Minimization of Electric Power Losses on 132 kV and 220 kV Uganda Electricity Transmission Lines

The classical minimization of power losses in transmission lines is dominated by artificial intelligence techniques, which do not guarantee global optimum amidst local minima. Revolutionary and evolutionary techniques are encumbered with sophisticated transformations, which weaken the techniques. Power loss minimization is crucial to the efficient design and operation of power transmission lines. Minimization of losses is one way to meet steady grid supply, especially at peak demand. Thus, this paper has presented a gradient technique to obtain optimal variables and values from the power loss model, which efficiently minimizes power losses by modifying the traditional power loss model that combines Ohm and Corona losses. Optimality tests showed that the unmodified model does not support the minimization of power losses on transmission lines as the Hessian matrix portrayed the maximization of power losses. However, the modified model is consistent with the gradient method of optimization, which yielded optimum variables and values from the power loss model developed in this study. The unmodified (modified) models for Bujagali-Kawanda 220 kV and Masaka West-Mbarara North 132 kV transmission lines in Uganda showed maximum power losses of 0.406 (0.391) and 0.452 (0.446) kW/km/phase respectively. These results indicate that the modified model is superior to the unmodified model in minimizing power losses in the transmission lines and should be implemented for the efficient design and operation of power transmission lines within and outside Uganda for the same transmission voltages.

Security-constrained line loss minimization in distribution systems with high penetration of renewable energy using UPFC

Focused on the challenges raised by the largescale integration of renewable energy resources and the urgent goal of energy saving,a novel control scheme for the unified power flow controller(UPFC)series converter is proposed to achieve line loss reduction and security enhancement in distribution systems with a high penetration of renewable energy.Firstly,the line loss minimum conditions of a general distribution system with loop configurations are deduced.Secondly,security constraints including the permissible voltage range,the line loading limits and the UPFC ratings are considered.System security enhancement with the least increase in line loss is tackled by solving a much reduced optimal power flow(OPF)problem.The computational task of the OPF problem is reduced by deducing the security-constrained line loss minimum conditions and removing the equality constraints.Thirdly,a hybrid control scheme is proposed.Line loss minimization is achieved through a dynamic controller,while an OPF calculator is integrated to generate corrective action for the dynamic controller when the security constraints are violated.The validity of the proposed control strategies is verified in a modified IEEE 33 bus test system.

Energy Loss Analysis of Distributed Rooftop Photovoltaics in Industrial Parks

The analysis of the loss of distributed photovoltaic power generation systems involves the interests of energy users,energy-saving service companies,and power grid companies,so it has always been the focus of the industry and society in some manner or another.However,the related analysis for an actual case that considers different cooperative corporations’benefits is lacking in the presently available literature.This paper takes the distributed rooftop photovoltaic power generation project in an industrial park as the object,studies the analysis and calculation methods of line loss and transformer loss,analyzes the change of transformer loss under different temperatures and different load rates,and compares the data and trend of electricity consumption and power generation in industrial parks before and after the photovoltaic operation.This paper explores and practices the analysis method of the operating loss of distributed photovoltaic power generation and provides an essential reference for the benefit analysis and investment cost estimation of distributed photovoltaic power generation systems in industrial parks.The analyzed results reveal that the change loss is stable after the photovoltaic is connected,and there is no additional transformer loss.And before and after the photovoltaic system installation,there was no significant change in the total monthly data difference between the total meter and the sub-meter.

Experimental Study of Current Loss of Stainless Steel Magnetically Insulated Transmission Line with Current Density at MA/cm Level

A magnetically insulated transmission line （MITL） is used to transmit high power electric pulses in large pulse power systems. However, current loss is unavoidable, especially when the current density is up to 1 MA/cm. In the paper, the current loss of an MITL made of stainless steel, which is usually used in large pulse power generators, is experimentally studied, and possible mechanisms to explain the current loss of the MITL are analyzed and discussed. From the experimental results, the relationship between loss current density and input current density follows approximately a power law. The loss is also related to the configuration of the MITL.

