Ultrasonic displacement field generated by laser pulse line source

Applying the Fourier transform to the wave equations of elastic medium at its surface a laser pulse line source is acted, the integral representations of solutions are obtained. Displacement waveforms are calculated numerically by using double FFT. The calculated results include the displacements of the elastic half space of Aluminum medium, and epicenter and off-epicenter of an Aluminum plate. The two exciting sources of thermoelastic and ablating generation are considered respectively. The experiment was made on the Aluminum medium with a Nd:YAG laser and the normal displacement signals are detected by a laser interferometer. The numerical results are quite in agreement with experiments.

2D numerical study on the effect of conductor between the transmitter and survey area in CSEM exploration

In CSEM exploration, the receivers are generally located about three to five times the skin depth from the transmitter. In this paper, we study the effect of a conductor between the transmitter and the survey area on the target conductor response using forward modeling and inversion. The 2D forward finite element calculations show that the conductor mainly affects the response at middle and low frequencies. The lower the resistivity and the larger the conductor, the larger the effect and the effect increases with decreasing frequency. The inversion results indicate that the calculated position of the target body can move towards the source, leading to an incorrect interpretation without considering the conductor. In order to reduce the effect of a conductor between the source and the survey area, CSEM acquisition should be conducted in three dimensions using multiple sources and 3D inversion should be used during interpretation.

A Three-Dimensional Model of Transport and Diffusion of Seeding Agents within Stratus

It is essential to learn the temporal and spatial concentration distributions and variations of seeding agents in cloud seeding of precipitation enhancement. A three-dimensional puff trajectory model incorporating a mesoscale nonhydrostatic model has been formulated, and is applied to simulating the transporting and diffusive characteristics of multiple line sources of seeding agents within super-cooled stratus. Several important factors are taken into consideration that affect the diffusion of seeding materials such as effects of topography and vertical wind shear, temporal and spatial variation of seeding parameters and wet deposition. The particles of seeding agents are assumed to be almost inert, they have no interaction with the particles of the cloud or precipitation except that they are washed out by precipitation. The model validity is demonstrated by the analyses and comparisons of model results, and checked by the sensitivity experiments of diffusive coefficients and atmospheric stratification. The advantage of this model includes not only its exact reflection of heterogeneity and unsteadiness of background fields, but also its good simulation of transport and diffusion of multiple line sources. The horizontal diffusion rate and the horizontal transport distance have been proposed that they usually were difficult to obtain in other models. In this simulation the horizontal diffusion rate is 0.82 m s(-1) for average of one hour, and the horizontal average transport distance reaches 65 km after 1 4 which are closely related to the background Fields.

Vehicular emissions and concentrations in school zones: A case study

Recent research has revealed that human exposure to air pollutants such as CO, NO_x, and particulates can lead to respiratory diseases, especially among school-age children. Towards understanding such health impacts, this work estimates local-scale vehicular emissions and concentrations near a highway traffic network, where a school zone is located in. In the case study, VISSIM traffic micro-simulation is used to estimate the source of vehicular emissions at each roadway segment. The local-scale emission sources are then used as inputs to the California line source dispersion model(CALINE4) to estimate concentrations across the study area. To justify the local-scale emissions modeling approach, the simulation experiment is conducted under various traffic conditions. Different meteorological conditions are considered for emission dispersion. The work reveals that emission concentrations are usually higher at locations closer to the congested segments, freeway ramps and major arterial intersections. Compared to the macroscopic estimation(i.e. using network-average emission factors), the results show significantly different emission patterns when the local-scale emission modeling approach is used. In particular, it is found that the macroscopic approach over-estimates emission concentrations at freeways and under-estimations are observed at arterials and local streets. The results of the study can be used to compare to the US environmental protection agency(EPA) standards or any other air quality standard to further identify health risk in a fine-grained manner.

