指出了导体阻抗计算中直流电阻和交流电阻的关系,强调了应根据电气保护校核电缆截面;以炼化企业常用的交流聚乙烯绝缘电缆为例,给出了电缆导体最高允许温度、建议的实际工作温度;同时介绍了一种短路时导体假设计算温度的计算方式,并通过计算,给出了低压回路动力电缆短路时导体假设计算温度和电阻值的变化趋势。

架空输电线路允许电流自动切改技术设计及应用

针对人工手动逐路次修改架空输电线路允许电流存在耗时长、强度大、精度低的问题,提出了一种架空输电线路允许电流智能切改技术,包括人工一键切改和基于环境温度变化自动切改两种方法。重点介绍了架空输电线路允许电流自动切改功能的设计及应用,为提升架空输电线路允许电流切改质效和电网安全供电能力提供了理论基础,经过在某供电公司实际应用,验证了本文所提方法的正确性和有效性,能够大幅缩短架空输电线路允许电流切改用时、降低作业人员劳动强度,有效避免停限电情况的发生。

Numerical analysis on the current-sharing temperature of LTS/HTS hybrid conductor

The research of LTS/HTS hybrid conductor is a more recent topic in superconducting domain,and the current-sharing temperature is a key parameter to identify the characteristic of superconducting material.In this paper,based on the power-law model,the current-sharing temperatures for LTS and HTS were calculated respectively,and the calculated results have a good agreement with the existing equation results.The current-sharing temperature of a LTS/HTS hybrid superconducting conductor was numerically calculated.The calculated result of hybrid conductor shows that its current-sharing temperature can increase at least 0.2 K compared with typical LTS conductor with the same normalized transport current,so that the stability of this hybrid conductor is better than typical LTS supercondutor.It indicates that this LTS/HTS hybrid conductor as the substitutes of low-temperature superconductor,will have a wide application prospect and talent commercial value.

35 kV聚丙烯绝缘电缆的温度特性研究

聚丙烯(PP)绝缘材料的熔点为160℃左右,高于交联聚乙烯(XLPE)熔点,电缆运行温度由90℃提高至105℃时,电缆载流量可提高10%以上,从而提高电缆的传输容量。本工作针对中压PP绝缘电缆进行温度特性技术研究,在型式试验中导体温度为110~115℃,顺利通过型式试验的电气试验;为验证热塑性PP绝缘电缆短路时产生的高温对绝缘的破坏程度,对PP绝缘电缆的进行热稳定试验,试验结果表明,通过导体热稳定试验、金属屏蔽热稳定试验、动态稳定试验后,PP缆芯无可见损坏。

输电线路实时增容技术的理论计算与应用研究

电力系统可采用实时增容技术来提高现有输电线路的输送载流量,实现对导线温度、环境温度、风速等因素的实时监测,从而在不改变现行技术规程规定的前提下动态调整输送载流量。为此,建立了输电线路暂态运行方程,给出了导线允许温度与弧垂变化的关系式,并分析了导线允许温度、环境温度、风速、日照强度等因素对线路输送载流量的影响。研究结果表明:环境温度较低(<10°C)时,提高导线允许温度对输送载流量的影响不大(11%);环境温度较高(>30°C)时,提高导线允许温度对输送载流量的影响较大(22.7%);而环境温度和风速对输送载流量的影响要远远大于导线允许温度的影响。运行结果表明:实时增容技术可有效提高现有输电线路的输送载流量(>50%),它比静态增容技术更有效。

架空输电线路导线弧垂在线监测误差分析及方法比较

架空输电线路的导线弧垂是反映线路安全运行的重要参数,也是输电线路在线监测和动态增容需要重点关注的状态量之一。为了实时掌握输电线路的运行状态,国内外非常重视导线弧垂的在线监测,也形成了几种比较成熟的监测方法。笔者立足于国内外实际应用情况,重点对导线温度、张力以及倾角传感器监测弧垂的测量精度在理论上和应用上进行了分析和比较研究。在传感器精度足够高的前提下,研究结果表明3种方法监测弧垂的误差都在4%以内,其中张力传感器法误差最小达1%,3种方法都能满足工程要求。

直流输电线路对地磁场观测的影响

随着特高压直流输电工程的建设,直流输电线路对地磁台站地磁观测的影响是目前迫切需要解决的问题。基于地磁观测仪器的工作原理,分析了直流线路影响地磁观测的原因,认为直流线路上承载电流产生的磁场附加到仪器观测的空间磁场导致了对地磁观测的干扰。根据线路电流流动方向、线路和地磁台站的相对位置,研究了直流线路影响地磁观测的特点。建立了无限大均匀土壤和分层土壤情况下的入地电流磁场计算模型和极导线电流磁场模型,计算了不同距离点处的磁场幅值。分析结果表明,直流线路主要影响地磁Z分量的观测,具体影响幅度和线路不平衡电流大小有关。在计直流线路对地磁观测的干扰时,可不考虑大地土壤情况以及入地电流在大地内的传播情况。

OPPC线芯温度的分布式布里渊散射光纤传感技术

建立了测量光纤复合架空相线(OPPC)线芯温度的分布式布里渊散射光纤传感系统。针对OPPC以及50km的光纤测量距离,在人工覆冰室和室外分别进行了温度精度测量和温度分布测量试验,利用卷扬机给OPPC增加拉力,进行了OPPC线芯应力和表面应力分布测量试验,测量了布里渊散射频率的变化。结果证明:所建系统的温度测量精度可达2℃,布里渊散射频率与温度变化呈较好的线性关系;OPPC线芯光纤不能感知OPPC受到的拉力,此时无需对温度进行应力修正;敷设在OPPC表面的光缆可以满足工程测量OPPC应力的需求。

动态提高输电线路输送容量技术的导线温度模型

现有检测导线温度的方法存在计算困难、精度偏低且不稳定等问题。导线的温度除了受负荷影响外,还受风、日照等气候条件的影响,并且与导线张力也有关系。文中通过现场试验,研究了导线温度与负荷、导线张力及气候等因素的关系,并将非线性问题转化为线性问题,通过统计学的回归方法,建立了多因素共同决定的导线温度数学模型。对一条已安装动态提高输电线路输送容量(DLR)系统的110kV线路的现场运行数据进行了分析验算,验证了该方法计算导线温度的有效性和实用性,同时也说明文中建立的数学模型能够较准确地描述线路运行参数与气象条件变化之间的关系,对研究线路的运行参数和运行状态具有指导意义。