Semi-Markovian Model of Two-Line Queuing System with Losses

In the present paper, to build model of two-line queuing system with losses GI/G/2/0, the approach introduced by V.S. Korolyuk and A.F. Turbin, is used. It is based on application of the theory of semi-Markov processes with arbitrary phase space of states. This approach allows us to omit some restrictions. The stationary characteristics of the system have been defined, assuming that the incoming flow of requests and their service times have distributions of general form. The particular cases of the system were considered. The used approach can be useful for modeling systems of various purposes.

The Difference of the Copy Number Variation and Loss of Heterozygosity of Human Lung Large Cell Cancer Cell Line with Different Metastatic Potential

Background and Objective It has been proven that copy number gain/or loss (copy number variation CNV) in uences gene expression and result in phenotypic variation by

配电网理论线损概率分布函数的计算与分析

线损是衡量配电系统节能减排和运行效率的重要指标。随着“双碳”目标的提出,大量随机性和间歇性的可再生能源接入配电网,给配电网的线损计算带来新的挑战。该文从概率角度出发,在基于高斯混合模型的节点注入电流基础上,结合广义非中心卡方分布推导了任意电流分布下配电网理论线损概率分布的解析表达式,并首次给出配电网理论线损的均值、方差和矩生成函数的准确表达式。考虑到理论线损概率分布难以直接计算,提出一种基于Raphaeli级数的线损概率密度函数和累积概率分布函数的数值计算方法。基于IEEE 33节点系统的算例分析表明,提出的线损计算公式能够准确、高效地计算线损均值和概率分布函数。

基于集成树和MoE的馈线统计线损率双层估计模型

统计线损率是衡量电力系统经济运行的重要指标。然而,用户用电数据采集异常、数据传输中断等因素会导致统计线损率异常或缺失,这严重阻碍了智能配电网的线损精益化管理与经济高效运行。针对馈线统计线损率合理值的估计问题,该文提出了一种基于集成树和混合专家系统(MoE)的馈线统计线损率双层估计模型。首先,使用最大信息系数以更有效地分析统计线损率与其相关特征间的非线性关系,并采用鲁棒性强的K-Medoids聚类算法对馈线进行精细划分;然后,使用Stacking集成学习框架,基于基估计和元估计双层模型对馈线统计线损率进行两阶段估计,选用决策树和各类集成树模型作为基估计模型对统计线损率进行初步估计,将各基估计模型输出结果输入元估计模型MoE中进行最终估计,使用方均根误差(RMSE)和平均绝对误差(MAE)来衡量模型所估计统计线损率的合理性;最后,通过算例分析表明,与其他模型相比,该文所提馈线统计线损率双层估计模型具有更低的RMSE和MAE,对馈线统计线损率的估计效果更好。

稠油井内衬保温油管热损失分析及开采参数优化

针对塔河油田稠油开采过程中原油热量损失大、资源浪费的问题,开展内衬保温油管开采技术研究。基于井筒稳态热传递与地层非稳态热传递理论,建立了稠油井井筒热传递数学模型,评价了不同内衬材料油管的保温性能,揭示了含水率、日产液量及内衬保温油管下深对井筒温度的影响规律。研究表明:内衬聚酮防腐层与气凝胶保温层的保温油管保温性能最佳,日产液量和保温油管下深对井口温度影响较大,含水率对井口温度的影响较小;日产液量大于72 t/d且保温油管下深大于3 500 m时,可满足稠油开采的温度要求。该研究明确了内衬保温油管保温的可行性,可为油田保温油管内衬的选材、稠油开采工艺参数的制订提供技术依据。

Improved Method of Power Loss and Electric Field Calculations of HVAC Transmission Lines