3D Modeling and Born approximation inversion for the borehole surface electromagnetic method

We present a 3D approach to numerical modeling of the borehole-surface electromagnetic （BSEM） method. The 3D electromagnetic response created by a vertical line current source in a layered medium is modeled using the 3D integral equation method. The modeling results are consistent with analytical solutions. 3D Born approximation inversion of BSEM data is also conducted for reservoir delineation. The inversion method is verified by a synthetic reservoir model.

Wave Motion in an Ice Covered Ocean Due to Small Oscillations of a Submerged Thin Vertical Plate

In this paper we study the problem of generation of surface waves produced due to a） rolling of the plate and b） presence of a line source in front of a fixed vertical plate. The amplitudes of radiated waves at large distance from the plate, in both cases, are obtained by a suitable application of Green＇s integral theorem. These are then studied graphically for various values of the ice cover parameter.

Parameters for Use of BEWAB＋ Programme to Schedule Irrigation of Pea （Pisum sativum L,）

A large portion of irrigation farmers make use of subjective （intuition） irrigation scheduling methods as supposed to objective or scientific irrigation scheduling methods, which need to be changed. The BEsproeiingsWAterbestuursprogram （BEWAB＋） irrigation scheduling programme is based on the water balance equation and needs： （1） a crop production function; （2） a relative consumptive water demand curve and （3） an allowable depletion subroutine. The objective of this paper was to describe research aimed at obtaining information on （1） and （2） for pea and also to describe the effect of water application on yield and water use of pea. BEWAB＋ uses this information to estimate the daily irrigation water requirements for a particular soil-crop-atmosphere system under irrigation. A field experiment, based on published line-source irrigation methodology, was conducted on a 3 m deep loamy fine sand Bainsvlei or Ustic Quartzipsamment soil near Bloemfontein （26°08′S; 29°01′E） in South Africa. Results showed that there is a linear relationship of the form Ys = 8.07ET - 249 （r2 = 0.91）, where Ys is the seed yield of pea （kg/ha） and ET is evapotranspiration for the growing season （mm）. The relative consumptive water demand curve is represented by the following third order polynomial function that describes the relationship between time and relative ET for a pea growing season of 120 days： ETrelx = 0.09419646 - 0.01302413x ＋ 0.00059008x2 - 0.00000371x3. ETrelz denotes relative ET and x denotes time in days. A workable balance between practical problem solving and advanced irrigation science has been established with BEWAB＋. Pre-plant irrigation schedules can be made for semi-arid areas with the BEWAB＋ programme using easily obtainable inputs, like target yield, soil depth and soil particle size distribution information.

Thermal Analysis of the Ground Properties with a Single Borehole Heat Exchanger

The effect of ground properties with heat conduction between soil and ground loop heat exchangers(GLHEs)has been analyzed.A finite line source model proposed by Cui,Yang,and Fang is used.Far field radius is defined.The analyses for a 1.5m borehole line source in three kinds of soil conditions:damp and breeze(D.B.),damp and heavy(D.H.),and saturated and heavy(S.H.)are carried out.The results of the comparisons show that in the condition of continuous operation,the variation of the far field radius is related to soil thermal conductivity.The rate of heat transfer will decrease after long time operation.And then soil condition will not influence the far field radius obviously.

Numerical analysis of 3-D sound propagation in lined ducts with circumferential mode sound sources at inlet

Numerical analysis of three-dimensional sound propagation in soft-soft or soft-hard circular ducts with circumferential and axial modes of sound sources at the inlet has been carried out. In this paper , the numerical method and the samples are offered and the effects of circumferential and axial modes on numerical results are discussed in detail .

THE APPROXIMATE FORMULAE OF PRODUCTIVITY AND WELL TESTING FOR HORIZONTAL WELLS

This paper studies steady and unsteady three dimensional flow of fluids in porous media for horizontal wells. The ellipsoids of revolution of equipotential are produced by a horizontal well as a line source. The approximate formulae of productivity and well testing for horizontal wells are derived by average method and investigating ellipsoids of equipotential as equally cylinder. Our formulae are simple and feasible in oil development project.

Wind tunnel simulation of pollutant dispersion inside street canyons with galleries and multi-level flat roofs

In this study, the pollutant dispersion within street canyons is studied by experiments conducted in an environmental wind tunnel. The vehicular exhaust emissions are modeled using a line source. The pollutant （smoke） concentrations inside the canyons are measured based on a light scattering technique. The pollutant concentrations within the four different street canyons containing the galleries and the three-level flat-roofs under both the isolated and urban environments are obtained and discussed. For each of the four canyon configurations investigated, it is found that there is an obvious discrepancy between the pollutant dispersion patterns under the isolated environment and the urban environment. The three-level fiat roof is found to significantly influence the pollutant distribution pattern in a street canyon. In order to clarify the impacts of the wedge-shaped roofs on the pollutant dispersion inside an urban street canyon of an aspect ratio of 1.0, the pollutant distributions inside urban street canyons of three different wedge-shaped roof combinations are measured and analyzed. It is revealed that the pollutant distribution pattern inside the urban street canyon of an aspect ratio of 1.0 is influenced greatly by the wedge-shaped roof, especially, when an upward wedge-shaped roof is placed on the upstream building of the canyon. Images from this study may be utilized for a rough evaluation of the computational fluid dynamics （CFD） models and for helping architects and urban planners to select the canyon configurations with a minimum negative impact on the local air quality.

Antiplane Wave Scattering from a Cylindrical Void in a Pre-Stressed Incompressible Neo-Hookean Material

An isolated cylindrical void is located inside an incompressible nonlinearelasticmediumwhose constitutive behaviour is governed by a neo-Hookean strain energy function.In-plane hydrostatic pressure is applied in the far-field so that the void changes its radius and an inhomogeneous region of deformation arises in the vicinity of the void.We consider scattering from the void in the deformed configuration due to an incident field(of small amplitude)generated by a horizontally polarized shear(SH)line source,a distance r0(R0)away from the centre of the void in the deformed(undeformed)configuration.We show that the scattering coefficients of this scattered field are unaffected by the pre-stress(initial deformation).In particular,they depend not on the deformed void radius a or distance r0,but instead on the original void size A and original distance R0.

Geochemical characteristics and geological significance of Cretaceous phonotephrite from the Mid-Pacific Mountains

Systematic analyses were conducted including the petrographic features, major and trace elements, Sr and Nd isotopic compositions, and mineral structure and compositions of whole rocks. Mid-Pacific Mountain volcanic rocks are mainly phonotephrite with a porphyritic texture. Phenocrysts are mainly composed of Ca-rich plagioclase, clinopyroxene and nepheline.These volcanic rocks are significantly rich in large-ion lithophile and light rare earth elements, without obvious Eu anomalies(δEu=0.99–1.03), and with relatively enriched^(87) Sr/^(86) Sr(0.703829–0.704313) and^(143) Nd/^(144) Nd isotopic ratios(0.512857–0.512871), suggesting that they have similar but more enriched features than the OIB magmatic source. These volcanic rocks may originate from relatively deep magma source with the existence of spinel-garnet Iherzolites, and have undergone partial melting at a low degree of 1–3%. In addition, The residual Nb-Ta minerals(such as sphene, rutile, perovskite) may remain in the mantle source, and the magma components have undergone metasomatism by carbonate melt/fluid or alkali-rich fluid, causing high contents of incompatible elements and significant loss of Nb, Ta and Ti in these volcanic rocks. There are many similarities between the phonotephrites in the Mid-Pacific Mountain and the volcanic rocks in the Line Islands based on the tectonic settings and the geochemical characteristics. We thus speculate that Site 313 volcanic rocks in the Mid-Pacific Mountain is most likely to be a continuation of the Line Islands.