An improved method for calculating the corona power loss and the ground-level electric field on HVAC transmission lines induced by corona is proposed.Based on a charge simulation method combined with a method of successive images,the proposed method has the number and location of the simulated charges not arbitrary.When the surface electric field of a conductor exceeds the onset value,charges are emitted from corona into the space around,and the space ions and the surface charges on each sub-conductor are simulated by using the images of the other sub-conductors.The displacements of the space ions are calculated at every time step during corona periods in both the positive and the negative half cycles.Several examples are calculated by using the proposed method,and the calculated electric field at the ground level and the corona power loss agree well with previous measurements.The results show that simulating 12 charges in each conductor during 600 time steps in one cycle takes less time while guarantees the accuracy.The corona discharge from a 220 kV transmission line enhances slightly(less than 2%) the electric field at the ground level,but this effect is little from a 500 kV line.The improved method is a good compromise between the time cost and the accuracy of calculation.

多光伏电站接入风光火耦合系统选址优化

可再生能源机组出力的波动性及并网位置的不合理,导致耦合系统电压波动、功率偏差及投资成本的增加。针对风光火耦合系统选址优化调节需求,文章提出一种基于离散粒子群的多光伏电源接入选址优化方法。分析了光伏电源的无功补偿特性及其接入位置对系统电压偏差及网损的影响,建立了可再生能源与火电耦合的发电系统模型,并将光伏电源作为耦合系统的无功调节装置。以电压偏差和线路损耗综合最优为目标函数,采用离散粒子群算法对光伏电源接入点进行求解,算例分析结果表明,多光伏电站接入点优化方法保障了各节点电压偏差,减少了线路损耗,进而提高了风光火耦合系统的安全稳定性。

基于多维场景划分的台区线损率异常研判及关联用户精准追踪方法

针对台区线损率异常辨识困难,关联用户难以精准追踪的问题,提出一种基于多维场景划分的台区线损率异常研判及关联用户精准追踪方法。首先,提出了一种基于改进完备集合经验的模态分解(improved complete EEMD with adaptive noise,ICEEMDAN)算法的数据预处理策略,通过分析台区历史线损率曲线的变化趋势,构建台区线损率粗放场景集,并在此基础上采用支持向量聚类算法进一步对场景集进行二次精细划分,实现对台区多维场景集的建立。其次,提出一种基于簇类个案数目的区间动态平移策略,用于确定不同场景下线损率标准库的区间范围,并采用区间重叠率策略对划分中的孤立区间进行合并,实现对台区线损率标准库的完备划分。最后,给出一种基于关联分析的线损异常追踪方法,通过灰色关联分析法确定线损异常强相关因素,并基于改进Adtributor算法定量分析各因素和台区用户间的内在关联度,提高对台区线损率异常用户的追踪精度。算例采用台区真实数据进行仿真分析,结果表明了所提方法的有效性和实用性。

基于用电信息采集数据的低压台区异常线损诊断新方法

低压配电网台区的线损分析对发现和解决异常线损问题,减小用电损失以及用户的精细化管理具有重要意义。文章基于全事件用电信息采集系统采集的真实台区数据,提出了一种新的低压台区线损诊断方法。该方法利用电网诊断规则对所采集的原始数据进行质量分析,并通过对台区线损特征地提取和分类,建立了基于电压信息的二分K-means聚类诊断算法和基于电量信息的全局搜索诊断算法,实现了对台户异常电能表的快速定位及台区线损异常的治理。通过剔除异常电能表和实际检验表明该方法具有较高的准确性和一定的实用性。

非视距信号传播场强特性的分析与研究

为探索机场通信路径中障碍物造成非视距传播产生衍射损耗,对信号场强衰减特性进行了研究。首先,基于ITU-R P.1546中不同地形环境对信号传播的影响,结合Deygout模型构建信号场强组合模型。其次,按障碍物数量分析随障碍物高度变化的接收场强传播特性。仿真结果表明,单障碍物越高,占据0.6F1菲涅尔区越大,场强越小;双障碍物路径中,高度增加的障碍物经过由次要转为主要障碍物,直到只剩主要障碍物的过程,使场强逐渐衰减。再次,针对场强上升,分析了次要障碍物高度与0.6F1菲涅尔区的关系。最后,调整覆盖场强最小阈值,确定接收设备是否被障碍物遮挡,从而导致信号被屏蔽。上述研究结果可为未来模拟机场各场景下障碍物分布,预测接收机是否因障碍物受干扰或影响场强覆盖范围提供参考依据。

基于K-Means^(++)和Elman神经网络的低压台区线损计算方法

为了解决低压台区线损计算在理论上因线路复杂、用户众多以及数据获取困难等带来计算难度与精度不足的问题,提出了一种结合改进K-Means^(++)算法与Elman神经网络的创新计算方法。深入分析了低压台区线损的决定因素,并依据相关性分析构建了线损的关键特征指标集。采纳主成分分析方法实施数据降维,简化数据结构。通过改进的K-Means^(++)算法对数据集进行有效聚类,优化模型训练过程。同时,整合粒子群优化算法进一步提升Elman神经网络的性能。通过对实际数据进行仿真验证,结果证实所提出的方法在训练效率和计算精度方面表现优异。

基于二阶聚类和鲁棒性随机分割森林算法的低压台区线损异常辨识

为精准识别台区的线损异常,保证配电网经济、稳定运行,针对台区线损的异常情况,提出一种基于二阶聚类和鲁棒性随机分割森林(robust random cut forest,RRCF)算法的台区线损异常检测方法。首先,运用二阶聚类将台区不同的运行工况进行聚类,将相同工况的线损节点归并,然后将各类工况的节点线损数据导入RRCF算法中分析,通过删除和插入样本节点,并对插入节点后评判模型的复杂度进行计算,得到线损异常节点的评分值,进一步找出线损异常的节点。最终,通过有关实例验证所提方法的准确性与有效性。

基于边缘计算的实时线损监控系统研究

为有效减少数据传输量、降低服务响应时延、增强网络效能,设计了基于边缘计算的实时线损监控系统。系统通过分钟级数据进行小时级的台区线损计算。引入低压故指设备,对分支箱、表箱的进出线冻结电能进行测量,并对台区下各分段线损进行计算,以实现对台区的分级、分层线损的分析和管理。通过仿真与分析,线损计算应用(APP)能够实现实时线损数据计算及监控,计算所得线损率与用采系统中线损率基本一致。仿真结果验证了所提系统的有效性。

灰狼算法优化SVR的10kV配网线损率预测研究

有效控制线损率不仅能为电力企业带来经济效益,而且能进一步提高一次能源的利用率。为了实现对10 kV配电网线损率的准确预测,提出基于灰狼算法(Gray Wolf Optimizer)优化支持向量机回归(Support Vector Regression)的10 kV配电网线损率预测方法;采用基于马氏距离的异常值检验及主成分分析法(Principal Components Analysis)对原始数据进行预处理,保证数据的清洁性的同时剔除原始数据中的冗余信息。利用GWO算法强搜索性的特点与SVR进行结合建立模型,通过与原始SVR、ABC-SVR、BP神经网络模型的预测结果进行比较,GWO-SVR模型的预测精度最高,其均方根误差(RMSE)和平均绝对误差(MAE)分别为0.2332和0.1958,最大相对误差为14.4%,并且该模型具有最快的运算速度。

基于SVM的台区线损异常数据治理方法

为降低台区异常数据造成的供电服务中线损率较高问题,引进支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)技术,设计台区线损异常数据治理方法。使用传感器等相关设备,采集台区电力设备运行反馈数据;设定台区线损异常数据的聚类中心,辨识并聚类台区线损异常数据;应用VisuShrink技术,确定数据处理的阈值门限,使用小波阈值法,参照小波系数,重构异常信号,消除信号的背景噪声;引进SVM,设定训练样本集合,采用SVM中的机器学习算法,建立回归函数,辅助SVM的POS参数优化条件,控制空间粒子的粒距,通过对空间异常数据的重构,实现对台区线损异常数据的治理。以某地区大型电力企业为例,设计对比试验。试验结果表明,设计的治理方法在实际应用效果良好,实现将台区线损率稳定在5%以下。